System Scenarios Research Articles

Conservation agriculture works as a catalyst for sustainable sodic soil reclamation and enhances crop productivity and input use efficiency: A scientific inquiry

Soil sodicity is a growing concern for crop growth and development in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Conservation agriculture (CA) provides an effective solution towards reclamation of degraded sodic lands and enhance the crop productivity. A field experiment was carried out to assess the sodic soil reclamation potential of CA based management practices including zero tillage, legume (mungbean; Mb) rotation, residue (+R) mulch, and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) for three years under rice-wheat (RW) system. The system scenarios (Sc) comprised of multiple indicators to measure their impact on soil properties as well as system productivity, profitability, water and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that soil pHs under Sc5-Sc8 (CA-based SDI scenarios) was significantly (p < 0.05) lowered by 2.16, 2.16 and 1.33% compare with mean of Sc1 and Sc2 (CT-based system; 9.10, 8.29 and 8.14) at all three soil layers (0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm), respectively. Similarly, the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was lowered by 2.9, 11.2 and 14.9% under CA-based scenarios with residue management compared with CT-based system (mean of Sc1 and Sc2; 15.2, 17.2 and 28.6%) during the study. The concentration of extractable anions (COЗ2‾, HCOЗ‾, Cl‾) decreased notably whereas, soil organic carbon and soil solution cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) concentration were increased under CA based management SDI plots. In addition, CA with SDI scenarios (mean of Sc5-Sc8) proved to be more productive and water-efficient than CA-based flood irrigation (FI; mean of Sc3 and Sc4). Moreover, CA-based FI and SDI scenarios saved 29.5 and 60.7% irrigation water, and improved the partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) by 6.8 and 24.4%, respectively compared to CT-R (conventional tillage without residue) based Sc1. Therefore, CA practices can potentially reduce sodicity and improve soil chemical properties for profitable crop cultivation.

Жизненные сценарии и биографические нарративы: сравнительный анализ концептуальных моделей

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective &lt;/strong&gt;of the research was to determine the criteria for differences in actual theoretical scenario models for the interpretation of "typical" and problematic situations that can be represented in biographical narratives.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background. &lt;/strong&gt;In the &amp;ldquo;personality &amp;ndash; group &amp;ndash; society&amp;rdquo; system, individual and cultural life scenarios, formed and supported by families, educational systems and media as socialization institutions, participate in the intergenerational conveyance of values, in the processes of assimilation and reproduction of the norms of social and role behavior, in the construction of a system of identities, active and passive life philosophies. A subject&amp;rsquo;s established ideas and habitual strategies for interacting with other people are being destroyed in social situations of uncertainty, related as well to the Coronavirus pandemic and paramilitary confrontation in different countries. Consequently, the status of scenarios as dispositional predictors of subjective perception and understanding of oneself and others becomes debatable in social psychology under the conditions of conflict &amp;ldquo;crossing&amp;rdquo; of life contexts. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methodology. &lt;/strong&gt;Structural and functional analysis of conceptual models that reflect the characteristics of individual and cultural life scenarios. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions. &lt;/strong&gt;Theoretical and methodological approaches to the concept of &amp;ldquo;scenario&amp;rdquo; differ in the attribution of stability-dynamism, as well as the ratio of individual specificity and social conditionality of the scenario.&lt;/p&gt;

The crust-mantle velocity structure beneath the Wudalianchi-Erkeshan-Keluo volcanic belt by joint inversion of receiver functions and ambient noise

The Wudalianchi-Erkeshan-Keluo (WEK) volcanic belt is a significant component of intraplate volcanism in Northeast China and is composed of the Wudalianchi, Erkeshan, and Keluo volcanic clusters. Using joint inversion of receiver functions and ambient noise, we construct a high-resolution 3-D S-wave velocity model of the WEK volcanic belt and its adjacent region, taking advantage of a deployed dense seismic array around this volcanic belt. There is a prominent low-velocity anomaly at 8–15 km depth beneath the Wudalianchi volcanic cluster, suggesting the presence of a crustal magma chamber. Low-velocity anomalies are also observed at 30–35 km depth beneath the Erkeshan volcanic cluster and 30–40 km depth beneath the Keluo volcanic cluster, resulting in discontinuous velocity structures at the Moho discontinuity. We further find a distinct low-velocity anomaly in the uppermost mantle beneath the WEK volcanic belt. Combined with previous geophysical and geochemistry studies, we propose a magma system scenario for the WEK volcanic belt. The upwelling molten material from the asthenosphere accumulated in the uppermost mantle and the magma chamber was formed, which provided the same uppermost mantle magma sources for the WEK volcanic belt.

A novel biogas-driven CCHP system based on chemical reinjection

In the process of vaporizing water within the biogas-driven CCHP system based on chemical recuperation, a significant temperature disparity in heat transfer exists, leading to increased irreversible loss, and the methane conversion rate is low because the gas turbine exhaust gas is difficult to drive efficient methane conversion. This paper proposed a novel biogas-driven CCHP system based on chemical reinjection. Through the reinjection of a portion of the exhaust gas into the reactor, a self-thermal reforming reaction process is engineered, leading to a substantial enhancement in methane conversion rate. The heat matching of the heat exchange unit is optimized by the reheat air, and the power generation and cooling capacity of the system are improved. Notably, the electricity and cooling generation of the new system increased by 55.52 kW (6.20 %) and 542.49 kW (101.49 %), respectively, while the exergy efficiency increased by 8.31 %. The study delves into the influence of key parameters on the system thermal performance. During the reforming process, the exhaust gas split ratio has a significant impact on carbon deposition and methane conversion. When the methane is nearly completely converted, there is no significant change in electricity generation of the system. Excessive turbine inlet temperature is found to be unfavorable for improving the exergy efficiency of the new system from a holistic system perspective. Finally, a comprehensive comparison of the thermal performance between the new system and the reference system is conducted under various ambient temperatures. This study offer a new design scheme for the efficient utilization of biogas.

Broiler production from the perspective of emergy analysis - environmental impact scenarios

Poultry meat consumption is a significant element in Poland's overall food consumption. Economic considerations mean that both nationally and globally, conventional intensive rearing dominates. Nevertheless, environmental and health aspects or the will to treat animals humanely make pro-environmental rearing systems increasingly common. The purpose of this article is an environmental analysis of an example farm engaged in intensive rearing of slaughtered poultry (so-called baseline production). For the analysed production, the following scenarios of changes were proposed: (a) conventional rearing based on the use of own fodder, and (b) organic rearing using free range and own organic fodder. An emergy approach was applied in this analysis. Comparison of different production systems using emergy analysis made it possible to show the scale of environmental resource commitment for baseline and scenario-based productions, and to determine the amount of renewable and non-renewable emergy consumed per unit of production. Through the use of selected emergy indicators, e.g.: Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR), Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR), the environmental impact for each case was determined. For the ecological system scenario, the need to change production parameters (stocking rate, maximum poultry house area, free range) was taken into account. The results of the emergy-based indicators showed that the baseline production places the greatest burden on the environment and is the least sustainable. The organic system is the opposite; however, due to production limitations and the lower production efficiency achieved, it may not be economically viable to orient a farm exclusively to the organic system. In an environmental assessment, the information obtained can provide valuable guidance to agricultural producers. They can help make informed decisions on natural resource management to achieve environmental security. The results are also important for political decision-makers in creating policies for more sustainable agricultural production. The results obtained are discussed, pointing out the importance of the analysis used mainly from an environmental point of view.

CONTROL OF THE MAXIMUM POWER POINT OF A SOLAR PANEL, USING SERVO SYSTEM CONTROLLER WITH INTEGRATOR AND PI CONTROLLER DESIGNED BY THE ROOTS LOCUS METHOD

Photovoltaic system applications require to use a solar panel, a power converter, and a load. When voltage reduction from a panel to a battery is necessary, a buck converter is usually proposed. In the specialized literature, there are a wide variety of controllers oriented to commercial panels; However, even though measuring the energy extraction of a solar panel is the main indicator, there are other metrics such as switching effort that also affect the overall performance of the PV system. The main contribution of this work is the design of two digital controllers for photovoltaic energy extraction: a servo system controller with integrator and a PI controller based on root locus techniques considering an MPPT algorithm and system perturbations to demonstrate the reliability and efficiency of the controllers under different system scenarios. Finally, a detailed explanation of the performance of the controllers is given, showing that the two algorithms are suitable for controlling the point of maximum power in photovoltaic panels.

Random Access Preamble Design and Timing Advance Estimation for OTFS Systems in High-Mobility Scenarios

The uplink timing synchronization is indispensable for establishing a reliable link between the base station and the user equipment (UE). To tackle this problem, a new random access preamble (RAP) waveform is designed for cellular communication systems operating in high-mobility scenarios for orthogonal time frequency space systems. Meanwhile, we also propose a scheme to detect access UEs and estimate the corresponding round-trip propagation delay (i.e., timing advance (TA)). Concretely, the RAP root sequence consists of chirp sequences in the delay-Doppler domain, and the set of available RAPs is generated by cyclic shifting the root sequence. Then, the cross-correlation in the fractional Fourier domain is carried out to achieve the RAP detection and TA estimation of the access UEs. Exhaustive numerical simulation results corroborate that the proposed scheme has a superior RAP detection and TA estimation performance and exhibits sufficient robustness regarding Doppler shifts and the number of UEs.

Can a new power system create more employment in China?

The transition from the coal-dominated power sector to the renewable energy-dominated new power system will inevitably result in significant social impacts. Taking China as the study case, we employed an integrated methodology combining the energy system optimization model, input‒output and structural path analysis, to explore the employment effects of the new power system, including the energy source, grid, load and storage. The results show that growth in solar power, wind power, energy storage and power transmission and distribution will have positive impacts on employment, while coal power shrinkage will result in negative impacts. Under new power system scenarios, renewable power can create additional 673–730 thousand jobs by 2030 and additional 2,431∼2,706 thousand jobs by 2060 compared with the business-as-usual scenario. However, jobs losses due to coal power shrinkage will reach 665–747 thousand jobs by 2030 and 3,127∼3,398 thousand jobs by 2060 compared with the business-as-usual scenario. In the meantime, power grid and energy storage can create additional 443–604 thousand jobs by 2030 and additional 2,138∼2,764 thousand jobs by 2060. Though the new power system will have positive employment impact in general, social justice should still be considered when there is an employment structure transition alongside the power structure shift.

From youth engagement to policy insights: Identifying and testing food systems’ sustainability indicators

Understanding how food systems could change and evolve in the future is essential for scientists and decision-makers across sectors to make informed policy decisions. For effective and salient policy, engaging citizens, especially young generations, who will experience those policies firsthand is crucial. This work aims to define and test new food systems sustainability indicators through youth engagement for policy insights to provide policymakers with literature incorporating citizens' needs. Our approach is based on Community Dissonance Theory and the application of a literature review, focus groups and survey. Four future food systems scenarios were obtained through the literature, serving as a baseline for discussion for Generation Z focus groups, whose results were analyzed through NVivo. In this work 31 food system indicators were identified, 20 on social aspects, 9 economic and one environmental. Social indicators proposed were related to capacity development, education, vulnerable groups, income inequality, social awareness, and increased stakeholders' engagement measures. Economic ones are on stakeholders' bargaining power and purchasing power, while environmental ones are on climate change. The combination of these scenarios contributed to identifying top priorities in terms of social, economic, and environmental indicators, which in terms of policy suggestions, could: balance economic, social, and environmental objectives within food systems; address potential impacts of policies beyond specific scenarios since they are inferred from a multitude of scenarios; reconcile short- and long-term priorities as areas of interventions within food supply chains; and engage young stakeholders to inform coherent policymaking.

Growing Importance of Micro-Meteorology in the New Power System: Review, Analysis and Case Study

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources, their variable, intermittent and unpredictable characteristics bring new challenges to the power system. These challenges require micro-meteorological data and techniques to provide more support for the power systems, including planning, dispatching, operation, and so on. This paper aims to provide readers with insights into the effects of micro-meteorology on power systems, as well as the actual improvement brought by micro-meteorology in some power system scenarios. This paper provides review including the relevant micro-meteorological techniques such asbservation, assimilation andumerical techniques, as well as artificial intelligence, presenting a relatively complete overview ofhe most recent and relevant micro-meteorology-related literature associated with power systems. The impact of micro-meteorology on power systemss analyzed inix different forms of power generationnd three typical scenariosf different stages in theower system, as well as integrated energy systemsnd disaster prevention and reduction. Finally, aase study in China is provided. This case takes wind power prediction as an example in aower system to compare the performance whenpplying micro-meteorological data or not. The experimental results demonstrated that using the micro-meteorological reanalysis dataset with high spatial–temporal resolution for wind power prediction performed better, verifying the improvement of micro-meteorology to theower system to some extent.

Energy harvesting in a flow-induced vibrating flapper with biomimetic gaits

Energy harvesting from flow induced vibrations (FIV) in flexible bodies offer opportunities for power generation in biomimicking robotic devices and is an active area of research. The focus of this study is on investigating the underlying physics and qualitatively analysing the energy extraction scenarios in similar structural systems, comprising of a flexible piezoelectric flapper in a low Reynolds number flow regime. A high-fidelity three-way fully coupled fluid–structure–electric energy solver is developed in-house to study the energy harvesting capabilities of such a flapper, its hydrodynamic characteristics and the associated unsteady flow-field. The results indicate that the flapper deformation profiles at the most efficient harvesting regimes, resemble the propulsion gaits of natural swimmers. Investigations on the effects of a sinusoidal heaving actuation reveal no significant impact on the harvested power at the high yield (high power output) regime, identified under the passive condition showing biomimetic gait. This study provides mechanics based insights that is expected to be useful for bio-inspired designs of FIV based harvesters.

Integration of Different Storage Technologies towards Sustainable Development—A Case Study in a Greek Island

The necessity for transitioning to renewable energy sources and the intermittent nature of the natural variables lead to the integration of storage units into these projects. In this research paper, wind turbines and solar modules are combined with pumped hydro storage, batteries, and green hydrogen. Energy management strategies are described for five different scenarios of hybrid renewable energy systems, based on single or hybrid storage technologies. The motivation is driven by grid stability issues and the limited access to fresh water in the Greek islands. A RES-based desalination unit is introduced into the hybrid system for access to low-cost fresh water. The comparison of single and hybrid storage methods, the exploitation of seawater for the simultaneous fulfillment of water for domestic and agricultural purposes, and the evaluation of different energy, economic, and environmental indices are the innovative aspects of this research work. The results show that pumped hydro storage systems can cover the energy and water demand at the minimum possible price, 0.215 EUR/kWh and 1.257 EUR/m3, while hybrid storage technologies provide better results in the loss of load probability, payback period and CO2 emissions. For the pumped hydro–hydrogen hybrid storage system, these values are 21.40%, 10.87 years, and 2297 tn/year, respectively.

Study of sustainable solid waste management system of Carocok Beach Painan tourism area using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method

This study aims to assess the environmental impact and compare two scenarios of the solid waste management system of the Carocok Beach Tourism Area using the Life Cycle Assessment method. System boundaries include operational and technical aspects of waste management, the energy required, and emissions generated. The functional unit is 30.546 kg/day of waste treated. Scenario 1 is the existing conditions using a city-scale approach with a 1% reduction of waste at the source by scavengers, using a collection of motorized pedicabs, applying transportation to landfills by arm roll truck, and processing Integrated Solid Waste Treatment Plant by composting and landfilling with controlled landfill operation. Scenario 2 is the planning system with different phases of waste processing at the Recycling Center by composting and recycling with plastic chopping machines, producing handicrafts, and practices of sanitary landfill on landfilling. The impact assessment method uses the CML-IA method. The impact categories studied are Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), and Eutrophication Potential (EP). Scenario 2 showed the best scenario because it has a smaller impact value for the three impact categories. However, to become a more sustainable management system, some improvement options recommended include a substitution of collection and vehicle fuel and waste processing using the Takakura method.

Performance improvement of a standalone PV system using supercapacitors: modeling and energy management

Standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems are the most common and practical application in remote areas and communities far from the power grid. However, in the case of supplying a pulsating load with only a battery as a storage unit, their performance degraded. Therefore, hybrid electrical energy storage (HEES) systems represent a viable solution. This paper investigates the impact of utilizing a supercapacitor (SC) to work cooperatively with a battery storage unit to enhance the overall system behavior. Two scenarios of battery storage systems with/without SC are considered. A comprehensive modeling and sizing approach is established and presented in detail. Then, an energy management system (EMS) is proposed to enhance the HEES system’s performance. A proportional-integral (PI)-based controller is designed and examined to control the power electronic converters and hence improve energy management. The HEES system operation is simulated and evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink to feed a pulsating load, where the drawn pulsated load current is composed of two components: one component is supplied by battery, and the other component is fed from SC. Finally, the performance of the two hybrid configurations is evaluated in terms of battery voltage and current fluctuations, transient response, and load voltage and current ripples. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of introducing SCs into HEES system.

Towards clean energy: Design and integration strategy of photovoltaics for residential electrification

Rapid global population growth and rising energy demands are causing environmental damage, particularly in developing countries dealing with climate change, pollution, and fuel shortages. Adopting cleaner, more sustainable energy sources could be one solution to this problem. In the context of hybrid energy systems, one proposition is to incorporate renewables into residential developments. This manuscript proposes a grid-connected hybrid (GCH) photovoltaic (PV) system for residential electrification in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and evaluates the technical feasibility. The proposed design includes four scenarios for PV and battery energy storage systems (BESS). The primary goals of the assessment include lowering net present cost (NPC), cost of energy (COE), and unmet load, as well as reducing grid dependence, lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and providing grid support. Solar irradiation fluctuations, demand variations, and voltage sag are all factors to consider when evaluating technical feasibility. The four cases were simulated using hybrid optimization with HOMER Pro, to achieve a system that maximizes renewable energy utilization. The analysis concludes that the GCH PV system is best suited for residential power needs, with lower COE, NPC, and grid dependency. The system achieves a COE of $0.0643/kWh, lowers GHG emissions, and attains a renewable fraction of 40%. Technical feasibility is verified using MATLAB-Simulink simulations at the point of common coupling (PCC), which include solar irradiation variations, active and reactive power adjustments based on demand, and voltage sag analysis for grid integration. The proposed system is cost-effective, convenient, and sustainable, with few salvageable components.

An anomaly affected discrete LTI systems: a moving horizon approach for estimating position and temperature measurements

A real-time system may be subjected to various anomalies that can affect the quality of the observations. The main motivation of the article arises from the need in addressing challenges posed by the presence of anomalies in discrete linear time-invariant (LTI) systems with a focus on the estimation processes, in the context of position and temperature measurements. The proposed approach leverages the properties of discrete LTI systems and takes advantage of the predictive capabilities of the moving horizon strategy (MHS). It operates recursively updating estimates of new measurement while fairly considering its past estimates that occur within the window of the moving horizon. The estimation framework will be designed to handle disturbances and provide robust estimates, to ensure the effectiveness of the system. In order to validate the proposed approach simulation studies were conducted on different and only scenarios in different order LTI system. Comparative studies with different estimation techniques demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach in terms of performance and efficiency. The proposed approach can be applied to systems with changing system dynamics. Future research may be conducted to utilize this strategy in other domains to mitigate anomalies while enhancing performance.

A general design-oriented resilience measurement and evaluation method for engineering systems: Resilience cube

Resilience is an important property in many engineering systems that may be exposed to shocks. Existing resilience measures primarily focus on changes in system performance during the process of disturbance and recovery. These measures, however, do not directly relate to the composition of a system, which limits the improvement of resilience design. Furthermore, they are also still inadequate in the face of many special situation, such as multi-mode/wave shocks. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel resilience measurement that can be applied to various stage and complex scenarios. First, the concept of the path set is extended to extended path set space (EPSS) to establish the relationship between system design attributes and resilience. Then, resilience cube is defined to measure the system resilience based on EPSS. The measurement represents the properties of the system state itself, including the structure and composition, regardless of the shocks to which the system is exposed. The generality characteristics of the resilience cube are analyzed through different system composition and scenarios. A simulation method of resilience cubes is given for system design with random factors. Finally, the resilience of a maritime unmanned combat system (MUCS) is studied and the superiority of the proposed measurement is proven.

Fractional-order fast terminal back-stepping sliding mode control of autonomous robotic excavators

The vibration of unmanned excavators causes the instability, unsafe operation, and increases fuel consumption. Ground elasticity significantly influences vibrational excitation. Based on modeling of an under-actuated excavator mounted on elastic ground, this article proposes a control system for precisely tracking and suppressing the vibration of autonomous excavators by combining three control approaches: fast terminal sliding mode, back-stepping, and fractional-order control. Such combination leads to a robust controller against matched and unmatched uncertainties, holding flexible fractional gains, rapidly converging with finite-time, and well-rejecting disturbance. Analysis and synthesis of controller rely on fractional calculus, finite-time Lyapunov stability, and Mittag-Leffler theory. In general, the paper has three contributions: (i) setting up an actual system and operational scenario for an elastic ground-mounted excavator, (ii) proposing a fully dynamic model of excavators to support model-oriented control, and (iii) designing a robust fractional-order controller. Validation of control system via simulation and experiment, comprehensive comparison among various methods show the superiority of the proposed approach. Controller well eliminates vibration, tracks accurately, and remains the stability.

Behind-the-meter residential photovoltaic plus battery systems – An insight to business models under net-metering

This paper contributes with an analysis of the development of photovoltaic plus battery systems under net-metering using elements of business models, from the perspective of value proposition and value capture features. The Brazilian regulatory framework for distributed generation is taken as example. Five photovoltaic plus battery schemes are envisaged and value creation is analyzed regarding two aspects: batteries can improve photovoltaic generation and load mismatch and batteries can cooperate with the distribution system. Policy implications and barriers to the implementation of these schemes are indicated. A techno-economic feasibility analysis for residential prosumers is conducted to gain insight about the viability gap in three realistic scenarios. Behind-the-meter photovoltaic plus battery systems for arbitrage under Time-of-use energy tariffs and a scenario that includes the sale of stored energy to the grid are analyzed in relation to an only-photovoltaic system scenario. Three cities with different photovoltaic generation potential, tariffs and human development index provide good diversity for the comparisons. We find that in favorable locations in terms of high TOU tariffs and good solar radiation, Behind-the-meter photovoltaic plus battery systems could be spontaneously adopted if stacking revenues are allowed, but a case-by-case study is necessary. Moreover, in other cases net present value and payback signal economic viability, then, when specific technical conditions indicate the use of batteries integrated with photovoltaic systems to mitigate negative local effects of photovoltaic generation, in many regions of the country they are viable.

Dynamic models for developing reference scenarios of energy system in the low-carbon transition

The proposed study is aimed at the development of dynamic input-output models in relation to energy development systems. The main task is to find optimal scenarios, defined as sequences of optimal balances between production and capital investment. These models are rooted in Leontief's conceptual concept of input-output, which emphasizes the timing of the introduction of new production systems. The article discusses the economic interpretation and mathematical conditions of intersectoral models, and examines their application to problems related to energy. The model uses the concept of balanced equilibrium growth, in which the ratio of consumption to net release is the same for all resources, and the reserve of at least one resource is fully utilized. The growth rate of the system is the most important parameter that determines the trajectory of balanced growth. Solving the system of inequalities yields balanced growth trajectories in which the dominant root and the associated vector of characteristics plays a key role. A balanced equilibrium growth rate has the properties of a minimax with the presence of a saddle point, which indicates its importance in achieving market equilibrium while preventing a reduction in inventories. The practical application of the model is described. The results of calculations of pessimistic, reference and optimistic scenarios of electricity production in the IPS of Ukraine are presented. Official statistical information and economic forecasts are used, and various restrictions are taken into account. The model aims to minimize the total cost of electricity generation while respecting environmental and operational constraints. The proposed model provides a comprehensive basis for understanding the dynamics of resource reserves, consumption and growth of electricity production of the IPS of Ukraine. It offers decision-makers a valuable tool to optimize electricity generation strategies, taking into account a range of scenarios and constraints, for the sustainable and cost-effective operation of the energy system. Keywords: Dynamic input-output models, optimal scenarios, balanced equilibrium growth, growth rate of the system.