Material System Research Articles

Two-photon absorption induced photocurrent of a β-Ga2O3 film photodetector

The ultra-wide bandgap and diverse material systems of gallium oxide (Ga2O3) make it an attractive candidate for cutting-edge semiconductor research. In this work, two-photon absorption induced photocurrent generation in a β-Ga2O3 film photodetector was investigated using femtosecond laser pulses over a wide range of average incident powers and input laser wavelengths. The occurrence of two-photon absorption (TPA) in nonlinear photocurrent generation was confirmed by analyzing the power-dependent response in which the photocurrent of the β-Ga2O3 film photodetectors shows a quadratic dependence on incident power. The spectral response of the TPA photocurrent peaks around 200 nm, exhibiting a 50 nm blue shift compared to the one-photon response. This difference results from their distinct selection rules. The large blue shift into the ultraviolet (UV) spectral region is advantageous for measuring the pulse duration of ultrafast laser pulses in the UV region. Subsequently, we tentatively performed an autocorrelation measurement based on the TPA-induced photocurrent of the β-Ga2O3 film photodetectors at 400 nm. This approach shows potential for developing an autocorrelator to measure ultrafast laser pulses in the ultraviolet region of 370 to 440 nm, as indicated by the TPA photocurrent spectrum.

Nanoparticle-Assisted Phonon Transport Modulation in Si/Ge Heterostructures Using Neuroevolution Potential Machine Learning Models

Abstract Reducing thermal boundary resistance (TBR) is critical for enhancing thermal management efficiency and optimizing the performance of electronic and thermoelectric devices. In this study, we employed non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations using Neuroevolution Potential (NEP) machine learning models to investigate how embedding nanoparticles in Si/Ge heterostructures impacts TBR. Our results show a significant reduction in TBR, attributed to enhanced phonon density of states matching via resonance, promoting more efficient elastic phonon transport across the interface. However, this approach also leads to a substantial increase in bulk thermal resistance, highlighting a trade-off where overall heat dissipation is compromised. To address this, we propose an alternative strategy of positioning a nanoparticle directly at the interface to modulate interfacial modes, improving phonon transport efficiency without adversely affecting bulk thermal properties. NEMD simulations validate this approach, showing comparable TBR reduction while mitigating the bulk thermal resistance increase observed with the resonance-based embedding method. This study offers valuable insights into resolving interfacial heat dissipation challenges, providing a balanced strategy for optimizing thermal transport efficiency in nanoscale material systems.

Generation of Massively Entangled Bright States of Light during Harmonic Generation in Resonant Media

At the fundamental level, full description of light-matter interaction requires quantum treatment of both matter and light. However, for standard light sources generating intense laser pulses carrying quadrillions of photons in a coherent state, the classical description of light during intense laser-matter interaction has been expected to be adequate. Here, we show how nonlinear optical response of matter can be controlled to generate dramatic deviations from this standard picture, including generation of several squeezed and entangled harmonics of the incident laser light. In particular, such nontrivial quantum states of harmonics are generated as soon as one of the harmonics induces a transition between different laser-dressed states of the material system. Such transitions generate an entangled light-matter wave function, which can generate quantum states of harmonics even in the absence of a quantum driving field or material correlations. In turn, entanglement of the material system with a single harmonic generates and controls entanglement between different harmonics. Hence, nonlinear media that are near resonant with at least one of the harmonics appear to be quite attractive for controlled generation of massively entangled quantum states of light. Our analysis opens remarkable opportunities at the interface of attosecond physics and quantum optics, with implications for quantum information science. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Quantum Algorithms and Applications for Open Quantum Systems.

Accurate models for open quantum systems─quantum states that have nontrivial interactions with their environment─may aid in the advancement of a diverse array of fields, including quantum computation, informatics, and the prediction of static and dynamic molecular properties. In recent years, quantum algorithms have been leveraged for the computation of open quantum systems as the predicted quantum advantage of quantum devices over classical ones may allow previously inaccessible applications. Accomplishing this goal will require input and expertise from different research perspectives, as well as the training of a diverse quantum workforce, making a compilation of current quantum methods for treating open quantum systems both useful and timely. In this Review, we first provide a succinct summary of the fundamental theory of open quantum systems and then delve into a discussion on recent quantum algorithms. We conclude with a discussion of pertinent applications, demonstrating the applicability of this field to realistic chemical, biological, and material systems.

Polar topology in self-assembled PbTiO3 ferroelectric nano-islands.

The topological domains in ferroelectrics have garnered significant attention for their potential applications in nanoelectronics. However, current research is predominantly limited to rhombohedral BiFeO3 materials. To validate the universality of topological domains in non-rhombohedral ferroelectrics, it is crucial to explore the existence and characteristics of topological states in alternative material systems. In this work we successfully construct topological polar structures in PbTiO3 nano-islands with a tetragonal structure. Furthermore, the topological structures can be well manipulated by electric field and mechanical stress, making them switchable between center-divergent structure and center-converging types. Phase-field simulations revealed that the aggregation and redistribution of free charges play a decisive role in the formation and manipulation of topological states. These findings not only verify the feasibility of constructing topological domains in universal ferroelectrics, but also validate the multiple manipulability of these topological domains, displaying their significant potential in high-density nonvolatile memory devices.

Tracking Water Transport with Short-Wave Infrared: Kinetic Phase Diagrams, Dissolution, and Drying.

Short-wave infrared (SWIR) imaging has been extensively used in defense applications but remains underutilized in the study of soft materials and the broader consumer product industry. Water molecules absorb around ∼1450 nm, making moisture-rich objects appear black, whereas surfactants and other common molecules in consumer products do not absorb and provide a good contrast. This experimental study showcases the varied capabilities of SWIR imaging in tracking water transport in soft material systems by analyzing dissolution dynamics, tracking phase transitions (when combined with cross-polarized optical imaging), and monitoring drying kinetics in the surfactant and polymer solutions. The dynamic phase evolution to equilibria of a binary aqueous solution of a nonionic surfactant hexaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E6) is presented. The influence of confined hydration in dynamic-diffusive interfacial transport capillaries was investigated by tracking the micellar to hexagonal phase transition concentration (C*). The effects of varying concentrations of an industrially relevant additive─monovalent common salt (NaCl) on the radial (2D) dissolution of lamellar-structured concentrated sodium lauryl ether sulfate (70 wt % SLE1S) pastes was studied. An equation was developed to estimate the radial dissolution coefficients based on total dissolution time and surfactant concentrations in the sample and solvent. Water loss was investigated by tracking the drying of aqueous poly(vinyl) alcohol films. In situ monitoring of drying kinetics is used to draw correlations between the solution viscosity and drying time. SWIR imaging has already revealed previously inaccessible insights into surfactant hydration and holds the potential to become a turnkey method in tracking water transport, enabling better quality control and product stability analysis.

Enhancing Spectral Coverage, Efficiency, and Photometric Accuracy in Ultrafast Fluorescence Upconversion Spectroscopy

Time‐resolved fluorescence techniques are essential for studying the excited‐state dynamics of molecules and materials, as well as their interactions with the surrounding media. Fluorescence upconversion provides femtosecond time resolution, but its limited spectral coverage often restricts its application. Broadband variants of fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy (FLUPS) offer improved spectral coverage but require balancing spectral bandwidth against signal strength. In this paper, we introduce a three‐angle method (3‑AM) for FLUPS designed to overcome these limitations. This method enhances spectral coverage, photometric accuracy, and signal‐to‐noise ratio by recording and averaging spectrally resolved upconversion signals at three distinct crystal angles. Unlike other techniques that rely on spectral reconstruction or continuous crystal rotation during acquisition, the 3‑AM relies on fixed crystal positions, allowing for robust post‐acquisition corrections. We validate the performance and reproducibility of the 3‑AM by comparing it with the conventional fixed‐angle approach, as well as through blind testing in two independent laboratories. Despite variations in experimental configuration, the 3‑AM consistently produces reproducible spectral line shapes across the two setups. The enhanced performance and reliability demonstrate its practicality for laboratories with broadband FLUPS capabilities. Thus, the 3‑AM is a valuable tool for investigating ultrafast radiative processes in previously inaccessible molecular and material systems.

Citric Acid as a Small Molecule Binder for Si-Based Li-Ion Battery Anode Materials

Abstract In this study, citric acid (CA) dissolved in propylene glycol (PG) was shown to be an effective binder/solvent system for Si-based anode materials in Li-ion batteries. In this system, PG serves both as a slurry solvent and provides viscosity to the slurry to inhibit the settling of active particles and for proper rheology during the coating process, while the small CA molecule serves as a binder/artificial solid electrolyte interphase. After 50 cycles, SiO/carbon black/CA electrodes had a higher capacity retention (93%) than conventional electrodes with lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA) polymeric binder (68%), due to superior maintenance of cohesion with active particles. This demonstrates that small molecules may be used as effective binders for Si-based anode materials when a slurry solvent is used that can take on the role of maintaining the slurry rheology.

Photonic Nanomaterials for Wearable Health Solutions.

This review underscores the transformative potential of photonic nanomaterials in wearable health technologies, driven by increasing demands for personalized health monitoring. Their unique optical and physical properties enable rapid, precise, and sensitive real-time monitoring, outperforming conventional electrical-based sensors. Integrated into ultra-thin, flexible, and stretchable formats, these materials enhance compatibility with the human body, enabling prolonged wear, improved efficiency, and reduced power consumption. A comprehensive exploration is provided of the integration of photonic nanomaterials into wearable devices, addressing material selection, light-matter interaction principles, and device assembly strategies. The review highlights critical elements such as device form factors, sensing modalities, and power and data communication, with representative examples in skin patches and contact lenses. These devices enable precise monitoring and management of biomarkers of diseases or biological responses. Furthermore, advancements in materials and integration approaches have paved the way for continuum of care systems combining multifunctional sensors with therapeutic drug delivery mechanisms. To overcome existing barriers, this review outlines strategies of material design, device engineering, system integration, and machine learning to inspire innovation and accelerate the adoption of photonic nanomaterials for next-generation of wearable health, showcasing their versatility and transformative potential for digital health applications.

Advancing Breath Biomarker Detection with Chemiresistive Metal Oxide Nanostructures: A Pathway to Next‐Generation Diagnostic Tools

Breath biomarker detection represents a transformative frontier in non‐invasive diagnostics, offering rapid, real‐time insights into health conditions ranging from metabolic disorders to cancer. Metal oxide nanostructures (MONs) have emerged as key materials in this research because of their large surface area, adjustable electrical characteristics, and sensitivity to gaseous biomarkers at trace quantities. This paper examines current advances in chemiresistive MON‐based sensors, focusing on the importance of structural optimization, hybrid material systems, and functionalization strategies in improving performance. Exploring the study of complicated datasets, the prediction of biomarker signatures, and dynamic aims in tuning the quality of the sensors. Functionalization strategies also play a vital role in enhancing the performance of MON‐based sensors. By modifying the surface chemistry of chemiresistive metal oxides, researchers can tailor the sensors to preferentially adsorb certain gaseous biomarkers while minimizing interference from other compounds present in breath. Future opportunities include the development of multimodal sensors, simplified and portable devices, and durable, reusable platforms capable of long‐term operation in real‐world environments. With the confluence of nanotechnology and data‐driven analytics, MON‐based breath sensors have the potential to transform customized healthcare by providing worldwide early detection, illness monitoring, and preventative medication

A workflow to assess the recoverability of secondary raw materials via physical separation.

Printed circuit boards represent an extraordinarily challenging fraction for the recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment. Due to the closely interlinked structure of the composing materials, the selective recycling of copper and closely associated precious metals from this composite material is compromised by losses during mechanical pre-processing. This problem could partially be overcome by a better understanding of the influence of particle size and shape on the recovery of finely comminuted and well-liberated metal particles during mechanical separation. Here, we propose a workflow to quantify the role of the size and shape of such particles in various separation processes. As a case study, we compare an analytical heavy liquid separation to a new type of eddy current separator. Using X-ray computed tomography, we were able to distinguish metallic and non-metallic phases and determine the size and 3D microstructure of individual particles. For both separation processes, we trained a particle-based separation model that predicts the probability of individual particles to end up in the processing products. In particular, elongated particles were found to display a negative correlation between particle size and sphericity of metallic particles. In line with this correlation, the predicted metal recoveries are positively correlated with particle size but negatively correlated with sphericity in both separation processes. The suggested workflow is easily transferred to other recycling material systems. It allows to quantify the role of 3D geometrical particle properties in separation processes and provide robust predictions for the recoverability of different raw materials in complex recycling streams.

The fate of phosphogypsum in limestone powder-C12A7 cementitious material system

The fate of phosphogypsum in limestone powder-C12A7 cementitious material system

Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Computational Methods: Enhancing Modeling, Prediction, and Optimization

bstract: This area of artificial intelligence and computational methods has witnessed tremendous development, especially with the solution of highly complex problems across scientific disciplines. This review brings together the latest advancements in the integration of AI with traditional computational techniques, focusing on their applications in numerical simulations, system optimization, and predictive modeling. Key contributions include AI-augmented finite difference methods for solving partial differential equations, advancements in material and energy systems optimization, and innovative approaches to highperformance computing. Future directions emphasize scalability, interdisciplinary applications, and the integration of emerging technologies such as quantum computing and reconfigurable hardware.

Enhanced ultrasound-assisted controllable growth assembly of MoS2/Fe3O4 materials for piezoelectric Fenton reaction degradation of sildenafil.

The Fenton technique is known for its high efficiency and minimal environmental impact; however, its degradation reaction process requires a sustained acidic environment. In this study, nanoflower and cookie-like morphologies of composite piezoelectric materials were synthesized for ultrasound-driven piezoelectric-Fenton degradation of sildenafil. The most effective assembly method involves growing MoS₂ on the rough-surfaced Fe₃O₄ microspheres as a substrate. Characterization and degradation results indicate that these piezoelectric materials utilize different assembly modes when operating under neutral conditions, and evaluate in depth the effect of various factors such as pH, H2O2 dose and ultrasonic (US) power on the degradation of sildenafil. Both composites exhibit the ability to initiate reactions neutrally and sustain some degradation efficacy in a neutral environment. The composite catalyst almost completely removed 50 mg L-1 of sildenafil within 60 min, and AFM characterization showed a piezoelectric response of 56 pm/V for the core-shell nanoflower catalyst. These data suggest that the assembly of Fe3O4-based surface-grown MoS2 allows constructing of more active sites and provides favourable reaction efficacy for the Fenton reaction. The free radical experiments have shown that ·OH radicals are the main reactive species in the process. This work explored the effect of different assembly methods of composite piezoelectric material on the degradation reaction and provided new ideas for the subsequent construction of composite material systems.

Implementation of the ANP method to overcome delays panel box raw materials in PT. Agrivito

Choosing raw material suppliers is one of the most crucial elements. If the raw materials supplied by the supplier are of poor quality, this will affect the quality of the product produced. If suppliers are unable to provide raw materials, production schedules will be disrupted and the company will not succeed in achieving its vision. PT. A is a company that produces electrical panel boxes. In making a box, raw materials are needed, namely sheet metal for all parts of the box shape. The raw material system at PT. A experienced problems with delays in raw materials so that the production process did not run smoothly, PT. GC, PT. SSL and PT. SIPA is the supplier that provides the raw material for the plate. This has a direct impact on the smooth production of the company. This research aims to supply raw materials from the three companies smoothly by selecting one company that to supply according to PT's needs. A. The method used in this research is the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method. Selection of raw material suppliers involves 6 criteria, 12 sub-criteria, and 3 alternative suppliers. The results of the calculation of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method with the three best alternative suppliers based on the highest weight, PT SIPA obtained sub-criteria scores including ease of negotiation (0.63484), accuracy of quantities (0.63699), meeting sudden requests (0.63699), on-time delivery (0.63699), providing guarantees (0.66942), speed of responding to complaints (0.63699), and ability to respond to requests (0.63699). Meanwhile, PT GC excelled in the sub-criteria of meeting the increasing number of requests (0.73065), payment method (0.37129), free from physical contamination (0.73065), conformity to specifications (0.63699), and ease of communication (0.66942). Meanwhile for PT. SSL does not have the highest sub-criterion

Coalescence of multiple topological orders in quasi-one-dimensional bismuth halide chains

Topology is being widely adopted to understand and to categorize quantum matter in modern physics. The nexus of topology orders, which engenders distinct quantum phases with benefits to both fundamental research and practical applications for future quantum devices, can be driven by topological phase transition through modulating intrinsic or extrinsic ordering parameters. The conjoined topology, however, is still elusive in experiments due to the lack of suitable material platforms. Here we use scanning tunneling microscopy, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations to investigate the doping-driven band structure evolution of a quasi-one-dimensional material system, bismuth halide, which contains rare multiple band inversions in two time-reversal-invariant momenta. According to the unique bulk-boundary correspondence in topological matter, we unveil a composite topological phase, the coexistence of a strong topological phase and a high-order topological phase, evoked by the band inversion associated with topological phase transition in this system. Moreover, we reveal multiple-stage topological phase transitions by varying the halide element ratio: from high-order topology to weak topology, the unusual dual topology, and trivial/weak topology subsequently. Our results not only realize an ideal material platform with composite topology, but also provide an insightful pathway to establish abundant topological phases in the framework of band inversion theory.

The Role of Advanced Materials in the Optimization of Wind Energy Systems: A Physics Based Approach

The transition towards renewable energy sources is essential for addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, positioning wind energy as a vital component of sustainable power generation. This paper investigates the pivotal role of advanced materials in optimizing the efficiency and reliability of wind energy systems through a physics-based approach. Recent advancements in material science including carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs), glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRPs), and nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes are evaluated for their potential to significantly enhance mechanical properties, reduce weight, and improve energy conversion efficiencies of wind turbines. A comprehensive review of the literature reveals the historical context of wind turbine materials and emphasizes the transition from traditional construction methods using steel and wood to innovative composite materials. The study introduces a novel methodology for the integration of advanced materials into turbine design, supported by numerical simulations and experimental validations. The impact of these materials on key operational performance metrics, including power output, structural integrity, and aerodynamic efficiency, is quantified. Moreover, the application of smart materials for real time structural health monitoring is explored, highlighting the potential for predictive maintenance that can prolong the lifespan of wind turbines. The findings suggest that although the initial costs of advanced materials may be higher, their superior performance characteristics offer significant long-term economic benefits and sustainability advantages. The discussion concludes with recommendations for future research directions, including the optimization of hybrid material systems, advancements in manufacturing techniques, and comprehensive long-term durability assessments. This study underscores the critical necessity for continued innovation in materials science to enhance the resilience and environmental efficiency of wind energy systems, thereby contributing positively to the global transition towards sustainable energy solutions.

Effect of Thickness on Performance of Thermal Management System for a Prismatic Lithium‐Ion Battery Using Phase Change Material

ABSTRACTPhase change material cooling method as a zero energy consumption cooling system has a good prospect in battery thermal management systems. Therefore, the thermal response of the lithium‐ion battery in the presence of a phase change material was explored in this study. The lithium‐ion battery was subjected to high discharge conditions (5 C‐rate) at high ambient temperatures (35°C and 40°C). The results showed that the usage of phase change materials with a thickness of 1 mm can reduce battery temperature and deliver a better temperature difference in a lithium‐ion battery. Results also revealed that for a 14.6 Ah lithium‐ion battery under a 5 C discharge rate, a phase change material cooling system with a thickness of 1 mm can reduce the maximum temperature from 51.64°C at 35°C and 55.85°C at 40°C ambient temperatures (without phase change material) to 43.04°C and 43.81°C, respectively. It was concluded that the phase change material system with a thickness of 1 mm can manage the maximum battery temperature and temperature difference in the desirable range at an extreme discharge rate of 5 C. The results obtained from this study can be used as guidance in the design of battery thermal management systems including phase change materials.

Development of Student Experiment on High‐Frequency Circuits Using High Precision Simulation

ABSTRACTA method of student experiment for high‐frequency circuits is developed. This training method is based on a quasi‐experiment system and movies for educational materials. The quasi‐experiment system provides electromagnetic simulation with three‐dimensional models of chip inductors and capacitors. It reduces the time for making prototypes and measuring them. Visualized electromagnetic fields can be used to design the high‐frequency circuits using chip components in the system. A part of the circuits is easily evaluated by the system. The student experiment includes fundamental circuits and an applied circuit for a design contest. The method is suitable for obtaining knowledge on practical high‐frequency circuit design within a limited amount of time.

Study on the Influence of External Electric Field Control and Vibrational Quantum Effect on the Charge Separation Mechanism in Fullerene-Based Systems.

Based on the DCV-C60 system of fullerene acceptor organic solar cell active materials, the charge transfer process of D-A type molecular materials under the action of an external electric field (Fext) was explored. Within the range of electric field application, the excited state characteristics exhibit certain regular changes. Based on reducing the excitation energy, the excitation mode shows a trend of developing toward low excited states. The effect of solvent polarity on the stability and reorganization energy of the charge transfer state was investigated. The dependence of charge separation parameters on specific molecular structures within the electric field range was studied, proving that the electric field set along the electron transfer direction can indeed accelerate charge separation. The influence of vibrational modes on the charge separation process was studied, and the results showed that the vibrational quantum tunneling effect significantly promoted the charge separation. Therefore, considering the vibrational excitation effect and the perturbation of the nuclear-electron interaction is crucial for more accurate simulation of the electron-vibration coupling process in the excited state.