Systematic Anatomy Research Articles

Students and Veterinarians Views About Clinical Anatomy and Topographic Anatomy Courses in Veterinary Education

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the views of veterinarians and students about the topographic anatomy course and clinical anatomy course with the help of a survey. For this purpose, a total of 4 separate surveys were created, 2 for topographic anatomy course and 2 for clinical anatomy course. For each course, one of these forms was applied to the 3rd, 4th and 5th grade students in Veterinary Medicine. Other survey forms were applied to veterinarians who working in different regions in Turkey. As a result, 98% of the participants emphasized that anatomy knowledge was important for safe and adequate clinical practice. 59% of the students stated that the contents of the topographic anatomy course were not sufficient in this form, 92.3% stated that it should be explained with radiological images and 96.2% explained with clinical sciences. Only 35.5% of veterinarians stated that the information they learned in the systematic anatomy course was sufficient for clinical practices. 92.1% of veterinarians stated that clinical anatomy course should be present in the curriculum in recent years. According to the results, after taking systematic anatomy course, it was observed that it was a necessity to give the anatomy course associated with clinical sciences during the later periods.

Anatomy of diluted dark matter in the minimal left-right symmetric model

Temporary matter domination and late entropy dilution, injected by a “long-lived” particle in the early Universe, serves as a standard mechanism for yielding the correct dark matter relic density. We recently pointed out the cosmological significance of diluting particle’s partial decay into dark matter. When repopulated in such a way, dark matter carries higher momentum than its thermal counterpart, resulting in a suppression of the linear matter power spectrum that is constrained by the large scale structure observations. In this work, we study the impact of such constraints on the minimal left-right symmetric model that accounts for the origin of neutrino mass. We map out a systematic anatomy of possible dilution scenarios with viable parameter spaces, allowed by cosmology and various astrophysical and terrestrial constraints. We show that to accommodate the observed dark matter relic abundance the spontaneous left-right symmetry breaking scale must be above PeV and cosmology will continue to provide the most sensitive probes of it. In case the dilutor is one of the heavier right-handed neutrinos, it can be much lighter and lie near the electroweak scale. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Development of a Prediction Model for Subjective Physical Symptoms Induced During Systematic Anatomy Practice Among Medical Students.

To prevent unpleasant symptoms in medical students during systematic anatomy practice, we aimed to develop and validate a model that predicts the likelihood of these symptoms occurring during practice based on risk factors prior to the start of practice. A total of 452 medical students enrolled from 2014 to 2018 were surveyed before and during practice, with questions regarding their sex, psychological status, subjective symptoms, and allergies. The sum of the scores concerning three subjective symptoms related to the eyes and three subjective symptoms related to the nose and fatigue were defined as the "eye-score" and "mask-score," respectively, and a total score of 7 or more was considered symptomatic. A prediction model was developed based on a generalized linear mixed model; the outcome variable in the model was symptoms during practice, and the explanatory variables were indoor formaldehyde concentration during practice, sex, and pre-practice status, such as the students' psychological state, eye-score, mask-score, and the presence of allergies. Five-fold cross-validation was used to assess internal validity and the prediction model was applied to 110 medical students enrolled in 2021 to assess external validity. The sensitivity and specificity by five-fold cross-validation were 0.843 and 0.314 for eye symptoms and 0.847 and 0.432 for mask symptoms. In the external validity assessment, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.889 and 0.207 for eye symptoms and 0.879 and 0.532 for mask symptoms. The prediction model developed in this study can be used in future measures aimed at preventing symptoms in students.

Clinicopathological features of progressive supranuclear palsy with asymmetrical atrophy of the superior cerebellar peduncle.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) can be diagnosed despite the presence of asymmetrical parkinsonism depending on the clinical diagnostic criteria. Some studies have reported that atrophy of the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) is more frequent in PSP than in Parkinson's disease. There have also been reports of PSP cases with an asymmetrically atrophic SCP. Therefore, we analyzed 48 specimens from consecutive autopsy cases that were neuropathologically diagnosed as PSP to investigate the laterality of brain lesions, including the SCP. We measured the width of the SCP and evaluated the laterality of atrophy. We semi-quantitatively evaluated neuronal loss, atrophy/myelin pallor, and tau pathology in three steps. Asymmetrical atrophy of the SCP was present in seven (14.6%) of 48 cases. The atrophic side of the SCP corresponded to the dominant side of the tau pathology in the cerebellar dentate nucleus. It was opposite to the dominant side of the myelin pallor and tau pathology in the red nucleus and of the tau pathology in the central tegmental tract and inferior olivary nucleus, coinciding with the neurologically systematic anatomy of the Guillain-Mollaret triangle. Neurodegeneration of PSP can progress asymmetrically from one side to the initially intact side in PSP with an initial predominance of Richardson's syndrome, progressive gait freezing, ocular motor dysfunction, parkinsonism, or corticobasal syndrome. To our knowledge, no previous study has reported asymmetrical PSP neuropathology; this is the first study to report the presence of PSP cases with asymmetrical SCP atrophy and systematically asymmetrical degeneration of the Guillain-Mollaret triangle.

Using specimens from the CIRAD Kourou wood collection to build a database of properties

A Xylarium, like the one in Kourou in French Guiana, is a unique collection of wood specimens assembled over many years that represents high interspecific diversity. In addition to the standard use of such collections for systematic anatomy, a technological database can be created using supplementary specimens taken from the same tree as the reference specimens. Physical, mechanical and durability tests were performed on wood planks measuring 10 × 60 × 100 mm3 (L is the longest direction, width and thickness are not always perfectly radial or tangential, just transverse) representing 445 woody species belonging to 63 families found in French Guiana. Wood densities ranged from 250 to 1,300 kg/m3, with an average of 786 kg/m3. The other properties also covered a wide range of values, as did the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (ranging from 0.6 to 37 GPa), as samples from lianas and palm stipes from very stiff woods were also tested. The correlations between the different parameters measured on the 445 species tested allowed us to identify some relationships between wood properties, e.g.: (i) light colored woods are less prone to shrinkage, but more prone to rot (the opposite is true for red woods); (ii) woods with a low damping coefficient are generally darker, redder, denser, and more resistant to rot. This database cannot be used to characterize a particular species as only one specimen is available for each species, but it can be used to study the relationships between properties and easily measured descriptors related to wood structure (e.g. density, modulus) or wood chemistry (e.g. color, durability). Finally, this database provides the foundation for future bigger databases including many more specimens of each species that will be useful to search for particular properties in certain families or genera, for example, high natural durability despite rather low wood density, or low damping along with a high specific modulus.

Anatomi Müfredatının “Mezuniyet Öncesi Tıp Eğitimi Ulusal Çekirdek Eğitim Programı-2014” İle Uyum Çalışması: Anatomi-ÇEP 1. Sürüm

Aim: The National Medical Core Curriculum Program has been developed since 2001 to help keep the level of education in medical schools above high standards. The education in basic medical sciences should be adapted to the latest version of the national undergraduate medical education core curriculum, published in 2020. This study, which was planned on the basis of the need for adaptation of the curriculum in basic medical sciences to the national core education program in the field of medical education, was carried out with the decision of the Board of the Turkish Society of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy with the aim of adaptation the anatomy course contents applied in medical faculties to the National Core Curriculum for Undergraduate Medical Education - 2014.Methods: The planning of the study was based on the "systematic anatomy education approach", which is commonly used in anatomy education. The prepared report was named as Anatomi-ÇEP 1st version, and a work plan was made to keep the new versions up-to-date through this report. Workshops were held with the participation of the faculty members of the anatomy department in the creation of the adaptation lists. Consensus questionnaires participated by faculty members who teach anatomy were used in the acceptance of the adaptation lists.Results: Two workshops were held in the process. In these workshops, the relationships between anatomy subjects and "Core Diseases and Clinical Problems" in "Undergraduate Medical Education National Core Education Program- 2014" were determined. Since the "Core Diseases and Clinical Problems" list was in alphabetical order, the lists were re-created in a systematic order according to the anatomy course contents. The lists were presented to the opinions of faculty members working in the Anatomy Departments twice and a consensus decision was made. In "Anatomy-ÇEP 1st Edition", basic diseases in "UÇEP2014" have been adapted to the basic topics in anatomy education, but they have not been associated with symptoms and conditions and basic medical practices. Conclusions: With this article, it was aimed to share what was done in "Anatomy-ÇEP 1st Edition" with academicians, and to provide data for studies to be carried out to adapt the changes brought by "UÇEP-2020" to "Anatomy-ÇEP" with the feedback to be received.

Reimagining systematic anatomy: The conclusion of the quartet.

The central dogma of systematic anatomy is the well-known hierarchy of anatomical structures: body-systems-organs-tissues-cells. This schema omits extracellular matrix and extracellular fluids, which account for a significant proportion of body mass, and distorts the meanings of the terms system, organ and tissue in anatomy. These faults are partially due to oversimplification, presumably intended for educational purposes, and confusion of anatomy's organ systems with physiological systems. A revised schema of the hierarchy of systematic anatomy is presented that is more complete and more consistent with the long history of anatomy.

Development and application of digital assistive teaching system for anatomy

BackgroundAnatomy is a required course for all medicine-related industries. In recent decades, the teaching quality and effect of anatomy have been compromised by factors including a decrease in human body specimens, dampened enthusiasm for the discipline, reduced teaching hours of anatomy, scale expansion of medical education, and obstacles in performing field autopsies and observations. MethodsBased on China's digitalized visible human research achievements, this article extracts the boundary information of anatomic structures from tomographic images, constructs threedimensional (3D) digital anatomical models with authentic texture information, and develops an anatomy assistive teaching system for teachers and students based on the knowledge points of anatomy, to meet the anatomy teaching requirements of different majors at various levels. ResultsThis scientific, complete, and holistic system has produced over 6000 3D digital anatomical models, 5000 anatomy knowledge points, 50 anatomical operation videos, and 150 micro demonstration classes, with teaching contents for different majors and levels, such as systematic anatomy, topographic anatomy, sectional anatomy, anatomy of motion, and virtual anatomical operation table. Ranging from network terminals, desktops, touchscreen 3D displays, desktops, and projection 3D volumetric displays to augmented reality, its diversified interactive forms meet the requirements for a learning environment in different settings. ConclusionsWith multiple teaching and learning links covered, such as teaching environment, teaching resources, instructional slides, autonomous learning, and learning effect evaluation, this novel teaching system serves as a vital component and a necessary resource in anatomy teaching and functions as an important supplement to traditional anatomy teaching. Applied and promoted in most medical colleges and schools in China, this system has been recognized and approved by anatomy teachers and students, and plays a positive role in guaranteeing the effect and quality of anatomy teaching.

From the anatomical teaching dissection to tuition at the bedside-A historical appraisal

Zu allen Zeiten waren die Anatomen bemüht, der Medizin wissenschaftliche Grundlagen zu vermitteln. Der Anatom hat den toten Körper zergliedert, um damit den Lebenden zu dienen. Das Verständnis physiologischer und pathophysiologischer Prozesse setzt die Kenntnis der Anatomie voraus. Im Corpus Hippocraticum findet man keinen sicheren Hinweis auf die Durchführung menschlicher Sektionen. In Alexandria wurde um 300 vor Christus zum ersten Mal Anatomie an der menschlichen Leiche gelehrt. Mehr als 1300 Jahre standen die Anatomie und die Heilkunde dann unter dem Einfluss des Galen von Pergamon (131–201 n. Chr.). Der Italiener Mondino dei Luzzi (1275–1326) war der Erste, der den systematischen Anatomieunterricht unter regelmäßiger Einbeziehung von Lehrsektionen in den Lehrbetrieb in Bologna eingeführt hat. Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) aus Belgien hat in der Neuzeit die wissenschaftlich fundierte Humananatomie begründet und viele Fehler der von Galen tradierten Ansichten der Anatomie korrigiert. Im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert waren die niederländischen Universitäten, allen voran die Universität in Leiden, führend im Hinblick auf die klinische und praktische Studentenausbildung.

The topographic and systematic anatomy of the alpaca stomach.

The gastric anatomy of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is adapted to the physiological process of ruminating and the degradation of plant cell wall contents to a great extent. Most alpaca husbandries consist of only few animals and with the still increasing number of alpacas worldwide the number of persons who are responsible for these animals is increasing as well. Despite this, little research has been done with regard to the clinical anatomy of the stomach of alpacas. Six animals were used for dissection. The vascular system of two alpacas was injected with latex milk to illustrate the course of the blood supply to the viscera. One stomach was used to prepare formalin-fixed preparations. The stomach consisted of three compartments (C1-C3) and showed two sacculated areas in C1 and another comb-like system in C2. The compartments were lined by a smooth mucosa. Only the deep cells of C2 were lined by a papillated mucosa. The main blood supply was provided by the coeliac artery which was divided into the hepatic artery and the left gastric artery, supplying abdominal organs like liver, spleen, pancreas, and the initial part of the duodenum. Literature research on the llama stomach showed that the alpaca stomachs that were used resembled each other to a very large degree. The specific design of the stomach together with its related functions and physiological processes confirm that the evolution of Tylopoda and Ruminantia took place in parallel and not in homology.

A tale of two systems: The tracts of my tears.

Most of the terms in Terminologia Anatomica are arranged by organ systems (systemata); however, the names for these systems are often used by physiologists and other biomedical scientists for related functional systems. These functional systems may differ in their composition from the anatomist's organ systems. In addition, many functional systems have been described that do not correspond to organ systems. Similarly, the non-standard anatomical terms alimentary tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract and reproductive tract lack a consistent meaning in the biomedical sciences. For clear communication, one should be cautious when using terms that may have other meanings in other disciplines. This appears to be particularly true for high level terms in the nomenclature of systematic anatomy.

Are various theoretical models of membrane anatomy mutually exclusive or inclusive?

The theory of membrane anatomy is now widely accepted due to the observation of fine anatomical structure with the help of laparoscopic magnifying effect. From the perspective of systematic anatomy, the mesentery is considered as an integral organ in the theory of mesenteric anatomy. Interfascial anatomy belongs to regional anatomy, which focuses on the guiding significance of fascial space for operation. The theory of membrane anatomy belongs to surgical anatomy or applied anatomy, which emphasizes the anatomy of membrane and mesangial bed, and reveals the existence of 'metastasis V' in the mesentery. It is considered that the essence of membrane anatomy operation is to prevent cancer leakage. Various theories of membrane anatomy seek common ground while reserving differences, complement each other, and upgrade iteratively. They help to explain the structure and function of membrane from different perspectives and they are of great benefit to improve the quality of operations. Thus, they should be treated in an eclectic manner.

Peranan Asana dalam Anatomi Sistematik

Psychic and physical health become a desire for everyone, it is not only in health side, desire to have proportional body gesture, strong, and charismatic are the most things that human want to have. The scientists are competing to discover the solution including the eastern scientists with their oriental characteristic. The realization of such proportional body gesture is one of the goals from systematic anatomy as a part of the body that organized by the systems and functions. Based on the structural functionalism theory by Robert Merton, in the third part of the theory (indispensability) describe that all of the aspect of human body beside the positive side however it needs for the realization of the unity inside human body with the maximal function so it brings up psychic health or physical, including proportional body gesture and to realize something that can be studied in asana philosophy. Yoga philosophy has instructions to realize physic and physical health for locomotor system, digestive system, respiratory system, nervous system, and five senses that are part of systematic anatomy. Āsana as the one of Yoga principal forms has a role in systematic anatomy, especially locomotor anatomy as the parts concerned with gestures.<br /><br />

Large-scale prediction of protein ubiquitination sites using a multimodal deep architecture

BackgroundUbiquitination, which is also called “lysine ubiquitination”, occurs when an ubiquitin is attached to lysine (K) residues in targeting proteins. As one of the most important post translational modifications (PTMs), it plays the significant role not only in protein degradation, but also in other cellular functions. Thus, systematic anatomy of the ubiquitination proteome is an appealing and challenging research topic. The existing methods for identifying protein ubiquitination sites can be divided into two kinds: mass spectrometry and computational methods. Mass spectrometry-based experimental methods can discover ubiquitination sites from eukaryotes, but are time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, it is priority to develop computational approaches that can effectively and accurately identify protein ubiquitination sites.ResultsThe existing computational methods usually require feature engineering, which may lead to redundancy and biased representations. While deep learning is able to excavate underlying characteristics from large-scale training data via multiple-layer networks and non-linear mapping operations. In this paper, we proposed a deep architecture within multiple modalities to identify the ubiquitination sites. First, according to prior knowledge and biological knowledge, we encoded protein sequence fragments around candidate ubiquitination sites into three modalities, namely raw protein sequence fragments, physico-chemical properties and sequence profiles, and designed different deep network layers to extract the hidden representations from them. Then, the generative deep representations corresponding to three modalities were merged to build the final model. We performed our algorithm on the available largest scale protein ubiquitination sites database PLMD, and achieved 66.4% specificity, 66.7% sensitivity, 66.43% accuracy, and 0.221 MCC value. A number of comparative experiments also indicated that our multimodal deep architecture outperformed several popular protein ubiquitination site prediction tools.ConclusionThe results of comparative experiments validated the effectiveness of our deep network and also displayed that our method outperformed several popular protein ubiquitination site prediction tools. The source codes of our proposed method are available at https://github.com/jiagenlee/deepUbiquitylation.

Evaluation of the acute and chronic toxicity of the jiangu capsules.

Saussureae involucratae Flos is the primary component of the jiangu capsule, which also consists of 12 types of natural medicine. It is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat a number of conditions including arthralgia, cold and sore muscles, stiff limbs, inconvenient flexion and activity limitation caused by different types of osteoarthritis. The present study was performed to assess the safety of the jiangu capsule following acute and chronic administration in mice and rats. In the acute study, mice were treated with the jiangu capsule orally at 16 g/kg/day, the highest dose, for 14 days. In the chronic oral toxicity study, rats were treated with 2, 4 and 8 g/kg/day of the jiangu capsule for 6 months. The general condition, body weight changes, food and water consumption, hematological and biochemical parameters, urinalysis, systematic anatomy and organ weights of the rats were monitored and histopathological examination was performed at the end of 3 and 6 months' daily administration, and following 14 days of withdrawal. There were no signs of toxicity in the general condition and body weight of the mice was not significantly affected by the treatment. Furthermore, necropsy findings for the animals in the acute and chronic toxicity studies demonstrated that no mortalities had occurred. The results of the current study indicate that treatment with the jiangu capsule did not induce mortality or any detectable abnormalities in mice and rats.

Study preferences in anatomy education: a descriptive study including preliminary results

Objectives: In anatomical education, there is a lack of consensus about the best or most efficient method used. Additionally, the learning style of students varies, and information related with the medical students’ preferences for learning anatomy is rather limited. Thus, this article aimed to identify the study preferences of medical students in Turkey. Methods: Ninety-seven medical students aged between 19–26 years participated in the study. Participants were asked 16 questions related with the education system and study preferences of anatomy. Nine of the questions were related with the education system of their school in general and in terms of anatomy and seven of the questions were related with their way of studying anatomy, including time spent for studying, preference for a group or individual study, study materials and methods. Results: 88.6% of the respondents indicated that integrated medical education was the education system used in their schools. Systematic anatomy was the main method (93.8%) chosen for anatomy. Plastic models were the most frequent preference for lab studies (90.7%) followed by prosections (58.8%), specimens (30.9%) and cadaver dissections (21.6%). Majority of the respondents preferred studying anatomy alone (86.6%). Furthermore, students stated their preference of study methods as one or more at the same time, and the distribution of these methods were as follows: correlation of structures with relations (53.6%), functions (52.6%), clinical situations (30.9%), memorizing with mnemonics (53.6%) or tables and lists (45.4%), flash cards (7.2%), and regular repetitions (40.2%). Conclusion: Study preferences may lead changes in anatomy curricula in the future.

Contemporary anatomy teaching - experiences from the Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad

The expansion of medical knowledge supported by rapid progress of information technologies led to important changes of medical education concept, as well as volume and content of medical curriculum. Anatomy teaching has gone through many restrictive measures. First, the number of lessons has been reduced and subsequently focus from systematic and regional anatomy has been moved to clinical anatomy with the aim of practical integration of knowledge in clinical conditions. Today the justification of cadaver dissection that is considered to be the backbone of traditional anatomy teaching is being questioned. Numerous problems are associated with the cadavers use in teaching, including their accessibility, preservation and ethical justification. Cadaver dissection has alternatives in real anatomical models, as well as in virtual multimedia, ranging from simple linear to sophisticated, interactive, augmentative reality. Although, the use of modern technologies is estimated by some lecturers as the act of dehumanization of medicine and criticized as insufficiently student oriented, it is considered justified only as a supplement to traditional dissection method and demonstration on cadaver material. Anatomists are put in front of very delicate task to integrate the positive aspects of traditional and modern teaching, with the aim to motivate students and provide conditions for better knowledge retention. This paper deals with problems and challenges facing contem?porary anatomy teaching from the perspective of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad.

SU‐F‐J‐66: Anatomy Deformation Based Comparison Between One‐Step and Two‐Step Optimization for Online ART

Purpose:This study investigated that how the quality of adapted plan was affected by inter‐fractional anatomy deformation by using one‐step and two‐step optimization for on line adaptive radiotherapy (ART) procedure.Methods:10 lung carcinoma patients were chosen randomly to produce IMRT plan by one‐step and two‐step algorithms respectively, and the prescribed dose was set as 60 Gy on the planning target volume (PTV) for all patients. To simulate inter‐fractional target deformation, four specific cases were created by systematic anatomy variation; including target superior shift 0.5 cm, 0.3cm contraction, 0.3 cm expansion and 45‐degree rotation. Based on these four anatomy deformation, adapted plan, regenerated plan and non‐adapted plan were created to evaluate quality of adaptation. Adapted plans were generated automatically by using one‐step and two‐step algorithms respectively to optimize original plans, and regenerated plans were manually created by experience physicists. Non‐adapted plans were produced by recalculating the dose distribution based on corresponding original plans. The deviations among these three plans were statistically analyzed by paired T‐test.Results:In PTV superior shift case, adapted plans had significantly better PTV coverage by using two‐step algorithm compared with one‐step one, and meanwhile there was a significant difference of V95 by comparison with adapted and non‐adapted plans (p=0.0025). In target contraction deformation, with almost same PTV coverage, the total lung received lower dose using one‐step algorithm than two‐step algorithm (p=0.0143,0.0126 for V20, Dmean respectively). In other two deformation cases, there were no significant differences observed by both two optimized algorithms.Conclusion:In geometry deformation such as target contraction, with comparable PTV coverage, one‐step algorithm gave better OAR sparing than two‐step algorithm. Reversely, the adaptation by using two‐step algorithm had higher efficiency and accuracy as target occurred position displacement.We want to thank Dr. Lei Xing and Dr. Yong Yang in the Stanford University School of Medicine for this work. This work was jointly supported by NSFC (61471226), Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Shandong Province (JQ201516), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015T80739, 2014M551949).

Systematic wood anatomy of the subfamily Acalyphoideae s.l. (Euphorbiaceae) from India, with remarks on synonymy

The present paper deals with the wood microstructure of 18 species belonging to 8 genera classified in four tribes of the subfamily Acalyphoideae s.l. (Euphorbiaceae). The study mainly focuses on the systematic implications of wood anatomy to the subfamily, but also ecological and evolutionary aspects are evaluated. The wood microstructure of the subfamily was found to be considerably homogeneous except for that of the tribe Chaetocarpeae. The results support the segregation of Hancea from Mallotus and merging of Trewia into Mallotus. It is further suggested to include Mallotus nudiflorus in Mallotus sect. Philippinensis instead of Mallotus sect. Rottleropsis. Wood anatomical data turned out to solve the synonymic problem of Mallotus albus, Mallotus macrostachyus and Mallotus tetracoccus as well as Macaranga denticulata and Macaranga pustulata as the results indicate that these species are all distinct. The sectional circumscriptions of Macaranga and Mallotus are evaluated based on wood anatomical data. Radial laticifers are reported for the first time in Macaranga indica. A species identification key to Indian species of Acalyphoideae based on wood anatomical characteristics is provided.

The vertebral formula of the African sideneck turtle (Pelusios castaneus).

An osteological analysis of the vertebral column of the African sideneck turtle ( Pelusios castaneus ), was carried out with the view of deriving its vertebral formula which could be useful in the comparative systematic anatomy of sea and freshwater turtles as well as in paleontological and archaeological investigations. A total of sixty five adult African sideneck turtles comprising twenty five females and forty males picked up at different times in various river banks in Ibadan, Nigeria, were used for the study. The average body weight of the turtles used for the study was 0.82 ±0.03kg. The curved carapace and plastron lengths of the turtles were 26-4 ±1.87cm and 19.3 ± 1.13cm, respectively. The turtle has eight cervical vertebrae of which the first seven (craniocaudally) were mobile and the last fused with the ventral surface of the carapace and articulated caudally with the first thoracic vertebra. The thoracic vertebrae were seven in number, the last thoracic vertebra articulated with the first sacral vertebra. Three sacral vertebrae were identified in the animals while 15 caudal vertebrae were constantly encountered in all the turtles. The vertebral column of the African side neck turtle consists of 33 vertebrae and its formula can be expressed as C8T7S3Cd15. This formula, the first of its kind in literature is therefore named as the African sideneck turtle vertebral formula (of Olukole) and therefore serves as baseline information on the vertebral column of the turtle. KEY WORD : Anatomy; Carapace; Freshwater Turtle; Skeletal System; Vertebral Column.