Systematic Method Research Articles

A reference-point-method-based online proton treatment plan re-optimization strategy and a novel solution to planning constraint infeasibility problem

Objective. Propose a highly automated treatment plan re-optimization strategy suitable for online adaptive proton therapy. The strategy includes a rapid re-optimization method that generates quality replans and a novel solution that efficiently addresses the planning constraint infeasibility issue that can significantly prolong the re-optimization process. Approach. We propose a systematic reference point method (RPM) model that minimizes the l-infinity norm from the initial treatment plan in the daily objective space for online re-optimization. This model minimizes the largest objective value deviation among the objectives of the daily replan from their reference values, leading to a daily replan similar to the initial plan. Whether a set of planning constraints is feasible with respect to the daily anatomy cannot be known before solving the corresponding optimization problem. The conventional trial-and-error-based relaxation process can cost a significant amount of time. To that end, we propose an optimization problem that first estimates the magnitude of daily violation of each planning constraint. Guided by the violation magnitude and clinical importance of the constraints, the constraints are then iteratively converted into objectives based on their priority until the infeasibility issue is solved. Main results. The proposed RPM-based strategy generated replans similar to the offline manual replans within the online time requirement for six head and neck and four breast patients. The average target D 95 and relevant organ at risk sparing parameter differences between the RPM replans and clinical offline replans were −0.23, −1.62 Gy for head and neck cases and 0.29, −0.39 Gy for breast cases. The proposed constraint relaxation solution made the RPM problem feasible after one round of relaxation for all four patients who encountered the infeasibility issue. Significance. We proposed a novel RPM-based re-optimization strategy and demonstrated its effectiveness on complex cases, regardless of whether constraint infeasibility is encountered.

Correction: Systematic Seismic Events Discrimination Methods at the Kenya National Data Centre (N090)

Correction: Systematic Seismic Events Discrimination Methods at the Kenya National Data Centre (N090)

Usefulness of accounting information systems for small business profitability in South Africa: A systematic literature review

Accounting information systems are an important instrument in the hands of administrators seeking to maintain a competitive edge in the face of fast technological innovation, having the knowledge, and demanding expectations from customers and business owners. The objective of the study is to investigate the empirical literature pertaining to accounting information systems and companies. This study uses a systematic literature review method to provide responses to the research issue, and the bulk of the research was conducted in industrialized economies where computerized accounting system approaches were widely adopted. The selected method of inquiry consists of the following phases: study choice, development of both inclusion and exclusion guidelines, research designation, quality of research assessment, data collection, and data compilation. Based on the paper’s findings, most small businesses fail to implement accounting information systems in their operations, resulting in low-efficiency levels because of the difficulty of preserving company information records. Furthermore, this systematic literature review adds to the prior literature in three ways: (1) it indicates the usefulness of accounting information systems; (2) it expresses the suggestions that might be implemented to boost the accounting information system; and (3) it describes the research gaps that require to be filled to encourage an improved adoption of accounting information systems for small business profitability.

The impact of an online course on agreement rates of the certainty of evidence assessment using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Approach: a before-and-after study

Background and objectiveThe Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach is a systematic method for assessing the certainty of evidence (CoE) and strength of recommendations in health care. We aimed to verify the effects of an online-based GRADE course on multirater consistency in the evaluation of the CoE in systematic reviews (SRs) analysis. Study Design and SettingsSixty-five Brazilian methodologists and researchers participated in an online course over 8 weeks. Asynchronous lessons and weekly synchronous meetings addressed the GRADE system in the context of CoE assessment. We asked participants to evaluate the CoE of random SRs (two before and another two after the course). Analyzes focused on the multirater agreement with a standard response, in the interrater agreement, and before-after changes in the proportion of participants that rated down the domains. Results48 individuals completed the course. Participants presented improvements in the raters' assessment of the CoE using the GRADE approach after the course. The multirater consistency of indirectness, imprecision, and the overall CoE increased after the course, as well as the agreement between raters and the standard response. Furthermore, interrater reliability increased for risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, publication bias, and overall CoE, indicating progress in between-raters consistency. After the course, approximately 78% of individuals rated down the overall CoE to a low/very low degree, and participants presented more explanations for the judgment of each domain. ConclusionAn online GRADE course improved the consistency and agreement of the CoE assessment by Brazilian researchers. Online training courses have the potential to improve skills in guideline methodology development.

Peranan Kompetensi Digital Literacy Guru terhadap Motivasi Siswa Sekolah Dasar

Low learning motivation and student learning outcomes cannot be separated from the influence of the learning process implemented. The application of technology based on teacher digital literacy competencies greatly influences student motivation. This research uses the Systematic Literature Review method or literature review. Several research results totaling twelve show that there is a significant impact of the use of technology in learning on student motivation. So it can be concluded that teacher digital literacy competency is very important in carrying out learning.

Discontinuation of implants and associated factors among women in health facilities of Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

Discontinuation of implants and associated factors among women in health facilities of Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

A Review of the Information Technology and Operational Technology Convergence Using Internet of Things within the Circular Economy

Abstract The historical separation of Information Technology and Operational Technology in organizations, particularly in the industrial sector, is being challenged by the digital transformation. This shift towards a converged platform is driven by technological advancements, market pressures, and environmental and regulatory considerations. This paper explores the convergence of Information Technology and Operational Technology through the Internet of Things within the Circular Economy. A comprehensive overview of the current scientific literature is provided using a systematic review method. Initially, the evolving landscape of the Information Technology and Operational Technology integration is reviewed, then Internet of Things and Circular Economy are presented. The findings of this study include the challenges of the converged solution implementation, such as the technical integration complexities, cybersecurity risks, organizational and cultural barriers, and workforce skills gap. Furthermore, the role of the Internet of Things is demonstrated using novel smart circular loops, products, and applications showcasing innovative ideas such as product-as-a-service models, digital circular practices, products with embedded sensors, energy harvesting, and modular and upgrade capabilities as well as novel digital factory use cases such as smart manufacturing and industrial symbiosis networks. The key findings also outline the best practices and recommendations for a successful implementation of this converged infrastructure, highlighting the importance of a strategic implementation and cross-domain collaboration to achieve operational efficiency and environmental sustainability. The insights provided in this paper are valuable for academics, practitioners, and policymakers aimed to understand and harness the digital technologies for advancing sustainable practices towards a smart circular economy.

SMART quality control analysis of pavement condition data for pavement management applications

Assuring the accuracy and reliability of pavement condition data is crucial for effective decision-making in pavement management. Despite existing data collection protocols, concerns persist regarding data quality. This paper introduces SMART, a systematic statistical method designed to analyze the quality of pavement condition data from field surveys for pavement management applications. SMART employs a structured procedure that expands traditional descriptive statistics by applying interrater reliability statistics combined with bootstrapping methods and Modified Blant Altman diagrams to evaluate data quality. A comparative analysis of interrater statistics, including Cohen’s Kappa (CK), Interclass Correlation (IC), Krippendorff’s Alpha (KA), Percent Agreement (PA), and Weighted Cohen’s Kappa (WCK), is conducted in the research study. As a result, the adoption of KA and Modified Bland-Altman diagrams for data analysis is recommended. KA demonstrates versatility across diverse data types, accommodating nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio-level data, while Modified Bland-Altman diagrams facilitate data dispersion analysis to visualize possible bias trends for the condition ratings. A case study is presented to demonstrate the applicability of SMART to analyzing Pavement Condition Index (PCI) data provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) in California. This methodological approach aims to enhance pavement management decisions by ensuring the reliability of condition field survey data through the implementation of robust analytical quality control procedures.

مامەڵەی هەرێمی كوردستان بەرامبەر بە ئاڵێنگارییەكانی ئاسایش لە دوای ساڵی 2014

The security of the Kurdistan Region has faced many challenges since 2014. This study provides a detailed analysis of the region's response to the challenges. The importance of this study is that it will be an academic tool for the KRG officials. The aim of the study is to present the region's response to the challenges after 2014 and to present appropriate recommendations to address the challenges. This research uses several methods to prove the research hypothesis, especially the descriptive method and the inductive method to investigate the situation in the region. Also, a systematic analysis method was used to analyze the causes and consequences related to security and how official authority has treated this circumstance in the Kurdistan Region. The researcher has reached several conclusions, above all the deep party conflict and division of political forces in the region. The existence of superpower interests and interventions in the region as well as the lack of a strong economy that is diversified in terms of revenue sources. Finally, there is a lack of a strong and national armed force in the KRG. All of these factors have prevented the region from dealing with these challenges properly and have become a serious threat to its security.

مامەڵەی هەرێمی كوردستان بەرامبەر بە ئاڵێنگارییەكانی ئاسایش لە دوای ساڵی 2014

The security of the Kurdistan Region has faced many challenges since 2014. This study provides a detailed analysis of the region's response to the challenges. The importance of this study is that it will be an academic tool for the KRG officials. The aim of the study is to present the region's response to the challenges after 2014 and to present appropriate recommendations to address the challenges. This research uses several methods to prove the research hypothesis, especially the descriptive method and the inductive method to investigate the situation in the region. Also, a systematic analysis method was used to analyze the causes and consequences related to security and how official authority has treated this circumstance in the Kurdistan Region. The researcher has reached several conclusions, above all the deep party conflict and division of political forces in the region. The existence of superpower interests and interventions in the region as well as the lack of a strong economy that is diversified in terms of revenue sources. Finally, there is a lack of a strong and national armed force in the KRG. All of these factors have prevented the region from dealing with these challenges properly and have become a serious threat to its security.

Analysis of garlic farming revenue in Karanganyar Regency, Indonesia

Abstract Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is consumed as a cooking seasoning, flavoring, culinary, and herbal medicine. In Indonesia, domestic production is only about 5% of national consumption needs, so 95% of the shortfall comes from imports. Garlic is a superior agricultural product that has the potential to generate income for farmers. The purpose of this research is to analyze the income of garlic farming. The research was conducted in Karanganyar Regency using a proportional systematic random sampling method, and 194 farmers were selected. This research compares 3 planting seasons, which are divided into planting in April-May, June-July and August-November. Production inputs consist of seeds, manure, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, labor, dolomite, and others. The results obtained, the average production cost per hectare is Rp.87,779,449,-.The proportion of the cost of buying seeds is 34.72%. The average production is 4.78 tons per hectare with an average price of Rp.20,848 per kilogram. The average income per hectare is Rp.87,977,271,-. The value of the R/C ratio is 1.002 (> 1), and the value of the B/C ratio is 0.002 (> 0). Thus, garlic farming in Karanganyar Regency is profitable, because the income (revenue) is greater than the costs incurred and it is still feasible to continue because it provides positive benefits.

ANALYSING THE EFFECT OF USING ASSURE LEARNING MODEL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS' LEARNING MOTIVATION

Using learning models appropriately has a big impact on the implementation of learning. This research aims to analyze the influence of the Assure learning model on the development of student learning motivation. This research includes descriptive qualitative research conducted using a systematic review or literature study method to obtain research discussion data. Articles in the analysis were selected based on certain criteria according to the keywords determined in the research. The findings show that all the articles analyzed (6 articles) support that the use of the Assure learning model has a positive influence on the development of student learning motivation. There is an increase in student learning outcomes from implementing the Assure learning model because with this learning model a learning atmosphere will be created that encourages students' interest and interest in actively participating in learning. The results of this study can strengthen and summarize previous findings regarding the Assure learning model. The findings have implications for teachers, namely that they can be taken into consideration in choosing the right learning model to increase student motivation in learning and support the learning process effectively and efficiently, namely by implementing the Assure model.

Clinicians’ perspectives on the Telehealth Serious Illness Care Program for older adults with myeloid malignancies.

11078 Background: Serious illness conversations (SICs) may help patients avoid unwanted treatments at end-of-life (EOL). Nonetheless, SICs happen infrequently, often due to lack of time and fear of taking away hope. We previously piloted the telehealth Serious Illness Care Program (SICP), a systematic method to promote SICs, for older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The aim of this analysis was to understand the experience of the telehealth SICP from the clinician perspective. Methods: We piloted the telehealth SICP in a single-arm study of 20 older adults (>=60 years old) with AML/MDS. Eligible clinicians (oncologists and advanced practitioners) cared for >=1 older adult with AML/MDS in the last year. Consented clinicians were scheduled for a 2.5- to 3-hour virtual training session to learn how to use the Serious Illness Conversation Guide (SICG). The SICG is a script to elicit patient values and care preferences. After training, clinicians were scheduled for telehealth SICP visits with eligible patients and available caregivers. At the end of the study, clinicians completed an audio-recorded interview to discuss their experience. Qualitative analysis of the interviews was undertaken using MAXQDA software (VERBI Software GmBH). Quantitative measures included: 1) Clinician confidence in having SICs (before first study visit and end of study) and 2) Clinician acceptability (end of study). Clinician confidence was measured using a 22-item survey (range 1-7, higher score better). Acceptability was measured using a 11-item survey (5-point Likert scale). Results: Mean age of clinicians was 42 years [N=10, Standard Deviation (SD) 12.7]. The majority were White (90%), non-Hispanic (100%), and female (60%). Mean number of patients per clinician was 1.9 (SD 1.4, range 0-4). Three qualitative categories emerged: 1) The telehealth SICP deepened relationships and renewed trust, 2) Each telehealth SICP visit felt unique and personal in a positive way, and 3) Uninterrupted, unrushed time is preferred to optimize the experience of visits. Quantitative data revealed a statistically significant increase in clinician confidence overall, with a mean increase of 0.5 (SD 0.6, p=0.03). The largest increase in confidence was in helping families with reconciliation and saying good-bye [+1.4 (SD 1.5), p=0.04]. The majority of clinicians agreed that the format was simple (6/7, 86%) and easy to use (6/7, 86%). Clinicians felt they gained useful information from asking about the patient’s goals (6/7, 86%) and that the telehealth SICP was effective in understanding their patient’s values about EOL care (7/7, 100.0%). Conclusions: Clinicians felt the telehealth SICP deepened their relationships with patients and increased their confidence in having SICs. The majority of clinicians found it to be a simple and easy way to understand patient values about their care. Clinical trial information: NCT04745676 .

A content analysis of graduate dissertation using the flipped learning method

The aim of this study was to make a situation assessment by examining the postgraduate theses on flipped learning in Turkey between 2014-2023 in terms of thematic, methodological, and analysis techniques. In the study, the systematic review method, which is one of the literature review methods, was used, and data were collected by document analysis method with 177 graduate dissertation samples sourced from the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education. Thematic examination revealed that the many of studies were completed in 2019 at the master’s level within programs at Gazi University, primarily in the Institute of Social Sciences and focusing on the discipline of foreign language education. Methodologically, mixed research methods were frequently used, with the pretest-posttest control group design being prevalent, and a university-level sample size ranging from 1 to 50. Academic achievement tests were the preferred quantitative data collection tools, while interviews were commonly used for qualitative data. In terms of analysis techniques, the t-test dominated quantitative data analysis, while content analysis was the primary method for qualitative data analysis.

Population structure and regeneration of Tsuga dumosa and Abies spectabilis across altitudinal gradient in Rasuwa district, central Nepal

In Nepal, Tsuga dumosa thrives well between 2,100-3,600 m altitudes above the mean sea level, mostly in the temperate region while Abies spectabilis occurs between 3,000-4,200 m altitude above the mean sea level in the sub-alpine region. Research on mature T. dumosa-A. spectabilis forests in Nepal is limited. This study aimed to analyze the population structure and regeneration status of T. dumosa and A. spectabilis in the high-altitude mixed forests of Rasuwa, central Nepal. Conducted in 2023, a total of 61 concentric circular sample plots were laid out following a stratified systematic sampling method. The population-structure-curve displayed a consistent upward trend showing abnormality. The abnormal population structure with a lack of young trees and poor regeneration status in both species points towards potential threats like grazing and wildfires. The highest DBH class ranged from 90 cm to 120 cm DBH for T. dumosa while from 60 cm to 90 cm DBH for A. spectabilis. The study found that the seedling condition of T. dumosa species was ‘fair’ in the lower (2800-3100 m) and middle stratum (3100-3400 m), while it was ‘poor’ in the upper-elevation stratum (3400-3600 m). On the other hand, the seedling condition of A. spectabilis was found to be ‘poor’ in all the three elevation strata. Furthermore, the sapling condition of both the species were found to be ‘poor’. Therefore, the studied forest requires sustainable management along with a comprehensive strategy combining controlled grazing, zonation, monitoring, community engagement, regulation enforcement, restoration, ongoing research, and public awareness.

The Main Directions of Supranational Regulation of the Digital Space in the EAEU at the Present Stage

Introduction. The study of the main directions of supranational regulation of the digital space is an important task in the context of the constant complication and expansion of social relations in the digital sphere. The creation of effective and progressive regulation in the relevant area can become the basis for increasing the competitiveness of the EAEU on the world stage. At the same time, the corresponding issues have been practically not studied in the domestic academic literature. Within the framework of this article, an attempt has been made to comprehensively assess the system of supranational regulation of the digital space in the EAEU, to identify its strengths and weaknesses.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and special scientific methods. General scientific methods are presented: analysis, synthesis, inductive-deductive method, systematic method. Special scientific methods include: the method of systemic analysis of law, the comparative legal method, the formal legal method. The research materials are presented by supranational acts of the EAEU (primarily the Treaty on the EAEU and its protocols), official documents and statements, as well as doctrinal concepts and approaches.Results of the study. The article analyzes and evaluates the key areas of supranational regulation of the digital space in the EAEU at the present stage. The conceptual and legal foundations of the relevant regulation are identified (including in comparison with the EU approach to supranational regulation of the digital space) and their role and significance for the development of supranational regulation of the digital space in the EAEU is analyzed. Changes in the customs legislation of the EAEU in terms of supranational regulation of external (with the participation of residents of third countries) electronic trade are involved in scientific circulation.Discussion and conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that currently the system of supranational regulation of the digital space in the EAEU is at the stage of its formation and extends only to four main areas: the circulation of non-personal data, public procurement, intellectual property protection and external electronic commerce. At the same time, recent initiatives in the field of supranational regulation of external electronic commerce represent an important step towards a new stage in the development of digital aspects of Eurasian integration.

Tracking and Profiling Repeated Users Over Time in Text-Based Counseling: Longitudinal Observational Study With Hierarchical Clustering.

Due to their accessibility and anonymity, web-based counseling services are expanding at an unprecedented rate. One of the most prominent challenges such services face is repeated users, who represent a small fraction of total users but consume significant resources by continually returning to the system and reiterating the same narrative and issues. A deeper understanding of repeated users and tailoring interventions may help improve service efficiency and effectiveness. Previous studies on repeated users were mainly on telephone counseling, and the classification of repeated users tended to be arbitrary and failed to capture the heterogeneity in this group of users. In this study, we aimed to develop a systematic method to profile repeated users and to understand what drives their use of the service. By doing so, we aimed to provide insight and practical implications that can inform the provision of service catering to different types of users and improve service effectiveness. We extracted session data from 29,400 users from a free 24/7 web-based counseling service from 2018 to 2021. To systematically investigate the heterogeneity of repeated users, hierarchical clustering was used to classify the users based on 3 indicators of service use behaviors, including the duration of their user journey, use frequency, and intensity. We then compared the psychological profile of the identified subgroups including their suicide risks and primary concerns to gain insights into the factors driving their patterns of service use. Three clusters of repeated users with clear psychological profiles were detected: episodic, intermittent, and persistent-intensive users. Generally, compared with one-time users, repeated users showed higher suicide risks and more complicated backgrounds, including more severe presenting issues such as suicide or self-harm, bullying, and addictive behaviors. Higher frequency and intensity of service use were also associated with elevated suicide risk levels and a higher proportion of users citing mental disorders as their primary concerns. This study presents a systematic method of identifying and classifying repeated users in web-based counseling services. The proposed bottom-up clustering method identified 3 subgroups of repeated users with distinct service behaviors and psychological profiles. The findings can facilitate frontline personnel in delivering more efficient interventions and the proposed method can also be meaningful to a wider range of services in improving service provision, resource allocation, and service effectiveness.

Topical Trends in Outer Space Cooperation/Competition and Perspectives on Space Law

Introduction. Immanent in all history of space activities cooperation and/or competition are currently subject to significant changes. The most meaningful by impact on activity, its forms, subject content and other features, as well as on relevant international legal and national legal framework including perspectives on their development, are the two emerging international partnerships: China and Russia, primarily on the International Lunar Research Station, as well as with other cooperating states; and the United States with partners on the Artemis Program.Materials and methods. Materials – selected by criterion of fundamental impact on the ‘space law’ development examples of international legal and national legal acts underpinning one of the alternative competing international partnerships on the exploration of the Moon and deep space. Methodology includes analysis, synthesis, analogy, as well as combination of comparative law with systematic methods, and modelling with forecasting.Results. It is justified that: 1) it is reasonable to consider the combination of relevant current factors, trends, and processes (including political, economic, and technological) as the components of the branch-specific coordinate system; 2) timely identification of factors with significant impact on the industry development significantly reduces, or absolutely offsets the negative impact of transformational potential of cooperation/competition in outer space on the efficiency of the industry-related forecasting; 3) factors of fundamental impact on the development of the “space law” system are found in the international legal and national legal approaches behind the two alternative international partnerships; 4) the necessity to determine common basis for diverging legal (and other branch-specific) approaches is grounded on economic feasibility; 5) The conditions/criteria of determination of factors of fundamental impact on the system of ‘space law’ are developed; 6) The feasibility of consideration of the combination of challenging issues of space law as the components of the branch specific legal coordinate system is confirmed; 7) It is revealed that meeting priority issues leads to an updated actualization of other unsettled issues of diverse-level within the system of ‘space law’; It is justified that: 8) under actual trends actualization of branch-specific legal issues and their regulation is less dependent on relevant state’s technological potential and more on inclusion in global economic projects and political processes; 9) consideration of matches and differences under specific criteria between international legal and national legal approaches behind the two alternative international partnerships would bring forecasting on perspectives on ‘space law’ closer to real development.Discussion and conclusion. It is reasonable to consider as conceptual foundations for branch-specific risk management the creation of conditions (primarily of economic, technological and strategic character): for transformation of ‘common denominator’ of international legal and national legal approaches of the two international partnerships to the willingness of competing states to harmonize their positions on additional multilateral treaty regulation of issues subject to international space law; as well as for that competition leads to ‘balancing’ of commitment to international obligations, and inclusive development of diverse elements of the ‘space law’ system.

Impacts and implications of anthropogenic activities on mangrove forests: A review

The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate published literature on the causes, impacts, implications and mitigation strategies of anthropogenic activities on mangrove forests. A systematic method was utilized to access research works of literature on “Impacts and implications of anthropogenic activities on mangrove forests”. A total of fifty-three (53) research papers published between the years 1975 to 2024 was accumulated and used for this review. A subjective approach was used to select the topics: impact and implications of anthropogenic activities on mangrove forests. In this paper, five (5) roles of mangroves were assessed and presented. Anthropogenic activities that threaten mangrove forests such as land conversion, mining and logging activities and household and industrial activities were also evaluated. Further, four (4) detrimental anthropogenic activities and the potential impacts they have on natural mangrove forests and the ecosystems they thrive in was also reported on. In addition, this paper reviewed some mitigation strategies for sustainable management and conservation of our mangroves, their ecosystems and the coastlines. The published works of literature established that reduced mangrove forests, altered mangrove composition, unequal species abundance, mass mangrove mortality, pollution in mangrove areas, rising sea levels, global climate change and coastal erosion or abrasion are all effects of anthropogenic activity that have a negative impact on mangrove forests and the ecosystems. This review highlights the fact that more studies on the impact and implications of anthropogenic activities on mangroves should be done in neotropical countries since there are paucity of such information on research and published data in these biodiversity rich regions.

시민참여 측정도구 연구의 체계적 문헌고찰

Civic engagement activities are driven by policy expectations and utilities that focus citizen participation with the idea that they will lead to better outcomes. Depending on the level of direct participation, citizens can be categorized from dutiful to engaged citizens. Measures of citizenship, such as fostering a sense of ownership and active social participation, will ensure the sustainability of future societies and have a positive impact on democratic governance and economic development. A systematic review research method was applied to collect and characterize the literature on civic engagement measurement tools from 1994, when social capital research began to emphasize the importance of civic engagement, to the present. The results showed that civic engagement has expanded along with the changing roles and capacities of citizens required by society at large. Measurement analyses revealed that most instruments have very low levels of validity and reliability. When measuring civic engagement among adults who are active in their communities, there is a need to use instruments with a stronger measurement basis. There is a need to develop a civic engagement instrument that reflects the changing concept of citizenship and the nature of civic engagement and has good reliability and validity evidence.