Switching System Research Articles

N‐Doped Carbon‐Quantum‐Dot‐Integrated Colorimetric System for Visible Photoprinting and Oxygen Sensing

AbstractThe design of light‐responsive color switching systems (LCSs) is essential to the implementation of rewritable paper and oxygen detection. Previous LCSs rely on metal‐based semiconductor photocatalysts which are expensive and pose metal‐leaking risk. To solve the issue, for the first time, nitrogen‐doped carbon quantum dots (N‐CQDs) are reported as metal‐free photocatalyst for visible photoprinting and oxygen sensing. On N‐CQD surface, the decorated amino and hydroxyl groups act as hole scavengers and thus realize visible‐light‐responsive single and multiple color switching, after mixing with redox‐sensitive dyes. Combined with polymeric substrates, LCS rewritable papers can be fabricated and exhibit rapid decoloration performances under 420 nm light irradiation, due to the reduction of dye by photogenerated electrons from N‐CQDs. After the decoloration, efficient color reversion can be realized by the oxidization of dye in ambient air (O2). By taking advantage of the controlled recoloration kinetics, an oxygen sensor can be attained for visual quantitative analysis of atmospheric conditions with color variations. These results assist the future development of nonmetal color switching systems for superior functional design of photoprintable papers and colorimetric oxygen sensors.

Arduino Based Framework for Automatic Street Light Switching and Fault Detection System

ABSTRACT- The necessity for automated street lighting systems in India is underscored by the significant potential for energy savings, crucial for a country where efficient energy use is imperative. Research indicates that implementing LED street lighting could lead to an estimated 30% reduction in energy consumption, translating to a substantial electricity saving of approximately 2,326 GWh. LED technology, known for reducing energy usage by up to 80% compared to conventional lighting, offers a greener alternative that significantly lowers electricity demand. The adoption of energy- efficient lighting systems not only aids in diminishing energy consumption but also plays a vital role in environmental preservation by reducing CO2 emissions. Furthermore, integrating automatic controls in street lights, equipped with daylight sensors and adaptive solar panels, maximizes energy efficiency. These systems tailor lighting levels to real-time environmental conditions and activity, such as the presence of vehicles, thus optimizing power usage and minimizing waste. The extended lifespan of LED lamps, reaching up to 50,000 hours, further contributes to economic savings and a decrease in maintenance frequency, supporting ongoing conservation efforts. Therefore, the implementation of automated and energy- efficient street lighting in India is a pivotal step towards attaining energy conservation, economic benefits, environmental sustainability, and enhanced urban safety. This move towards innovative and sustainable lighting solutions positions India on a path to a brighter, more sustainable future.

Non-fragile control associated with exponential stability for unmanned surface vessels with the rudder failure and dynamic event-trigger

In this paper, non-fragile control associated with exponential stability for unmanned surface vessels(USVs) with the rudder failure and dynamic event-trigger is presented. To begin with, the event trigger and switch system are introduced, taking into account the distribution characteristics of faults and resource efficiency, and a class of independence-distributed random failure models are built. Furthermore, acknowledging the practical challenges associated with parameter uncertainties, USVs are used as uncertain Nomoto model(NM) and the rudder system is described with uncertain second-order underdamped system(UDS). Then, in the presence of dynamic disturbances, an appropriate non-fragile controller is proposed to demonstrate that the closed-loop system states can be exponentially stabilized through the application of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functions(LKF) and Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). Lastly, the simulation results confirmed that control design methods proposed are effective.

Stability for Markov switching stochastic delay systems binding event-triggered mechanism to activate multi-impulse jumps

This paper focuses on the pth moment exponentially stability for Markov switching and multi-impulse jumps stochastic time-varying delay system, where the switching behavior among subsystems of the target system is determined by Markov chains, and the occurrence of impulsive jumps is decided according to event-triggered impulsive mechanism when certain well-designed conditions are satisfied. By applying the Itô formula, Gronwall inequality and Razumikhin theorem, some novel sufficient criteria are provided to assure the system stability and get rid of Zeno phenomenon. It is worth pointing out that the multi-impulse jumps are our research aim and the range of delays considered is relatively wide, i.e., the daily bounded delay τ(t)∈[0,1) and the unupper bound delay τ(t)∈[1,∞). Subsequently, two diverse event trigger mechanism about impulsive jumps are proposed for such two types of delays, namely the defined event-triggered impulsive mechanism with delay. Finally, the validity and feasibility of the developed theoretical results are verified by two numerical simulations.

Tunable double notch filter on a thin-film lithium niobate platform.

Tunable optical filters at the chip scale play a crucial role in fulfilling the need for reconfigurability in channel routing, optical switching, and wavelength division multiplexing systems. In this Letter, we propose a tunable double notch filter on thin-film lithium niobate using dual microring architecture. This unique integrated filter is essential for complex photonic integrated circuits, along with multiple channels and various frequency spacing. With only one loaded voltage, the device demonstrates a wide frequency spacing tunability from 16.1 to 89.9 GHz by reversely tuning the resonances of the two microrings while the center wavelength between the two resonances remains unaltered. Moreover, by utilizing the pronounced electro-optic properties of lithium niobate associated with the tight light confined nanophotonic waveguides, the device demonstrates a spacing tunability of 0.82 GHz/V and a contrast of 10-16 dB. In addition, the device has an ultracompact footprint of 0.0248 mm2.

Multi-Level Event-Triggered Scheme of Output Regulation Under Long-Duration DoS Attacks in Switched Systems With Dissipativity

Multi-Level Event-Triggered Scheme of Output Regulation Under Long-Duration DoS Attacks in Switched Systems With Dissipativity

Adaptive Fuzzy Control of Underactuated Switched Systems With Disturbance Observation and Actuated/Unactuated Motion Constraints

Adaptive Fuzzy Control of Underactuated Switched Systems With Disturbance Observation and Actuated/Unactuated Motion Constraints

Hybrid-Triggered-Based Control Against Denial-of-Service Attacks for Fuzzy Switched Systems With Persistent Dwell-Time

Hybrid-Triggered-Based Control Against Denial-of-Service Attacks for Fuzzy Switched Systems With Persistent Dwell-Time

Scalable, Green, Flexible Photochromic Bacterial Cellulose for Multicolor Switching, Photo-patterning, and Daily Sunlight UV Monitoring.

Sustainable, durable, and diverse photochromic smart textiles based on bacterial cellulose (BC) have emerged as attractive candidates in UV-sensing applications due to the green and easy functionalization of BC. However, existing BC-based photochromic textiles lack photochromic efficiency and combining fastness. In this study, a green strategy for in situ fermentation is developed to achieve the directional distribution of functional particles and remarkable photochromism in photochromic bacterial cellulose (PBC). The unique functional design obtained by regulating the photochromic dye distribution in 3D nanonetworks of PBCs during in situ growth affords a more uniform distribution and high fastness. Benefiting from the uniform distribution of photochromic dyes and adequate utilization of the 3D network structure, more surface area is provided to receive and utilize the photon energy from the UV rays, making the photochromic process more effective. The as-prepared PBCs exhibited rapid (within 1min) and stable (30 cycles) discoloration and multicolor selectivity. Their simple preparation process and exceptional wearability, e.g., their flexibility, lightweight, and air permeability, make them suitable for various applications, including tunable color switching systems, photopatterning, and daily sunlight UV monitoring. This study provides empirical value for the biofabrication of photochromic textiles and wearable flexible UV sensors.

Electrically tunable dual-channel absorber based on a graphene integrated slanted grating cavity

In this paper, we propose a tunable dual-channel absorber based on a monolayer of graphene combined with a slanted grating. A single-channel perfect absorption of a monolayer graphene structure at 850 nm was initially achieved in a Fabry-Perot cavity resonance. The absorption rate of graphene was enhanced by nearly 24.5 times. Furthermore, the symmetry of the grating is broken to excite the quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BICs) resonance mode, resulting in another absorption channel at 878.8 nm, thus achieving a perfect dual-channel absorber. The absorption half-width and absorption wavelength can be adjusted by tuning the grating thickness and the electro-optical effect of the DAST material. Furthermore, adjusting the polarization angle of the incident light enables the transition between single- and dual-channel absorbers. The proposed device has potential applications in the fields of high-performance graphene-based optoelectronic devices and optical switching systems.

ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) Transmission System as Power Supplier for Pahlawan Booster

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) system in power transmission by observing and simulating its operation. The results show that the ATS system is highly effective in minimizing downtime during power outages by automatically switching to a backup power source. This discovery has important implications for the management of distributed power networks, particularly in improving responsiveness to power outages. However, the ATS system still has some shortcomings that need to be addressed to avoid potential impacts. Overall, this study highlights the importance of the ATS system in ensuring uninterrupted power supply and the need for further research to improve its performance. Highlight : The ATS system is highly effective in minimizing downtime during power outages. The ATS system has important implications for the management of distributed power networks. Further research is needed to improve the performance of the ATS system Keywords: Automatic Transfer Switch, Power Transmission, Downtime, Backup Power Source, Distributed Power Networks.

Almost sure exponential stabilization of impulsive Markov switching systems via discrete-time stochastic feedback control

It is well known that noise can stabilize an unstable Markov switching system (MSS). However, given an unstable impulsive Markov switching system (IMSS), can it be stabilized by noise? To the best of the author’s knowledge, this question has been rarely explored. If the stochastic feedback controller is observed in discrete time, the research is more difficult. In this paper, a comparative method is used to establish a noise stabilization strategy based on discrete-time state and mode observations for IMSSs. In addition, we use the stationary distribution of the ergodic Markov chain instead of the M-matrix technique to obtain the pth moment estimation on the gap between the discrete-time observed controlled system’s states and the auxiliary system’s states, so that the control strategy can be applied to a wider class of IMSSs. Finally, we applied the proposed control scheme to impulsive neural networks with Markovian switching (INNs-MS) and impulsive boost converter systems (IBCSs). Through an example and several simulations, we validated the effectiveness and feasibility of this control scheme.

The RsfSR two-component system regulates SigF function by monitoring the state of the respiratory electron transport chain in Mycobacterium smegmatis

In Mycobacterium smegmatis, the transcriptional activity of the alternative sigma factor SigF is post-translationally regulated by the partner switching system consisting of SigF, the anti-SigF RsbW1, and three anti-SigF antagonists (RsfA, RsfB, and RsbW3). We previously demonstrated that expression of the SigF regulon is strongly induced in the Δaa3 mutant of M. smegmatis lacking the aa3 cytochrome c oxidase, the major terminal oxidase in the respiratory electron transport chain (ETC). Here we identified and characterized the RsfSR two-component system involved in regulating the phosphorylation state of the major anti-SigF antagonist RsfB. RsfS (MSMEG_6130) is a histidine kinase with the CHASE3 (Cyclase/Histidine kinase-associated Sensing Extracellular 3) domain at its N-terminus, and RsfR (MSMEG_6131) is a receiver domain-containing PP2C (Protein Phosphatase 2C)-type phosphatase that can dephosphorylate phosphorylated RsfB. We demonstrated that phosphorylation of RsfR on Asp74 by RsfS reduces the phosphatase activity of RsfR toward phosphorylated RsfB and that the cellular abundance of the active unphosphorylated RsfB is increased in the Δaa3 mutant relative to the wild-type strain. We also demonstrated that the RsfSR two-component system is required for induction of the SigF regulon under respiration-inhibitory conditions such as inactivation of the cytochrome bcc1 complex and aa3 cytochrome c oxidase, as well as hypoxia, electron donor-limiting, high ionic strength, and low pH conditions. Collectively, our results reveal a key regulatory element involved in regulating the SigF signaling system by monitoring the state of the respiratory ETC.

The Time Response Analysis of a Hybrid Electronic Switch and Residual Current Devices System

The Time Response Analysis of a Hybrid Electronic Switch and Residual Current Devices System

Truncated stochastically switching processes.

There are a large variety of hybrid stochastic systems that couple a continuous process with some form of stochastic switching mechanism. In many cases the system switches between different discrete internal states according to a finite-state Markov chain, and the continuous dynamics depends on the current internal state. The resulting hybrid stochastic differential equation(hSDE) could describe the evolution of a neuron's membrane potential, the concentration of proteins synthesized by a gene network, or the position of an active particle. Another major class of switching system is a search process with stochastic resetting, where the position of a diffusing or active particle is reset to a fixed position at a random sequence of times. In this case the system switches between a search phase and a reset phase, where the latter may be instantaneous. In this paper, we investigate how the behavior of a stochastically switching system is modified when the maximum number of switching (or reset) events in a given time interval is fixed. This is motivated by the idea that each time the system switches there is an additive energy cost. We first show that in the case of an hSDE, restricting the number of switching events is equivalent to truncating a Volterra series expansion of the particle propagator. Such a truncation significantly modifies the moments of the resulting renormalized propagator. We then investigate how restricting the number of reset events affects the diffusive search for an absorbing target. In particular, truncating a Volterra series expansion of the survival probability, we calculate the splitting probabilities and conditional MFPTs for the particle to be absorbed by the target or exceed a given number of resets, respectively.

A High-Capacity Optical Metro Access Network: Efficiently Recovering Fiber Failures with Robust Switching and Centralized Optical Line Terminal.

This study proposes and presents a new central office (CO) for the optical metro access network (OMAN) with an affordable and distinctive switching system. The CO's foundation is built upon a novel optical multicarrier (OMC) generation technique. This technique provides numerous frequency carriers that are characterized by a high tone-to-noise ratio (TNR) of 40 dB and minimal amplitude excursions. The purpose is to accommodate multiple users at the optical network unit side in the optical metropolitan area network (OMAN). The OMC generation is achieved through a cascaded configuration involving a single phase and two Mach Zehnder modulators without incorporating optical or electrical amplifiers or filters. The proposed OMC is installed in the CO of the OMAN to support the 1.2 Tbps downlink and 600 Gbps uplink transmission, with practical bit error rate (BER) ranges from 10-3 to 10-13 for the downlink and 10-6 to 10-14 for the uplink transmission. Furthermore, in the OMAN's context, optical fiber failure is a main issue. Therefore, we have proposed a possible solution for ensuring uninterrupted communication without any disturbance in various scenarios of main optical fiber failures. This demonstrates how this novel CO can rapidly recover transmission failures through robust switching a and centralized OLT. The proposed system is intended to provide users with a reliable and affordable service while maintaining high-quality transmission rates.

Traffic Classification and Packet Scheduling Strategy with Deadline Constraints for Input-Queued Switches in Time-Sensitive Networking

Deterministic transmission technology is a core key technology that supports deterministic real-time transmission requirements for industrial control in Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN). It requires each network node to have a deterministic forwarding delay to ensure the real-time end-to-end transmission of critical traffic streams. Therefore, when forwarding data frames, the switch nodes must consider the time-limited requirements of the traffic. In the input-queued switch system, an algorithm for clock-synchronized deterministic network traffic classification scheduling (CSDN-TCS) is proposed to address the issue of whether a higher-quality-of-service (QoS) performance can be provided under packet deadline constraints. First, the scheduling problem of the switch is transformed into a decomposition problem of the traffic matrix. Secondly, the maximum weight-matching algorithm in graph theory is used to solve the matching results slot by slot. By fully utilizing the slot resources, as many packets as possible can be scheduled to be completed before the deadline arrives. For two types of packet scheduling problems, this paper uses the maximum flow algorithm with upper- and lower-bound constraints to move packets from a larger deadline set to idle slots in a smaller deadline set, enabling early transmission, reducing the average packet delay, and increasing system throughput. When there are three or more types of deadlines in the scheduling set, this scheduling problem is an NP-hard problem. We solve this problem by polling the two types of scheduling algorithms. In this paper, simulation experiments based on the switching size and line load are designed, and the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) algorithm and the Flow-Based Iterative Packet Scheduling (FIPS) algorithm are compared with the CSDN-TCS algorithm. The simulation results show that under the same conditions, the CSDN-TCS algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms the other two algorithms in terms of success rate, packet loss rate, average delay and throughput rate. Compared with the FIPS algorithm, the CSDN-TCS algorithm has lower time complexity under the same QoS performance.

Discussions with patients about referral pathways and costs in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer in Victoria, Australia.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) survival in Australia differs byhealth insurance status, but why this occurs is uncertain. There are growing concerns about out-of-pocket healthcare costs. We examined patient experiences of referral pathways to diagnosis and treatment of CRC in Victoria, Australia, and discussions about costs, comparing public, private and mixed healthcare system users. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 16 purposively sampled, English-speaking patients aged ≥40 years with CRC. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Private patients described greater out-of-pocket expenses balanced by greater choice of provider andaccess. Public patients perceived limited choice in their diagnostic or treatment provider, although some considered switching systems. Patients trusted their general practitioner or specialist for referrals. Discussions about costs did not meet guideline recommendations. There are limited opportunities for informed decision making about public versus private care for cancer diagnosis and treatment, which could contribute to inequalities in outcomes.

Stabilization of Impulsive Switched Systems: State-Dependent Switching Approach

Stabilization of Impulsive Switched Systems: State-Dependent Switching Approach

Finite-time Issue of Discrete-time Linear Switched Systems With Partial Finite-time Unstable Modes Based on an Inverse Weighted Switching Scheme

Finite-time Issue of Discrete-time Linear Switched Systems With Partial Finite-time Unstable Modes Based on an Inverse Weighted Switching Scheme