Control Algorithm For Systems Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of the Daylight and Building-Energy Performance of a Double-Skin Facade System with Multisectional Shading Devices of Different Control Strategies

There is a tendency toward larger transparent envelopes in architectural design, which could causes excessive energy consumption and visual discomfort. Using advanced shading systems with control strategies could potentially improve the indoor environmental quality and reduce the building energy consumption. In this research, daylight and thermal performances of a double-skin facade (DSF) system with multisectional shading devices using combinations of roller shades and blinds along with different control strategies were investigated under three representative climatic conditions of China. The performance of DSF systems with and without shading devices were comparatively analyzed by evaluating the annual heating, cooling, and artificial lighting energy consumption, daylight availability, and visual discomfort index using EnergyPlus and Radiance. The results indicated that the DSF with a multisectional shading system and proper control algorithms can save up to 6.8% and 4.8% for annual building energy consumption in Xiamen and Shanghai, respectively, but slightly increased by 2.4% in Beijing, when compared with the baseline without any shading device. For daylight performance, the multisectional shading system with proper control strategy shows a significant contribution to eliminating annual sunlight exposure (ASE) and discomfort glare while maintaining the daylight availability at a similar level compared to the system without shading. Meanwhile, the combination could improve spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) by 11.9%, 16.7%, and 19.1% in Xiamen, Shanghai, and Beijing, respectively, when compared with the individual shading system.

Smart control of HVAC based on measurements of indoor radon concentration

Sufficient ventilation is important for creating a healthy indoor environment in both households and larger buildings (schools, offices, shops, warehouses). As the cost of heating and ventilation in large buildings is very large, modern ventilation systems apply smart control for optimizing the energy consumption. The control is typically based on temperature and/or CO2 levels, whereas other pollutants such as particulate microparticles and radon are not accounted for. Exposure to indoor radon is the second most important reason for lung cancer, with more than 200 000 casesestimated worldwide every year. The indoor radon concentration depends on many factors, from local geological conditions and weather, to building materials and natural and mechanical ventilation. Together with the Norwegian company OBEO AS, NORCE has completed a study of the indoor radon concentration at a Norwegian primary school prone to high radon levels. The study includes continuous measurements of radon, CO2 and temperature for multiple rooms for different use as well as data for the ventilation system. The aim for the project was to build knowledge for a larger research project, where the goal is to develop a control algorithm for HVAC systems which also takes radon levels into account. An important challenge is to make accurate sensors for measuring radon continuously at an affordable price for implementation in complex buildings. Generally, sensors that can measure at high frequency with good accuracy is very expensive. Thus, developing algorithms and mathematical models to treat the data from low-cost sensors can be an adequate tool for large systems/buildings. One must also account for the positioning of the sensor. For instance, it is known that the radon concentration is better distributed in a room with mechanical ventilation than in a room without, making the position of the sensor important for better interpretation of measurement data. In the pre-project we have studied how the radon levels show large variations that are related to the ventilation operation and daily/weekly variations. The large variations show the need for a high sampling rate (minutes to hours) to capture the peaks in the concentration. We have also studied the rate of change in radon concentrations over time and have amongst discovered a noticeable delay from the start of ventilation until radon is effectively removed from the air. The rate of change is an important parameter for planning ahead and securing fresh air during the full period of presence whilst optimizing the energy cost.

Energy-saving design and control strategy towards modern sustainable greenhouse: A review

A greenhouse is an energy-intensive sector with substantial greenhouse gas emissions and extensive energy consumption. Energy-saving greenhouse strategies become particularly important on the premise of ensuring effective crop production to achieve sustainable energy development. This paper aims to deliver a comprehensive review on crucial energy-saving strategies from greenhouse design to operational stage. This contribution analyses effective energy-saving methods for greenhouse design considering greenhouse structures, ventilation and lighting systems. It details the energy-saving operation of greenhouses by summarising renewable energy technologies and integration systems, including photovoltaic modules, solar collectors, heat pumps and other integrated modules. These environment-friendly technologies achieve the purpose of environment protection and energy conservation of greenhouse. The research findings reveal that more than half of the energy is saved through appropriate greenhouse renovation. Control strategies for improving the energy efficiency of the greenhouse in aspects of monitoring system management and control algorithms have been discussed as well. The neural network combined with other control algorithms is a suitable approach to solve nonlinear control problems with a good control accuracy. In the final part, the life cycle environmental impacts and environmental footprints assessment of greenhouse is discussed. Life cycle assessment of modern integrated greenhouse is expected to be further studied. This review provides valuable insights and suggestions for the design and transformation of modern sustainable greenhouses.

Analysis on PDα iterative learning control algorithm for fractional differential nonlinear singular systems

The issue of iterative learning control for the fractional differential nonlinear singular system is discussed in this research. The PD iterative learning control algorithm is proposed for such systems for the sake of tracking the desired trajectory. Analysis on iterative learning control for fractional differential nonlinear singular systems with time delay and interfere are considered in the paper. Sufficient conditions for the convergence have been analysed thoroughly. Finally, simulation illustrations are given to guarantee the validity and efficiency of the algorithm.

Self-learning control of model uncertain active suspension systems with observer–critic structure

This paper presents a self-learning control algorithm for model uncertain suspension systems using single network adaptive critic (SNAC) approach. First, a differential neural network (DNN) observer in conjunction with the weight updating law is established to observe the uncertain dynamic. Then, the nominal optimal value function is approximated by a critic NN whose weight is updated by a novel design learning law driven by the filtered parameter error. The online self-learning control policy is thus derived by approximately solving the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation based on SNAC technique. The Lyapunov approach is synthesized to ensure the convergent characteristics of the entire closed-loop system composed of the DNN observer and the self-learning control policy. Computer simulation of a quarter car suspension system is established to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Simulation results illustrated that the designed method can ensure the good performance in terms with the road hold and ride quality. In addition, independent of model and online self-learning characteristics make it possible to design a high-performance vehicle active suspension controller.

Integration of Renewable Energy Generating Sources with Micro-Grid

The management of remote sites' hybrid wind-and-solar energy-powered micro grids. The battery bank is connected to a shared DC bus from the double fed induction generator (DFIG), which is the device used to convert wind energy. The conversion of solar energy takes place in photovoltaic (PV) arrays. On the common DC bus of DFIG, a DC-DC boost converter efficiently consumes solar energy. The line-side converter with drooping characteristics' indirect vector control is used to regulate the voltage and frequency. It slows the overcharging or discharging of the battery by altering the frequency reference dependent on the battery's energy level. You can run this system without using wind energy. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a component of control algorithms for wind and solar systems. In addition to having external power support to charge the battery without the need for additional power, this system is designed for completely automated operation, taking into account all of the actual system conditions. The system's simulation model is created in the MATLAB environment, and the simulation results are presented in a variety of ways. Low battery charge state, imbalanced load, impervious to wind or sunlight, and non-linear. A 3.7kW wound rotor asynchronous machine and a 5kW photovoltaic array simulator are used to execute the system and produce experimental results that confirm the theoretical model and design.

ML알고리즘을 이용한 종합병원의 공기감염균 분석

Recently, because of COVID-19 cases emerging due to the air conditioning system of buildings, the spread of infectious bacteria through indoor airflow is receiving continuous attention. Since the Outpatient Department maintains general air-conditioning operation conditions 20% outdoor-air and 80% recycled air, the exhaustion of infectious air currents is not fast enough at times when the number of visitors increases, which might lead to the nth infection. Due to this, in preceding research, the number of infectious bacteria depending on the number of visitors was predicted using ML algorithms. In this research, the characteristics and behavioral variables of visitors were applied to the algorithm used in the preceding research to predict once more the number of infectious bacteria based on the behavior of visitors. Also, the predicted number of infectious bacteria was used to analyze airborne infectious bacteria by room and by time of the day after categorizing the number of visitors into days of the week in which it is at its maximum, and days of the week in which it is at its minimum.BRThis research results are expected to be used as baseline data on air-conditioning system control algorithms that respond to changes in the number of visitors and infectious bacteria by room in the Outpatient Department.

Design and Demonstration of a 540 V/28 V SiC-Based Resonant DC–DC Converter for Auxiliary Power Supply in More Electric Aircraft

Efficient and robust power electronic converters are vital to the success of the electrification of aircraft. Especially, low voltage auxiliary converters, which usually supply high current and low voltage loads, are not readily available industrially and need special attention. In terms of energy density and efficiency, LLC converters are among the most commonly used and efficient topologies for automotive and aerospace applications. In the case of aerospace applications, a fault-tolerant topology is highly desirable to reduce the need for redundant components and weight by removing backup systems. To solve this issue, this study introduces a new 2.0 kW LLC-based converter with a reconfigurable fault-tolerant architecture. With the help of a specially designed secondary side, the proposed converter can reconfigure itself so that even if one of the semiconductor switches fails permanently, the converter can still maintain power at nominal voltage levels, ensuring that the aircraft’s vital functionality is preserved. This paper also describes the basic operation principle, component-design aspects, conduction loss reduction techniques, and control system algorithm. Finally, a 2.0 kW experimental prototype is built to verify and demonstrate the operation of the proposed reconfigurable LLC converter.

Mathematical Modeling and Optimal Control of Underground Ventilation and Air Conditioning in Station

The underground ventilation and air-conditioning system of the station accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption of the subway. One of the important reasons is the cooling load of the station. The related control process has typical nonlinear, time-varying, and large inertia characteristics, and the traditional PID control algorithm is difficult to achieve the ideal control effect. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the application of the intelligent algorithm in subway ventilation and air-conditioning control systems to improve the control effect. Based on the analysis of the coupling characteristics of temperature and humidity control in subway air-conditioning systems, this paper designs the feedforward decoupling link according to the identification model and analyzes the control curves with and without the decoupling link when using conventional PID control, which shows the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.

Superheating Control of ORC Systems via Minimum (h,φ)-Entropy Control.

The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is one kind of appropriate energy recovery techniques for low grade heat sources. Since the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of heat sources usually experience non-Gaussian fluctuations, a conventional linear quadratic performance criterion cannot characterize the system uncertainties adequately. This paper proposes a new model free control strategy which applies the (h,φ)-entropy criterion to decrease the randomness of controlled ORC systems. In order to calculate the (h,φ)-entropy, the kernel density estimation (KDE) algorithm is used to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of the tracking error. By minimizing the performance criterion mainly consisting of (h,φ)-entropy, a new control algorithm for ORC systems is obtained. The stability of the proposed control system is analyzed. The simulation results show that the ORC system under the proposed control method has smaller standard deviation (STD) and mean squared error (MSE), and reveals less randomness than those of the traditional PID control algorithm.

A Sun-Tracking Algorithm for Satellite-Borne Spectrometers Based on the Orbital Motion Model

To guarantee that a spectrometer can obtain effective solar spectral data, it is important that the two-dimensional turntable that carries the spectrometer tracks the sun with high accuracy for long time periods, such that the sun is always near the center of the field of view of the spectrometer. However, there is an offset lag problem for the tracking sensor, leading to an increase in the sun-tracking error and inaccuracies in solar spectrum data. To mitigate this problem, an on-axis tracking control algorithm—based on the orbital motion model—is proposed in this paper. First, the sun-tracking model of the spectrometer is established based on the coordinate transformation method, and the analytical relationship between the adjustment angle of the turntable and the solar vector in the orbit system is given by means of the inverse kinematics solution of the target model. Then, the predictive filtering algorithm of the target model is derived to acquire the target position, based on which, the on-axis tracking control algorithm of the spectrometer system is realized to compensate the offset lag and increase the sun-tracking accuracy. Finally, the simulation analysis and experimental verification were performed under the actual working conditions of an orbit. The simulation results demonstrate that the root-mean-square (RMS) of the target position deviation decreased from 2.08″ to 0.77″ after prediction filtering, and the RMS of the tracking error decreased from 7.14″ to 0.97″. The RMS of an orbit’s sun-tracking error decreased from 5.72″ to 1.43″ in the ground test. The simulation and experimental results verify that the algorithm proposed in this paper can improve the tracking accuracy of the spectrometer, providing a reference for the design of a spectrometer in orbit.

A Global Optimization Algorithm for Intelligent Electromechanical Control System with Improved Filling Function

To improve the speed of global optimization algorithm, a class of global optimization algorithms for intelligent electromechanical control system with improved filling function is proposed. By attaching the intelligent managing system improving algorithm and the filling function procedure, the algorithm can stand out from the current particular optimal solution, avoid the phenomenon of falling into the local favorable solution in the process of algorithm iteration, make the algorithm find a better solution, and improve the efficiency of solving the multiextremum global improving problem. Multiextremum-seeking is an optimal control technique that works with unknown conditions while assuming that measurements of the plant’s input and output signals are accessible. The presented work is for an electromechanical system which will handle the low accuracy and untimely tendency of conventional systems which are used in various practical applications. Few learning algorithms have been developed to explicitly optimize mean average precision (MAP) due to computational constraints. The outcomes show that the convergence of the test functions F6 and F7 is not good when the MAPID algorithm is only used for optimization. The MAPID_FF algorithm not only ensures the convergence and optimization precision of the two test functions, but also reduces the optimization time compared with the filling function method. Compared with the filling function method, the improved algorithm has higher accuracy and faster speed, and it is not simple to fall into the local optimum, so the global optimal value is more accurate.

Development of the supply system, control algorithm and architecture of verbal robot

This work is supported by grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan within the framework of the Work №AP08053034 «Development of new methods for modeling and recognition of Kazakh sign language», Institute Information and Computational Technologies CS MES RK. This article reviews the supply system, control algorithm and architecture of verbal robot. The robot is based on publicly available 3D printer. In this research was developed architecture of general programme system of verbal robot, also improved supply system and control algorithm of overall system. Using Jetson Tx1 equipment and a touch screen for interaction with InMoov, an interface was made to control the entire system. The Kinect detector plays a major role in the process of studying this topic. Compared with the existing humanoid robots, the verbal robot is highly automated platform, low cost and fully functional.

Robust nonlinear model predictive sliding mode control algorithm for saturated uncertain multivariable mechanical systems

In this paper, robust stabilization and predictive tracking control for a class of nonlinear uncertain multivariable systems is presented. The control scheme is built by incorporating nonlinear model predictive control in discrete sliding mode control to obtain optimal results while satisfying hard constraints and closed-loop robustness in the presence of external disturbance (matched or unmatched) and parametric uncertainty. Additionally, the control input domain limitation is involved in construction of the model predictive control scheme by employing sliding functions admissible bounds. The problem of cost minimization is solved through optimal selection of terminal cost gain and allocation of system dynamics with respect to sliding surfaces while robust stabilization and feasibility are ensured through the prediction horizon.

Longitudinal Dynamic Modeling and Driving Cycle Tracking Control of an Electric-Driven Vehicle by Means of MATLAB/Simulink/Simscape

MATLAB, Simulink, and Simscape are market-leading products in Model-Based Design (MBD). Applying acausal and causal modeling methods to model the physical plant and control algorithms of mechatronic systems results in high-fidelity virtual prototype models that can be used for Model-in-Loop (MiL) development. In this paper, an electric-driven vehicle is modeled, which can execute various driving cycle inputs. PID controllers are used in order to get the appropriate plant inputs. Idealized anti-lock braking system (ABS) and traction control system (TCS) algorithms provide robustness when the driving cycle input is near-infeasible. The control algorithm is validated in the cases of feasible and infeasible driving cycle inputs.

Методы управления манипуляторами на базе трипода при выполнении технологических операций

Parallel-serial (hybrid) structure manipulators are widely used in various sectors of the economy, which makes it possible to take into account the disadvantages and combine the advantages of manipulation systems of parallel and serial structures. Studies of technological processes have shown that they can be performed using manipulators of a parallel-serial structure based on a tripod, the features of which are not fully understood. Whereas it is important to choose a control system and control algorithms that depend on the characteristics of technological operations performed. Manipulator controlling is a complex task that includes positioning of the effector, planning and synthesis of trajectories, setting and moving the effector along a given trajectory. Each technological process can be described by a set of special trajectories, which can be entered in advance into the database of control models. The article formalizes the trajectories of the effector on the example of specific technological operations. Using the techniques of kinematic and dynamic synthesis, analytical algorithms for its movement along these trajectories have been developed. Theoretical studies were tested on the experimental sample of a hybrid structure manipulator with SKF CAHB-21 actuators. The experiments showed that positioning errors did not exceed 2%, and the deviation of the actual movements from the specified ones in the presence of a payload on the gripper did not exceed 5 %.

Analytical substantiation of the system of automatic control of mode and technological parame-ters of the separating system of the machine for onion harvesting

Analytical studies have been carried out on the development and justification of an automatic control system for the regime and technological parameters of the separating system of an onion harvesting machine, a block diagram and an algorithm for a linear position control system, as well as a design scheme for the formation of a control algorithm, have been developed. A mathematical model of the control object for regulating the depth of the mode parameters of the separating system, the condition for ideal tracking of the trajectory of the point of movement of the moving parts of the drive mechanisms of the links of the master device and the rods of the actuating actuators of the automatic system of the separating system are determined.

Innovative energy management system for low-voltage networks with distributed generation based on prosumers’ active participation

The paper presents a control system for the management of operation of the low-voltage (LV) networks with a large number of renewable energy sources (RES) connected in prosumer’s installations. The system is aimed to reduce power congestion and regulate voltage in individual phases of the network nodes. The applied strategy assumes using controllable energy sources and energy storage systems (ESS) located in prosumers’ installations and performing local energy management, on the basis of ancillary services. The ESSs and RESs reactive and active powers are used as control measures with the reactive power as a priority. The system strategy and control algorithms for the voltage and power regulation are described in the paper. Then, the authors present the results of simulations which were performed using the model of a real LV network with prosumer installations. Simulation results proved that the system is effective and the use of prosumers’ ESS capacities for regulation purposes is minimized. Finally, the developed system was verified experimentally at the Laboratory of Distributed Generation at Lodz University of Technology, using the Real Time Digital Simulator and the Hardware-in-the-Loop method. Conclusions found are that the proposed system can successfully solve operational problems in LV networks with high penetration of RES without the need of network reinforcement or use additional regulatory devices. The strategy based on the concept of ancillary services encourages prosumers to actively influence the network operation for benefits of prosumers, consumers and the network operator.

Simulation Model of Servo Motor by Using Matlab

The research aims to develop documented empirical data to obtain a high-accuracy and effective system according to a principal system as a model that represents the system for all expected cases and different working conditions. The current works are simulating a servo motor that works with specifications as a mathematical representation of it down to its representation with a transformation function. The simulation is done for different cases, the first is without a controller, and the other is an operation simulation with a conventional controller that is with a PID controller. The results, through response and accuracy, prove the preference of PID controller systems in the speed of response and high accuracy with the change or different conditions of the system, i.e., working with linear systems. A simulation is being conducted to verify the use of control systems to improve the performance of servo motors. Algorithms of control systems are developed according to designs based on prior experience. Speed and position control are the most common and used in many applications, which created the need to choose them. To overcome fluctuations and obtain a quick response and a high-precision system used, control systems, as the results proved. The research contribution is developing a design for the user control systems also checking them in simulation with the servo motor system using MATLAB. They test them in the servo motor control as well to test their performance experimentally.

The problem of block synthesis of missile preparation and start-up control system for missile complexes

According to the analysis of trends in the use and development of missile weapons, it is shown that in the coming decades such weapons (missile, anti-aircraft missile, anti-ship systems) will remain one of the main units of the armed forces of the advanced countries. At the same time, in the conditions of independent Ukraine there is a need to create its own production of appropriate samples in a “closed cycle”. The synthesis of such weapons includes conducting comprehensive research on the principles of construction and operation of their basic elements, namely: substantiation of algorithms for launch equipment, control systems and navigation of missiles. The article deals with an example of a general solution to the problem.