Applications In Drug Delivery Systems Research Articles

Rethinking the potential and necessity of drug delivery systems in neovascular age-related macular degeneration therapy.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the predominant threat to human vision and ultimately results in blindness. With the increase in the aging population, it has become a more crucial issue to human health. AMD is a multifactorial disease with the unique feature of uncontrollable angiogenesis during initiation and progression. Although increasing evidence indicates that AMD is largely hereditary, the predominant efficient treatment is antiangiogenesis, which mainly involves VEGF and HIF-α as therapeutic targets. The repeated administration of this treatment over the long term, generally through intravitreal injection, has called for the introduction of long-term drug delivery systems, which are expected to be achieved by biomaterials. However, the clinical results of the port delivery system indicate that the optimization of medical devices toward prolonging the activities of therapeutic biologics in AMD therapy seems more promising. These results indicate that we should rethink the possibility and potential of biomaterials as drug delivery systems in achieving long-term, sustained inhibition of angiogenesis in AMD therapy. In this review, the etiology, categorization, risk factors, pathogenesis, and current clinical treatments of AMD are briefly introduced. Next, the development status of long-term drug delivery systems is discussed, and the drawbacks and shortages of these systems are emphasized. By comprehensively considering the pathological aspect and the recent application of drug delivery systems in AMD therapy, we hope to find a better solution for the further development of long-term therapeutic strategies for AMD.

Investigating the effect of clay content and type on the mechanical performance of calcium alginate-based hybrid bio-capsules

This study aims to investigate the mechanical behavior of alginate-based simple and alginate@clay-based hybrid capsules under uniaxial compression using a Brookfield force machine. The effect of clay type and content on Young's modulus and nominal rupture stress of the capsules was investigated and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Results showed that clay content improves the mechanical properties depending on its type. Montmorillonite and laponite clays showed optimal results at 3 wt% content, with a gain of 63.2 % and 70.34 % on Young's modulus, and a gain of 92.43 % and 108.66 % on nominal rupture stress, respectively, while kaolinite clay showed optimal results at 1.5 wt% content with an increase of 77.21 % on Young's modulus and 88.34 % on nominal rupture stress. However, exceeding the optimal content led to decrease the elasticity and rigidity due to the incomplete dispersion of clay particles in the hydrogel network. The theoretical modeling using Boltzmann superposition principle revealed that the elastic modulus was in good agreement with experimental values. Overall, this research provides insights into the mechanical behavior of alginate@clay-based capsules, which could have potential applications in drug delivery systems and tissue engineering.

Controlled ibuprofen release from Pickering emulsions stabilized by pH-responsive cellulose-based nanofibrils

Pickering emulsions represent a promising avenue in the field of controlled drug delivery systems. Recently, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and chitosan nanofibers (ChNFs) have gained interest as eco-friendly stabilizers for Pickering emulsions, yet their application in pH-responsive drug delivery systems remains unexplored. However, the potential of these biopolymer complexes in formulating stable, pH-responsive emulsions for controlled drug release is of significant interest. Here, we show the development of a highly stable, pH-responsive fish oil-in-water Pickering emulsion stabilized by ChNF/CNF complexes, with optimal stability achieved at a 0.2 wt% ChNF concentration and an average emulsion particle size of approximately 4 μm. Our results demonstrate long-term stability (16 days of storage) for ChNF/CNF-stabilized emulsions, with the interfacial membrane's pH modulation facilitating controlled, sustained ibuprofen (IBU) release. Furthermore, we observed a remarkable release of approximately 95 % of the embedded IBU within the pH range of 5–9, while the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of the drug-loaded microspheres reached their peak at a 1 % IBU dosage, with values of 1 % and 87 %, respectively. This study highlights the potential of using ChNF/CNF complexes in designing versatile, stable, and entirely renewable Pickering systems for controlled drug delivery, with potential applications in food and eco-friendly products.

Application of Nano Drug Delivery System (NDDS) in Cancer Therapy: A Perspective.

Cancer is the biggest killer that threatens human health. Poor bioavailability and strong drug resistance of cancer drugs are common defects. In recent years, drug delivery therapy based on nanotechnology has become a focused research area, and nano drug delivery system has been widely studied in cancer treatment. Based on the articles and patents published on the application of nano drug delivery systems in cancer treatment in the past five years, this paper summarizes the types of nano drug delivery systems and their advantages and limitations in cancer treatment in order to provide a reference for future anticancer research on nano drug delivery systems. This perspective summarizes the types of nano drug delivery systems and their advantages and limitations in cancer treatment in recent five years, and proposes the development direction of nano drug delivery systems in the future. Based on the review of articles and patents, we found that the nano drug delivery system is mainly divided into encapsulated nano drug delivery system and covalently bound nanoprodrug delivery system. Its advantages in cancer treatment are mainly reflected in enhancing drug stability, improving bioavailability, reducing toxicity and better application in cancer diagnosis. However, nano drug delivery system is a new field of science, some of these drug delivery systems might have high toxicity and low bioavailability; the off-target phenomenon often occurs, and most studies are just focused on the early stage, its mechanism of action, clinical efficacy and patient tolerance, and the toxicity of treatment remains to be further investigated. This perspective systematically summarizes the types of nano drug delivery systems and their advantages and limitations in cancer treatment based on the published articles and patents obtained in the last five years. Future research on nano drug delivery system should consider the potential risks, and stable and efficient nano drug delivery systems should be designed to treat cancer by changing or functionalizing the nanomaterial.

Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro apatite formation of strontium-doped sol-gel-derived bioactive glass nanoparticles for bone regeneration applications

The morphology of bioactive glass nanoparticles has been reported to impact apatite-forming ability, biocompatibility, and cell functions. In this study, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs) of mixed morphologies with nominal compositions (%mol) given by 74Si O2_(26−x)CaO_xSrO, (where x=0,1,3,and5) were prepared through a modified sol-gel method. The MBGNs were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). In particular, the effect of Sr concentration on the glass structure, surface morphology, particle size, microstructure, chemical durability, ion release, and in vitro mineralization on the MBGNs was studied. All compositions showed similar thermal degradation profiles irrespective of Sr concentrations. SEM observation showed a mixture of aggregated spherical- and rod-shaped particles in which particle sizes decreased with increasing Sr concentration. Textural analysis showed a decrease in specific surface area with increasing Sr concentration. NMR analysis revealed a reduction in glass network polymerization with increasing Sr concentration. NMR analysis showed hasty depletion of modifier cations from the MBGNs to the simulated body fluid (SBF), the effect more prominent in the pristine sample. We observed prompt surface modifications on MBGNs as a response to their interaction with SBF that led to interconversion of 29Si speciation in the order QCa,Sr1+QCa,Sr2→QH2→QH3. SEM, EDX, and XRD revealed the formation of crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) on the MBGNs after three days of immersion in SBF. In vitro apatite-forming ability of MBGNs decreased with increasing Sr concentration. The MBGNs revealed promising potential properties for applications in orthopedics, dentistry, wound healing, and drug delivery systems.

Antimicrobial Peptide Nanoparticle-Based Microneedle Patches for the Treatment of Bacteria-Infected Wounds

To avoid the production of drug resistance during the antibiotic treatment of wound infection, the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has been strongly developed. However, its application is limited by low bioavailability, rapid degradation of AMP, and the difficulty of deep-tissue bacterial elimination. To solve this problem, AMP and recombinant type III humanized collagen (Col III)-contained microneedle patches were designed to achieve slow and controlled release of AMP and Col III to effectively eliminate the bacteria in the deep wound tissue and promote wound healing. AMP (KKLRLKIAFK) coupled with Cy3 was encapsulated in the nanogel (CGA-NPs), which was formed by chitosan (CS) and gum arabic (GA) through electrostatic interactions. Microneedle (MN) patches were dissolved after penetrating the infected skin and biofilm formed by Staphylococcus aureus to release CGA-NPs. AMPs was released responding to the infected microenvironment to efficiently kill bacteria, and Col III was beneficial to promote wound healing. This is a strategy for the design and application of a microneedle-based antimicrobial drug delivery system.

Mixed micellization analysis of tri-substituted SAIL and amphiphilic drug mixture in aqueous/salt media at diverse temperatures

Abstract The present work aimed to study the mixed micellar behaviour of a tri-substituted imidazolium based surface-active ionic liquid (SAIL), 1-tetradecyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide [C14bmim][Br], with a drug Nortriptyline hydrochloride (NOT) in the water/salt (Na2SO4) medium using surface tension measurements (298.15 K) alongwith conductivity measurements (298.15K–313.15K). Lower experimentally obtained cmc values compared to their ideal values suggest that the investigated amphiphiles interact strongly. The values of micellar mole fraction (X 1) based on the several proposed models (Rubingh, Motomura, and Rodenas) and the ideal micellar mole fraction (X id ) were assessed, and the predicted outcomes indicate that NOT has a significant contribution to the formation of mixed micelles, which increases as the [C14bmim][Br] mole fraction is increased. The negative values of micellization’s Gibbs free energy (ΔGm 0) between the examined amphiphiles were an indication of spontaneous mixed micelle formation. Micellar changes in entropy (ΔSm 0) and enthalpy (ΔHm 0) were also computed and discussed. Using surface tension measurements, surface-active parameters like surface tension at cmc (γ cmc ), minimum surface area per IL molecule (A min), maximum surface excess concentration (τ max), effectiveness of surface tension reduction (π cmc ), and cmc of mixed system have been estimated. The results showed an improved adsorption and micellization properties of these mixtures which will surely contribute to the tremendous rise of these mixed systems in drug delivery applications.

Biological Applications of Aqueous CuInS Quantum Dots: Overview

Quantum dots (QDs), a type of semiconductor nanomaterial, have drawn a lot of attention because of their exceptional optical characteristics and prospective uses in biology and medicine. However, the presence of heavy hazardous metals in typical QDs, such as Cd, Pb and Hg, has posed a significant obstacle to their use. Therefore, it is essential to look for a workable substitute that would be nontoxic and have comparable optical characteristics to the traditional QDs. It has been determined that ternary I–III–VI QDs are appropriate substitutes. They emit light in the near-infrared range and have adjustable optical characteristics. They are valuable in a variety of biological applications because of their optical characteristics and can be easily bioconjugated with biomolecules for targeted imaging. Therefore, this review concentrates on the most recent developments in the usage of aqueous CIS QDs in biological, bioconjugated with biomolecules, nanomedical and drug delivery system applications.

Cover Image, Volume 61, Issue 7

Journal of Polymer ScienceVolume 61, Issue 7 p. i-i COVER IMAGEFree Access Cover Image, Volume 61, Issue 7 First published: 01 April 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.20230146AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract Stimuli-responsive materials have significant potential to develop advanced drug delivery systems. Near-infrared light (NIR)-activated smart drug carriers could enhance drug release on demand. The fabricated core-shell electrospun nanofibrous materials are easily activable using NIR light as an external stimulus. The smart behavior is due to the decoration of the platform with photoactive plasmonic nanoparticles. The hierarchically structured nanoplatform accelerates the drug's release upon NIR irradiation and sheds new light on the future applications of smart drug delivery systems. Details are found in the article on page 521 from Filippo Pierini and colleagues. (DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220747) Volume61, Issue71 April 2023Pages i-i RelatedInformation

Drug transdermal delivery by electrophonophoresis can increase the concentration of rifampicin in the pleural effusion of patients with tuberculous pleurisy but has no effect on the concentration of rifampicin in plasma.

Electrophonophoresis (EP) has been widely used in various clinical fields. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dermal permeability of rifampicin (RIF) in patients with tuberculous pleurisy assisted by EP and to verify the clinical application of this percutaneous drug delivery system in the treatment of tuberculous pleurisy, verify the system's influencing factors, and determine whether plasma drug concentration was increased. Patients were given oral isoniazid 0.3-0.4g, rifampicin 0.45-0.60g, pyrazinamide 1.0-1.5g and ethambutol 0.75g according to their body weight once a day. After 5days of anti-tuberculosis treatment, 3ml of rifampicin was delivered transdermally with EP. Pleural effusion and peripheral blood samples in patients were collected at and after dosing. The drug concentration in the samples was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The median plasma concentration (interquartile ranges) of RIF in 32 patients was 8.80 (6.65, 13.14) μg/ml before RIF transdermal injection plus EP and decreased to 8.09 (5.58, 11.82) μg/ml after 30min of RIF transdermal injection plus EP. The RIF concentration in pleural effusion was higher than that before RIF-transdermal plus EP. In patients who received RIF via EP transdermal administration, the concentration of the drug at the local site was statistically higher than the concentration at the local site prior to penetration. However, no such enhancement was observed in plasma after transdermal administration of RIF. EP can effectively increase the concentration of rifampicin in the pleural effusion of tuberculous pleurisy and has no effect on the circulating plasma concentration. The increased concentration of the drug in the lesion helps to destroy the bacteria.

Microspheres and their applications in drug delivery system

This article focuses on microspheres, types, preparation and their applications in drug delivery system. based on recent literatures. The microspheres are used for drug delivery that offers a potent therapeutic substitute for traditional or immediate-release single-unit dose forms. Microspheres are solid objects with diameters ranging from 1 to 1000µ m. The numerous types of microsphere are employed in the delivery of medications. The efficacy and administration strategies of the variously produced microspheres differ from those of standard dose forms. The microsphere is evaluated using a variety of methods that analyse the microsphere's quality. Finally brief summary of the current difficulties in processing these microspheres, which calls for additional study and development, is offered in the end.

Microspheres and their applications in drug delivery system

Microspheres and their applications in drug delivery system

A Review on Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System

The purpose of writing this review was to investigate, compile and present the recent as well as past literatures in more concise way with special focus on approaches which are currently utilized in the prolongation of gastric residence time. One novel approach in this area is Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System (GRDDSs). GRDDSs can improve the controlled delivery of drugs that have an absorption window by continuously releasing the drug for a prolonged period of time before it reaches its absorption site. These includes floating system, swelling and expanding system, bio/mucoadhesive system, high density system and other delayed gastric emptying devices. The present review addresses briefly about the, factors controlling gastric retention, advantages, Disadvantages and applications of gastroretentive drug delivery systems, Commonly used drug in formulation of GRDDS,Gastroretentive products available in the market, types of GRDDS.

Structural Strategies for Supramolecular Hydrogels and Their Applications

Supramolecular structures are of great interest due to their applicability in various scientific and industrial fields. The sensible definition of supramolecular molecules is being set by investigators who, because of the different sensitivities of their methods and observational timescales, may have different views on as to what constitutes these supramolecular structures. Furthermore, diverse polymers have been found to offer unique avenues for multifunctional systems with properties in industrial medicine applications. Aspects of this review provide different conceptual strategies to address the molecular design, properties, and potential applications of self-assembly materials and the use of metal coordination as a feasible and useful strategy for constructing complex supramolecular structures. This review also addresses systems that are based on hydrogel chemistry and the enormous opportunities to design specific structures for applications that demand enormous specificity. According to the current research status on supramolecular hydrogels, the central ideas in the present review are classic topics that, however, are and will be of great importance, especially the hydrogels that have substantial potential applications in drug delivery systems, ophthalmic products, adhesive hydrogels, and electrically conductive hydrogels. The potential interest shown in the technology involving supramolecular hydrogels is clear from what we can retrieve from the Web of Science.

Microneedles : A Smart Approach for Transdermal Drug Delivery System

Due to the limitations of oral and parenteral medication delivery, which result in patient noncompliance, the Novel Drug Delivery System is currently more effective than the Conventional Drug Delivery System. The transdermal drug administration method is frequently used to deliver medications through the skin for both local and systemic effects. The stratum corneum's epidermal layer serves as a significant barrier for the transport of drugs via the skin. We can release a medicine by various techniques in a regulated manner with the aid of different sorts of microneedle patches on the skin, depending on the microneedle's design. Microneedles are made from a range of materials, including silicon, stainless steel, polymers, metals, and carbohydrates. These materials have been utilised to create coated, solid, dissolving, hollow, and hydrogel-forming microneedles. These microneedles transport different medications, proteins, vaccines, and immunobiological substances, and they are crucial in the treatment of many illnesses like cancer, diabetes, and pain management. The development of the microneedle faces numerous problems, including those related to stability, dosage accuracy, skin irritation cost, and more. The types, fabrication materials and processes, and applications of the microneedle drug delivery system are discussed in this review.

Ionic Liquids as Tools to Incorporate Pharmaceutical Ingredients into Biopolymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

This mini-review focuses on the various roles that ionic liquids (ILs) play in the development and applications of biopolymer-based drug delivery systems (DDSs). Biopolymers are particularly attractive as drug delivery matrices due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, biodegradability, and strength, whereas ILs can assist the formation of drug delivery systems. In this work, we showcase the different strategies that were explored using ILs in biopolymer-based DDSs, including impregnation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)-ILs into biopolymeric materials, employment of the ILs to simplify the process of making the biopolymer-based DDSs, and using the ILs either as dopants or as anchoring agents.

Applications of Hydrogels in Drug Delivery for Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases

Oral and maxillofacial diseases have an important impact on local function, facial appearance, and general health. As a multifunctional platform, hydrogels are widely used in the biomedical field due to their excellent physicochemical properties. In recent years, a large number of studies have been conducted to adapt hydrogels to the complex oral and maxillofacial environment by modulating their pore size, swelling, degradability, stimulus-response properties, etc. Meanwhile, many studies have attempted to use hydrogels as drug delivery carriers to load drugs, cytokines, and stem cells for antibacterial, anticancer, and tissue regeneration applications in oral and maxillofacial regions. This paper reviews the application and research progress of hydrogel-based drug delivery systems in the treatment of oral and maxillofacial diseases such as caries, endodontic diseases, periodontal diseases, maxillofacial bone diseases, mucosal diseases, oral cancer, etc. The characteristics and applications of hydrogels and drug-delivery systems employed for the treatment of different diseases are discussed in order to provide a reference for further research on hydrogel drug-delivery systems in the future.

Post-insertion technique to introduce targeting moieties in milk exosomes for targeted drug delivery

BackgroundRecently, increased attention has been given on exosomes as ideal nanocarriers of drugs owing to their intrinsic properties that facilitate the transport of biomolecular cargos. However, large-scale exosome production remains a major challenge in the clinical application of exosome-based drug delivery systems. Considering its biocompatibility and stability, bovine milk is a suitable natural source for large-scale and stable exosome production. Because the active-targeting ability of drug carriers is essential to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects, precise membrane functionalization strategies are required to enable tissue-specific delivery of milk exosomes with difficulty in post-isolation modification.MethodsIn this study, the membrane functionalization of a milk exosome platform modified using a simple post-insertion method was examined comprehensively. Exosomes were engineered from bovine milk (mExo) with surface-tunable modifications for the delivery of tumor-targeting doxorubicin (Dox). The surface modification of mExo was achieved through the hydrophobic insertion of folate (FA)-conjugated lipids.ResultsWe have confirmed the stable integration of functionalized PE-lipid chains into the mExo membrane through an optimized post-insertion technique, thereby effectively enhancing the surface functionality of mExo. Indeed, the results revealed that FA-modified mExo (mExo-FA) improved cellular uptake in cancer cells via FA receptor (FR)-mediated endocytosis. The designed mExo-FA selectively delivered Dox to FR-positive tumor cells and triggered notable tumor cell death, as confirmed by in vitro and in vivo analyses.ConclusionsThis simple and easy method for post-isolation modification of the exosomal surface may be used to develop milk-exosome-based drug delivery systems.Graphical

Drug delivery systems based on polyethylene glycol hydrogels for enhanced bone regeneration.

Drug delivery systems composed of osteogenic substances and biological materials are of great significance in enhancing bone regeneration, and appropriate biological carriers are the cornerstone for their construction. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is favored in bone tissue engineering due to its good biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. When combined with other substances, the physicochemical properties of PEG-based hydrogels fully meet the requirements of drug delivery carriers. Therefore, this paper reviews the application of PEG-based hydrogels in the treatment of bone defects. The advantages and disadvantages of PEG as a carrier are analyzed, and various modification methods of PEG hydrogels are summarized. On this basis, the application of PEG-based hydrogel drug delivery systems in promoting bone regeneration in recent years is summarized. Finally, the shortcomings and future developments of PEG-based hydrogel drug delivery systems are discussed. This review provides a theoretical basis and fabrication strategy for the application of PEG-based composite drug delivery systems in local bone defects.

Subcellular analysis of blood-brain barrier function by micro-impalement of vessels in acute brain slices

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a tightly and actively regulated vascular barrier. Answering fundamental biological and translational questions about the BBB with currently available approaches is hampered by a trade-off between accessibility and biological validity. We report an approach combining micropipette-based local perfusion of capillaries in acute brain slices with multiphoton microscopy. Micro-perfusion offers control over the luminal solution and allows application of molecules and drug delivery systems, whereas the bath solution defines the extracellular milieu in the brain parenchyma. Here we show, that this combination allows monitoring of BBB transport at the cellular level, visualization of BBB permeation of cells and molecules in real-time and resolves subcellular details of the neurovascular unit. In combination with electrophysiology, it permits comparison of drug effects on neuronal activity following luminal versus parenchymal application. We further apply micro-perfusion to the human and mouse BBB of epileptic hippocampi highlighting its utility for translational research and analysis of therapeutic strategies.