Functioning Of System Research Articles

Tax-Free System at Polish-Belarusian Border Crossings between 2012 and 2020: Selected Aspects

The study presents the functioning of the Tax-Free system at Polish-Belarusian border crossings in 2012–20 in the context of changes in the export of Poland and border provinces (Podlaskie and Lubelskie) to Belarus. Due to the availability of data, research on travellers’ exports and trade relations was possible for selected years of the procedure’s operation, i.e. between 2012 and 2020. This period covers the time between two major crises – the global financial crisis of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic. With the post-crisis economic recovery in Poland and Belarus, there was a dynamic increase in mutual goods exchange and travellers’ export conducted under the Tax-Free regime at Poland’s eastern border. A descriptive and analytical method was used to verify the research hypothesis related to the impact of the Tax-Free system on trade and export growth in this region.

Оцінка безпечності дієтичної добавки “Rheumacаre Ultra”, оптимізація дієтологічних умов для функціонування суглобів

In Ukraine, among chronic diseases, pathology of the musculoskeletal system is one of the most frequent problems, and about 3.5 million people have problems with the musculoskeletal system and its various complications, which require continuous therapy throughout life. Aim. Generalization of the results of a comprehensive sanitary and hygienic assessment of the safety for consumers of a dietary supplement created to support the normal functioning of joints; data analysis of electronic publishers Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, other foreign and domestic sources of scientific information on the research topic. Materials and Methods. The dietary supplement "Rheumacare Ultra" has been tested for the content of heavy metals and pesticides for compliance with the State Sanitary Rules and Regulations of Ukraine. The microbiological safety of the dietary supplement was controlled by the content of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms. The method of ultra-high-performance high-speed mass spectrometric liquid chromatography with electron spray ionization (UPLC-MC/MC, Waters, USA) and the gas chromatography method were used to determine the content of pesticide residues; the content of lead, cadmium, mercury was determined by the atomic emission method (instrument ‒ atomic emission spectrometer "SHIMADSU ICPE ‒ 9820"). Results. Based on expert assessment of documentation, analysis of data sources of scientific information, results of sanitarychemical, radiological and sanitary-microbiological studies, it was established that dietary supplement "Rheumacare Ultra" ("Rheumacare Ultra") is safe for the health of consumers and can be used for purpose: to promote the normalization of metabolism, optimization of the chemical composition of the diet, creation of optimal dietary conditions to support the normal functioning of the musculoskeletal system, in particular ‒ joints; to purposefully affect the growth of the level of adaptation capabilities of the human body in conditions of constantly increasing harmful effects of the environment. Conclusions. Assessing the safety of traditional Ayurvedic recipes is a difficult task due to the multicomponent composition of organic-mineral complexes and the lack of complete information on the chemical structure of biologically active components of endemic plants and their impact on human health. Keywords: dietary supplements, sanitary and hygienic assessment, musculoskeletal system, joints.

The role of managing information about infidelity and differentiation of self in the adaptation of spouses after infidelity

Infidelity in marriage leaves a lasting mark not only on the relationship between two people but also affects the functioning of the entire family system. In psychological analyses, research on infidelity is dominated by approaches focusing on its negative consequences. These include, among others, the dissolution of the relationship, increased symptoms of depression, lowered self-esteem, and the emergence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Practical aspects are characteristic of studies where authors emphasize behaviours aimed at preventing infidelity in relationships. Relatively few publications are dedicated to identifying and discussing the psychological variables that may support adaptation after experiencing infidelity in a romantic relationship. The main goal of this article is to propose a new model of adaptation for couples after infidelity in marriage, based on the assumptions of systemic family theory. The specific aim is to present the results of research from the last decade that relate to the variables proposed in the model, such as self-differentiation and managing information about infidelity.

One BAG doesn't fit all: the differences and similarities of BAG family members in mediating CNS homeostasis.

There is an increasing awareness that B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated athanogene (BAG) proteins play critical roles in maintaining neural homeostasis, and that their dysregulation contributes to neurological disorders. This protein family of nine members is evolutionarily conserved, with each member having at least one BAG domain that binds to the nucleotide-binding domains of Heat Shock Protein (Hsp) 70 family members. Collectively, these proteins are essential for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Although there are numerous studies that focus on a specific BAG protein, an understanding of how BAG family members may act cooperatively to maintain cellular homeostasis is needed. In this review, we give an overview of the BAG domain interactors, Hsp72, Hsp70.2, CHIP and METTL3 which are common to all BAG family members. This is followed by a concise description of each BAG family member, with a focus on its function in the CNS and dysfunction in neurological conditions. Finally, we discuss the intersection of the molecular functions of the different BAG family proteins by delineating differences and similarities, and describing how their functions can be either complementary or competing. The information in this review provides a basic conceptual framework for analyzing the roles of a particular BAG family member in the CNS and neurological conditions. This review also provides a basis for examining how BAG family members can play either redundant or antagonistic roles that may modulate experimental outcomes.

Restraint stress effects on glutamate signaling protein levels in the rats’ frontal cortex: Does β1 adrenoceptor activity matter?

IntroductionStress-evoked dysfunctions of the frontal cortex (FC) are correlated with changes in the functioning of the glutamatergic system, and evidence demonstrates that noradrenergic transmission is an important regulator of this process. In the current study, we adopted a restraint stress (RS) model in male Wistar rats to investigate whether the blockade of β1 adrenergic receptors (β1AR) with betaxolol (BET) in stressed animals influences the body’s stress response and the expression of selected signaling proteins in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).MethodsThe study was divided into two parts. In the first part, rats were exposed to RS for 3, 7, or 14 days, and the expression of glutamate signaling proteins (p(S845)/t GluA1, p(Y1472)/t GluN2B, VGLUT1, and VGLUT2) in the FC was analyzed to determine the optimal RS duration for studying the mechanisms of hypofrontality. In the second part, rats were exposed to RS for 14 days, and BET (5 mg/kg, p. o.) was administered during the last 8 days immediately after RS. The body’s stress reaction was assessed by analyzing body weight and blood levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT). Behavioral responses were evaluated using the novel object recognition (NOR) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. The impact of RS and BET on the expression of p(Y530)/t Fyn and p (S133)/t CREB in the mPFC was measured via Western blotting.Results and DiscussionThe first part of the study demonstrated a decreased level of glutamate receptors in rats exposed to 14 days of RS, following an initial increase observed after 7 days of RS. Results from the second part revealed that chronic RS reduced body weight, impaired recognition memory in the NOR test, augmented blood levels of ACTH, and increased the expression of p(Y530) Fyn in the mPFC. However, β1AR blockade did not alter the effects of RS on weight gain, cognitive function, or the expression of p(Y530) Fyn. β1AR blockade normalized only the blood concentration of ACTH. These results suggest that decreased Fyn kinase activity, indicated by phosphorylation at Y530, underlies the stress-evoked downregulation of GluN2B in the FC in a manner independent of β1AR activity.

Age peculiarities of skin perfusion in different parts of anterior abdominal wall based on laser doppler flowmetry data

Introduction. Operations on the abdominal cavity organs and the anterior abdominal wall account for about 23.5–25.5 % of all surgical interventions. The incidence of infectious inflammatory complications after them varies widely and reaches 67 %. The role of adequate functioning of the microcirculation system in wound healing has been repeatedly confirmed by the literature. To interpret the pathology, it is necessary to determine the features of the physiological functional status of the anterior abdominal wall microcirculation. Purpose of the study. Study the features of local blood microcirculation in various areas of the anterior abdominal wall and their age-related changes.Materials and methods. Two groups of volunteers were examined: 30 young conditionally healthy persons (average age 21±0.7 years) and 30 patients of the Surgical Department of the Semashko Clinical Hospital without pathology of abdominal organs and abdominal wall (average age 62±5,9 years). Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) technique was used on the LAZMA PF device (OOO NPP LAZMA, Russia). Measurements were performed on the skin of the anterior surface of the middle third of the left forearm and in 9 regions of the anterior abdominal wall.Results. In the first group, the maximum microcirculation index was determined in the suprapubic region – 7.24±1.99 perfusion units (p. u.). A statistically significant difference occurred between the indices of basal blood flow of the upper and lower floors of the abdominal wall with the average (p<0.05). Among elderly patients, the forearm microcirculation index (5.19±0.78 p. u.) was comparable to the values in all areas of the anterior abdominal wall. The values of microcirculation index in nine regions of the anterior abdominal wall did not differ from each other, being in range of 4.25–4.94 p. u.Conclusion. When planning studies of blood microcirculation in the abdominal wall tissues, the specific anatomical region and age of patients should be taken into account.

Special Economic Measures as a Form of Restriction of Freedom of Economic Activity in the Russian Federation

The article considers the institute of special economic measures as a specific form of restriction of freedom of economic activity in Russia.The article characterizes the essence of special economic measures, defines their individual varieties that have the greatest impact on the realization of the constitutional principle of freedom of economic activity under sanctions. The author analyzes the normative-legal regulation of special economic measures, as well as the peculiarities of the functioning of certain types of special economic measures introduced and applied in the conditions of foreign economic restrictions.In the conditions of sanctions legal regime, which is extraordinary, restrictions on the freedom of economic activity of certain categories of economic entities can be significantly expanded, and the limits of state intervention in the implementation of this constitutional principle are narrowed.It seems reasonable in accordance with a number of principles of the institution of special economic measures. The measures include general principles of restriction of rights: the principle of compliance of the restriction with constitutional purposes (ensuring the defense and security of the state, protection of life and health of citizens, etc.), the principle of reasonableness of the restriction (application of the restriction in order to organize the functioning of the economic system of the Russian Federation), the principles of legality, urgency, proportionality of the restrictions imposed on existing threats.At the same time, the author admits the necessity to improve the Russian legislation on special economic measures (including in terms of specifying the grounds, mechanisms and guarantees of their application to economic entities).

Gut-brain axis and brain health: modulating neuroinflammation, cognitive decline, and neurodegeneration.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a pivotal medium of crosstalk between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract. It is an intricate network of synergistic molecular pathways that exert their effects far beyond their local vicinity and even affect the systemic functioning of the body. The current review explores the involvement of the gut-brain axis (GBA) in the functioning of the nervous system, with a special emphasis on the neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and neuroinflammation that occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Gut-derived microbial metabolites play an important role in facilitating this interaction. We also highlighted the complex interaction between gut-derived metabolites and CNS processes, demonstrating how microbial dysbiosis might result in clinical disorders. Short-chain fatty acids have neuroprotective properties, whereas branched-chain amino acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and tryptophan derivatives such as indole have negative effects at high concentrations. Furthermore, we cover pharmaceutical and nonpharmacological approaches for restoring the gut microbial balance and promoting neurological health. We further expanded on nutritional therapies and lifestyle changes, such as the Mediterranean diet and exercise. Next, we focused on food-controlling habits such as caloric restriction and intermittent fasting. Moreover, interventional techniques such as prebiotics, probiotics, and pharmacological medications have also been utilized to modify the GBA. Historical microbiome research from early discoveries to recent studies linking gut health to cognitive and emotional well-being has increased our understanding of the GBA.

Graph-based analysis of H-bond networks and unsupervised learning reveal conformational coupling in prion peptide segments.

In this study, we employed a comprehensive computational approach to investigate the physical chemistry of the water networks surrounding hydrated peptide segments, as derived from molecular dynamics simulations. Our analysis uncovers a complex interplay of direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds that intricately weave through the peptides. We demonstrate that these hydrogen bond networks encode critical information about the peptides' conformational behavior, with the dimensionality of these networks showing sensitivity to the peptides' conformations. Additionally, we estimated the free-energy landscape of the peptides across various conformations, revealing that their structures are predominantly characterized by unfolded, partially folded, and folded configurations, resulting in broad and rugged free-energy surfaces due to the numerous degrees of freedom contributed by the surrounding solvent. Importantly, the structured nature of this free-energy landscape becomes obscured when conventional collective variables, such as the number of hydrogen bonds, are used. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms that couple protein and solvent degrees of freedom, highlighting their significance in the functioning of biological systems.

Learning under the terrorist threat: what influences the psychological wellbeing of students

Introduction. Terrorist threats are becoming part of modern global reality. Students are the category of the population that turns out to be most sensitive to such negative phenomena. Under the influence of a terrorist threat, the psychological safety and psychological well-being of an individual, which are responsible for the functioning of vital systems and the ability to overcome external and internal threats, may be disrupted. Since it is the young generation that shapes the future of any country, the study of factors influencing their psychological well-being is especially relevant. Purpose of the study: to study what factors influence the psychological well- being of school graduates entering college in a region with a yellow level of terrorist threat. Materials and methods. Study design: natural experiment. 1st measurement – April 2022, 2nd measurement - November 2022, 3rd measurement - November 2023. Subjects: 125 high school students aged 14 to 19 years (62 of them girls). Belgorod region – 62 people, Moscow region – 63 people. Methods: semi-structured interview according to N.V. Tarabrina, «Psychological safety of the individual» (I.I. Prikhodko), «Emotional safety of the educational environment» (T.N. Berezina), «Quality of interpersonal relationships in the educational environment» (V.V. Kovrov, G.S. Kozhukhar), ANOVA analysis of variance. Results. Living in an area with a yellow level of terrorist threat leads to the development of post-traumatic stress syndrome in students. Its development is influenced by the duration of the terrorist threat. Over the course of a year and a half, the overall PTSD index among students in the Belgorod region changed by 73.5% (F=5.9, p=0.02). The number of traumatic events increased by 6 times (F=20.66 p=0.000), persistent repetition of psychotraumatic experiences increased by 2 times (F=7.0 p=0.012), avoidance of stimuli and emotional blocking - by 1.6 (F=12, 09 p=0.001). The occurrence of PTSD symptoms occurs regardless of gender. The terrorist threat does not affect the safety of the educational environment, the personal safety of students, or the quality of interpersonal relationships. Students in a quiet region do not develop PTSD; their psychological well-being is influenced by other factors (gender, transition from school to college, etc.). Conclusion. The main factor influencing the psychological well-being of students in a region with a yellow danger level is the very fact of the presence of a terrorist threat; it causes symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in students. Other factors that are relevant for quiet regions (transition from school to college, gender) do not have a significant effect.

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery.

Disruption of cholinesterases and, as a consequence, increased levels of acetylcholine lead to serious disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system, including death. The need for rapid administration of an antidote to restore esterase activity is critical, but practical implementation of this is often difficult. One promising solution may be the development of antidote delivery systems that will release the drug only when acetylcholine levels are elevated. This approach will ensure timely delivery of the antidote and minimize side effects associated with uncontrolled drug release. Here, we describe the creation of a new smart system that serves as a carrier for delivering an antidote (i.e., atropine) and functions as a synthetic esterase to hydrolyze acetylcholine. The nanocarrier was synthesized through microemulsion polycondensation of phenylboronic acid with resorcinarenes containing hydroxy, imidazole, and carboxylic groups on the upper rim. The nanocarrier breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. The latter acts on the boronate bonds, dissociating them. This leads to the destruction of the nanocarrier and the release of the antidote. The paper covers the creation of the nanocarrier, its physicochemical and biological properties, encapsulation of the antidote, acetylcholine hydrolysis, and antidote release.

Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D Concentrations in Horses: Effects of Age, Gender, Breed, Skin Colour and Season.

The optimal amount of vitamin D required for the proper functioning of the immune system differs from the amount necessary for bone homeostasis. Furthermore, vitamin D metabolism varies among horses. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of information regarding reference values for vitamin D in horses, particularly in the Turkmen breed. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)Vit D) in Turkmen, Thoroughbred and mixed Turkmen×Thoroughbred horses and to explore the effects of various factors on it and its relationship with serum biochemical variables and signalment data. For the measurement of 25(OH)Vit D, 90 healthy horses (min age: 6months; max age: 10years) that were stable in the north of Iran (37°17'N, 55°18'E) were selected for clinical examination and complete blood biochemistry analysis. The horses were categorised into different groups based on sex, season (spring, n=45; autumn, n=45), breed (Turkmen, Thoroughbred and mixed Turkmen×Thoroughbred), age (<2years, 2-8years and >8years) and skin colour. Sampling was performed only once from each horse. In this study, the median serum concentration of 25(OH)Vit D in the sampled horses was 17.42ng/mL (IQR: 9.82-30.85). The serum 25(OH)Vit D concentration was significantly lower in autumn (median: 15.83ng/mL and IQR: 8.67-54.68) than in spring (median: 18.02ng/mL and IQR: 13.77-27.54) and was also lower in Turkmen horses (median: 15.83ng/mL and IQR: 11.63-23.12) than in mixed breed horses (median: 17.72ng/mL and IQR: 8.94-51.67) (p≤0.05). According to the results of the present study, the season had a significant effect on the serum 25(OH)Vit D concentration, and this difference was also observed between Turkmen horses and mixed-bred horses (p≤0.05). It is unclear whether the time of sun exposure or vitamin D content of diet causes the seasonal difference of 25(OH)Vit D concentration.

Application of a discrete approach to designing the transport component of municipal solid waste logistics

Introduction. The growth of the urban area has led to the need to transfer landfills for the disposal of solid municipal (household) waste (MSW) to more remote locations on new sites. Representations and approaches to cargo transportation planning are an essential factor, separate planning of individual applications does not allow determining the results of future work with sufficient accuracy, since such an approach does not allow taking into account the interaction of rolling stock from different routes with each other and loading machines. The purpose of the study is to design the transportation of MSW in regional communications based on a discrete approach and theoretical provisions of operational planning of road freight transportation.Materials and methods. Within the framework of the conducted research, a normative approach was applied to the planning of freight transportation costs and descriptive models for describing the functioning of road transport systems of regional road freight transportation.Results and discussion. The solution of tasks related to the design of cargo transportation, including in regional communications, is due to the need in advance, prior to experience, knowledge of the results of future activities, since it is impossible to accumulate the work of road transport and then fix it. The results of cargo transportation depend on many factors, including the availability of a design methodology that allows you to adequately reflect the processes of their implementation. The use of mathematical modeling made it possible to reliably build plans for the transportation of MSW and determine the cost of their implementation.Conclusion. It has been revealed that possible downtime of both road trains and excavators is the reason for not fulfilling the operational transportation plan defined by separate planning. The use of the same rolling stock for customers with different transportation distances in the region will be accompanied by different costs.

The neuropharmacology of kratom, a novel psychoactive natural product.

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa, Korth.) is a tropical tree that is indigenous to Southeast Asia. When ingested, kratom leaves or decoctions from the leaves have been reported to produce complex stimulant and opioid-like effects. For generations native populations in Southeast Asia have used kratom products to stave off fatigue, improve mood, alleviate pain and manage symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Over the past 15-20years, kratom use has spread to Western nations including the United States, where many individuals are using kratom products for the self-management of pain, opioid use disorder, anxiety and depression. The increased use of kratom has triggered a surge in research into the biochemistry, pharmacology and behavioral effects of kratom and its active constituents, especially mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. In this review, we highlight some of the recent animal studies showing that kratom and its constituent compounds have potential beneficial effects in animal models of pain, anxiety, depression and opioid dependence. We also highlight studies showing that kratom can modulate the functioning of opioid, noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. The highlighted studies strongly suggest that kratom and its constituents may form the basis for the development of novel therapeutic agents.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAR ON THE FORMATION OF THE BUDGETARY SYSTEM IN UKRAINE

The full-scale war in Ukraine has led to fundamental changes in the functioning of the budget system. This article analyzes the consequences of the military actions and their impact on the formation of the budget system in Ukraine, in particular: the growth of defense and security expenditures, the increase in the deficit, and the attraction of significant external financial assistance. The author analyzes the problems that Ukraine faces during the war in filling the revenue side of the budget and proposes solutions, including tax system reform, expenditure optimization, and strengthening financial discipline.

Importance of vascularity and blood flow in the reproductive system of female birds: a review

&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;The reproductive system of female birds is characterized by a high metabolic rate associated with production of the egg constituents, i.e. the yolk in the ovary, and the albumen and calcified shell in the oviduct. Both organs require a high level of vascularization and intense blood flow, which differs depending on their activity. The increasing expansion of the vascular system and blood flow within the follicle wall as it develops facilitates the rapid delivery of oxygen, hormones, growth factors, nutrients, and egg-yolk precursors to the oocyte. The network of blood vessels is established during angiogenesis, a very complex process involving numerous regulators, the most important, of which are vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors. Although angiogenesis is an essential process for the normal functioning of the female reproductive system, information about this event in birds is limited. This review aims to provide up-to-date information on the importance of proper vascularization, mechanisms of angiogenesis, and blood flow regulation within the reproductive system of hens. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Participants of the budget process at the level of local budgets: system, powers and challenges of martial law

This article examines the powers and functions of key participants in the budgetary process at the local budget level in Ukraine. The activities of local self-government bodies, executive authorities, as well as territorial offices of the State Treasury Service, the State Tax Service, and the State Audit Service are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to their role in ensuring the efficient functioning of the budgetary system under martial law. It has been determined that coordination between the participants of the budget process, as well as ensuring financial transparency and accountability, is critical to maintaining the stability of local budgets, especially in light of the current challenges posed by armed aggression. The article also highlights the issues faced by the local budget management system during wartime, such as the need for rapid legislative adjustments, resource redistribution to support defense capabilities, and infrastructure restoration. The effectiveness of budget processes and the legal framework governing their implementation have been assessed. The analysis demonstrated that adapting the budget process to new realities is one of the key factors in maintaining the resilience of the financial system at the local level. Recommendations are provided for further improvement of legal regulation and financial control mechanisms to enhance the effectiveness of managing local budgets in times of crisis. The article contributes significantly to understanding the local budgetary process, particularly regarding the role of government bodies in ensuring the financial support of recovering and development of territorial communities under armed conflict conditions.

Effect of Serum Selenium on the Learning Outcomes of Young Girls Studying in Sokoto

There is a need for proper nutrition for the growth and development of the human body, especially during the early years of education. Failure to have good nutrition elicits effects such as poor functioning of the body system or parts such as the brain (nervous system), which is responsible for the effect on learning and other cognitive activities. This study aimed to examine how the level of selenium in the body relates to the learning outcome of young girls in Sokoto, Nigeria. A cross-sectional semi-experimental design involving a sampling of 250 girls studying in Sokoto was carried out. The determination of selenium was done using standard methods of atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results (p&lt;0.05) indicate that, according to age, 10-12 years old participants had serum selenium within the range of 1.01-1.60 umol/L (56.0%); 13-15 years old girls had 0.76-1.0 umol/L serum selenium level (34.0%); while girls of more than 16 years had 0.40-0.75 serum selenium (of which 2.8%) are deficient, and 7.2% are sufficient). Overall, 90.0% (225 girls) had normal selenium levels, while 10.0% (25 girls) had deficient selenium levels. An examination of the effect on learning outcome shows that normal girls scored a mean value of 52.90±12.22, while deficient girls had a score of 32.85±11.84. Therefore, to improve the learning and other activities of the girls, there should be efforts to help youngsters obtain a proper diet.

Cognitive-reflexive personality development: Evaluating the impact of the chang-ing information and educational environment

Introduction. The article presents the results of a research investigation on the problem of modern individuals’ cognitive development, the mechanisms of formation of their reflexivity in modern conditions of societal information development. The aim of this study is to assess and identify the features of the impact of changing information and educational environment on cognitive processes of modern individuals, which determine transformations in the development of the mechanisms of their reflexivity based on a critical review of current research investigations. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the systematic approach, the theory of philosophy of education, and the cognitive theory of personality. The research methodology involves analysis and generalization of international and Russian scholarly works that consider the problems of information development of society, the specifics of the formation of cognitive processes in the development of education. Results. The article presents the results of the theoretical study, assessment and systematization of the impact of changing information and educational environment on cognitive-reflexive mechanisms of modern personality development. The critical review of current studies has shown that the issues of assessing and identifying the features of the impact of the changing information and educational environment on the cognitive processes of a modern personality, which determine the transformation in the development of the mechanisms of its reflexivity, are significantly updated at the present time in connection with changes in the cognitive and educational fields. It is shown that nowadays the problem of changing development orientation within the education system is significantly relevant with the focus on global transformations of social development, which entailed transformations in the higher education system, which determined the transformations not only of the university, but also the entire education system. Special attention is paid to the changes in the ontological and methodological foundations of changes taking place in modern conditions. Currently, the problems of forming critical thinking and determining personal mechanisms of reflexive cognition require a revision of theoretical foundations. As a result, the basic understanding of modern changes has been revealed: the problems of changes in the modern educational environment; the capabilities of the changing digital environment for the adequate functioning of the education system in modern conditions; the potential of the new educational environment for the formation of cognition of educational stakeholders. Conclusions. In conclusion, the authors summarise the results of the analysis of modern individuals’ cognitive development, the mechanisms of developing their reflexivity in modern conditions of changing information and educational environment.

Legal Consciousness as a Philosophical and Legal Category: Historical and Contemporary Interpretations

The relevance of this study stems from the need to develop a comprehensive understanding of legal consciousness as a multidimensional phenomenon, to create a theoretical foundation for effective practices in legal education and legal socialization, and to deepen knowledge of the mechanisms of formation and functioning of the legal system. Despite a significant number of studies dedicated to legal consciousness, there is still no unified, comprehensive model in the scholarly discourse that adequately describes this multifaceted phenomenon. The absence of such a model complicates further development in the theory of law and philosophy of law. Modern studies increasingly demonstrate that legal consciousness is an integrated socio-legal category. That is, it is not confined solely to philosophical and legal discourse but also encompasses psychological and social aspects. This broad scope presents challenges for research while simultaneously opening new perspectives for scholarly analysis. The aim of this work is to identify and describe the evolution of scholarly approaches to understanding legal consciousness. Such an analysis allows for identifying key stages in the development of the concept of «legal consciousness», determining dominant paradigms and concepts, analyzing the interconnection of philosophical, psychological, and sociological aspects of legal consciousness, and revealing unresolved issues and prospects for further research. The methodological aspects of the study include: historical analysis (examining the evolution of the concept of legal consciousness in the context of the development of philosophy, law, and society), comparative analysis (comparing various theoretical approaches to understanding legal consciousness), and an interdisciplinary approach (integrating philosophical, legal, psychological, and sociological research methods). This enables an analysis of the dynamic evolution of the concept, from ancient philosophical concepts to contemporary sociocultural interpretations; an understanding of shifting emphases, from moral and philosophical aspects to psychological, sociological, and cultural dimensions; and an examination of the influence of historical contexts – how the understanding of legal consciousness has changed in various sociocultural conditions. The research results identify the following key trends: interpretive pluralism – the absence of a single definition and the diversity of approaches to analyzing legal consciousness; interdisciplinarity in research – the interaction of philosophy of law, sociology, psychology, and other sciences in the study of this phenomenon; and problematization – growing interest in studying the distortions of legal consciousness in the context of modern social transformations. The conclusions of the study can be used as a theoretical basis for developing effective mechanisms to form society’s legal consciousness.