System Of Rules Research Articles

French Colonial Policies in West Africa: Power Dynamics, Cultural Impositions and Economic Legacies

The complex dynamics of French colonial policies in West Africa during European imperialism played a crucial role in streamlining administrative procedures and consolidating control over the indigenous African population. This colonial framework not only imposed a distinct sense of identity on African communities but also created deep stratification within these societies. Implementing the direct rule system, an essential aspect of French colonial administration, facilitated imposing laws and regulations that often marginalized traditional authority structures. As a result, a symbiotic relationship emerged between the African colonies and France, with the former serving as essential suppliers of resources crucial for sustaining France's growing industrial enterprises. This paper delves into the intricate nuances of the French colonial policies and their enduring impact on West Africa. By critically examining the assimilation and association policies, the study elucidates the power dynamics, cultural impositions, and economic implications that characterized the colonial experience of French colonies in West Africa. Unpacking the complexities of the colonial governance framework highlights the systemic disparities and cultural alienation perpetuated by the French colonial apparatus, underscoring the persistent socio-economic challenges and cultural subjugation that continue to shape the contemporary West African landscape. By exploring historical injustices and postcolonial complexities, the study emphasizes the urgent need for a holistic and inclusive approach to postcolonial development, advocating for preserving cultural heritage and promoting equitable socio-economic progress within the region.

Exploration of Legal Issues in the Judicial Practice of Smart Contracts

The process of smart contracts, from conceptualization to actual landing applications, is accompanied by the continuous development of blockchain technology. China attaches great importance to the application of blockchain technology represented by smart contracts in judicial practice, with the background of the construction of smart courts, relying on the construction of judicial blockchain, according to the unique automated execution characteristics of smart contracts, the mediation and execution of civil disputes filed as an entry point, to explore the high-quality development of the judicial trial and execution business. In the current judicial practice, smart contracts face a lack of legal norms, technical construction loopholes, and information security risks. To guarantee the reasonable and compliant stable operation of smart contracts within the legal framework, it is necessary to clarify the legal positioning of smart contracts, strengthen the construction of the rule system for the judicial application of smart contracts, introduce the ODR to broaden the rights' relief channels, and at the same time, encourage the participation of diversified subjects in the construction of the judicial blockchain, and establish the legalized review mechanism of smart contracts.

Cyberspace Outlaws – Coding the Online World

Online gaming creates unique public spaces of interaction. These spaces are both highly controlled but also able to slip through the regulatory net, as domestic legislation struggles to respond to fast-changing interjurisdictional environments. Inter- and transdisciplinary research hold potential to respond to questions surrounding the regulation of these online spaces, by exploring multiple perspectives. The authors of this paper each come from a unique starting point in their exploration of these issues. The paper will examine three spaces of regulation in online game world environments. It will look at (1) rules and regulations that governs online interaction in virtual spaces, (2) the ‘code’ that controls behaviour through game architecture, and (3) the laws that are developed by players inside the game world. The first part will analyse whether domestic law can be adequate to regulate a space that is not geographically fixed. The second will discuss how the coding of the game and its architecture regulate behaviours within the space. The last is a “bottom-up” regulatory system, originating within the gaming community. Where do these three layers of regulation interact with each other? What are the unique languages of these spaces? This paper is a starting point for further investigation into the regulation of online behaviours through interwoven rule systems.

Re-reading of Society and Culture in the Context of Administrative System in 19th Century British Bengal: A Review

There have been revolutionary changes in the arts, literature and culture of Bengal during the post-Polasshey battle period. As the British interfered with the rule and government system, the then Muslims left no stone unturned to protect the so-called religious values cherished by Muslims. During this time the British brought about a lot of administrative reformation by passing and enacting newer laws in order to ensure their power long lasting. Although the British started ruling the Bengal with the purpose of trade and commerce at the beginning, later on they started ruling for political gains. They formulated laws that were suited to the existing society and culture and so the influence of newer forms of culture increased gradually. Although the local Muslims rejected the arts, education and culture of the British merchants, the Hindu community soon accepted them and became successful in attaining the satisfaction and favourism of the British. Thus, the Hindus solely succeeded in playing a great role in influencing the administration. After a further deterioration of the Muslims in the administrative role in the 19th century, the Muslim leaders realized the situation and they took some timely decisions. As a result, an introduction to Muslim renaissance started along with the changes of their previous negligence. By that time, the youths of the Hindu community, patronized by the British merchants and ruling community, have gained sole control in most of the social indexes including trade and commerce, education and job sectors. During this period, there arose a complicated proximity in the relationship between the Hindus and the Muslims and a result, a great change went through the socio-cultural aspects. The Muslims participated in some minor to significant rebellious movements against the British to get rid of the antagonistic/contradictory behavior, discrimination and exploitation of the British. These movements, although were not completely successful outwardly, paved the way for preparing a strong foundation of nationalistic movements later on. Thus, there arose a new context in which the study of language, arts, literature and gaining knowledge got a new dimension which paved the way for a new culture amidst the repudiation of the British elements.

The Digital Ruble as a Legitimate Means of Payment

The paper is devoted to the study of the digital ruble as a legal means of payment and examination of the categories of the monetary item and monetary unit. The author objects to an unjustified use of the term «currency» in the law on digital financial assets and academic writings and expresses doubts about the emergence of a new type of civil rights — a digital right. In this regard, the paper raises the problem of «defect of the content» of the legislative act. The digital ruble is considered as a kind of a fiat currency. The author justifies that a legal means of payment can be represented by both cash and non-cash money. The author proves that the regime of the digital ruble as a legal means of payment represents a system of rules providing for the issuance by the Bank of Russia on behalf of the state of a means of payment in the form of a digital banknote accepted at face value on the territory of the Russian Federation to repay any monetary obligations, and servicing all transactions in the digital ruble.

Bounds on depth of decision trees derived from decision rule systems with discrete attributes

Bounds on depth of decision trees derived from decision rule systems with discrete attributes

Optimal FLC-Sugeno Controller based on PSO for an Active Damping System

In this paper, a method for the design of an optimal Sugeno model (FLC-Sugeno) fuzzy logic controller for the active suspension system of quarter-vehicle models is presented. The parameters of the FLC-Sugeno controller are optimally searched, using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The 16 optimized parameters include 3 parameters for adjusting the domain of the input state variables and control variables at the controller’s output, 4 fuzzy set adjustment numbers of the linguistic variables, and 9 parameters as the fuzzy rule weights of the rule system control. To compare and evaluate the effectiveness of the optimal FLC-Sugeno controller, an optimal PID controller using PSO is also implemented. Simulation results of the active damping system with the controllers when affected by the same type and standard road surface excitation show that the FLC-Sugeno controller is optimal for the quick ending of the oscillations of vehicle body displacement. The result shows that the proposed controlling scheme can be extended and applied to more complex active damping system models.

Multidimensional Multi-Connected Fuzzy Interval-Logic Controller

The key features and the principle of operation of a multidimensional fuzzy interval-logic controller with interconnected adjustable parameters developed by the authors are considered. The scheme of interpretation of continuous physical quantities by an equivalent set of terms and the basic version of the block diagram of the regulator are presented. The main elements of the logical output block are described, including the block of production rules, which includes a predefined database of values of control actions on control objects in the form of ordinal numbers of terms of output continuous quantities. The advantages and features of setting up the mutual connections between the input and output continuous values of the regulator are considered, which is expressed in determining the functional dependencies between them. The set of parameters possessed by the terms of input continuous quantities in relation to specific output continuous quantities of the regulator is described. The methods of defuzzification of the values of output continuous quantities within the boundaries of their terms are shown. The possibility of combining input and output continuous quantities into groups when setting up mutual connections between them is described. The mechanism of determining groups of interrelated continuous quantities is illustrated, the total number of which is determined by forming a matrix of relationships, according to the author’s scheme. The algorithm of sequential processing of the contents of the cells of the matrix of relationships, consisting of three steps, is considered. Expressions are given for calculating the basic parameters of a multidimensional fuzzy interval-logic controller with interrelated adjustable parameters. The results of a computational experiment to reduce the system of production rules of the regulator in determining the relationships between input and output continuous quantities are presented.

METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ASSESSING THE GENDER IMPACT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the main aspects that form a methodological approach to assessing the gender impact of the action and implementation of the Territorial Community Development Strategy. Design/methodology/approach. Semantic analysis, comparative analysis and the systematisation method were used to form a system of gender-sensitive indicators; the grouping method and structural and logical modelling were used to develop a rationale for the sequence of gender impact assessment. The abstract and logical method was used to formulate conclusions and theoretically summarise the results of the study. Findings. The main task of conducting a gender impact assessment of a community development strategy is to determine whether certain programmes or development processes have contributed to or hindered the implementation of gender equality principles in the community. Based on the analysis of scientific and methodological sources, the article presents the gender impact assessment as a set of mutually agreed stages. At the first stage, the goals, principles and target groups of gender-sensitive groups are established. A gender analysis is conducted to identify existing gender roles and the challenges and obstacles to equal participation that they pose for gender-sensitive groups. The development of a gender-responsive methodology includes the creation of a system of methods, rules, principles and approaches aimed at assessing gender equality and determining the impact of a particular community development strategy on gender aspects. In order to assess gender impact, the article develops a system of gender-sensitive indicators. Presentation of the results, conclusions and recommendations in the gender impact assessment of the action or implementation of the community development strategy is the final stage. At this stage, a detailedpresentation of the information obtained is made, and the main conclusions are formulated regarding the identified gender inequalities and the specifics of the impact of the programme document on gender-sensitive groups. The results of the assessment and recommendations can be made public to the public and other stakeholders, and public discussions and hearings can be organised, as well as consultations with residents of the local community to ensure broad participation and involvement of different groups. The developed conclusions and recommendations are usually documented in the form of a report. The proposed methodological approach to gender impact assessment was tested on the data and information contained in the Development Strategy of Velyky Bychkivska settlement territorial community for the period up to 2027. The Velyky Bychkiv territorial community is located in the Rakhiv district of the Zakarpattia region of Ukraine. Practical implications. The practical implications encompass the development of a more effective methodological approach for assessing gender impact within the context of territorial community development strategies. This contribution holds significance for local self-government bodies, governmental entities, activist groups, and other stakeholders involved in the process. Implementing the proposed methodological approach has the potential to enhance the overall management of territorial development, ensuring a more efficient consideration of gender aspects in decision-making processes. Moreover, it can contribute to heightened gender sensitivity among participants involved in the decision-making process, fostering a more inclusive and equitable approach to strategic community development. Originality/value. The originality and value of the article lie in its innovative methodological approach to evaluating the gender impact of implementing the Territorial Community Development Strategy. The article introduces a comprehensive framework that not only identifies and analyzes gender-specific factors at various stages but also offers practical recommendations for addressing gender inequalities within the context of community development. This contribution adds unique insights to the existing literature by providing a nuanced and context-specific methodology tailored to the intricacies of territorial community development. The article's value extends to practitioners, policymakers, and researchers engaged in gender-responsive planning, offering a practical tool to enhance the effectiveness and inclusivity of strategic development initiatives

Towards a global regulation of the football industry

The author talks about the evolution of the football system from the perspectives of the markets, sport, and its centrality in a state's economy and internationally. The paper analyzes its exponential growth, which makes a financial change and improvement to respond to important competition costs and, in general, economic operations increase with the realization of a global regulatory harmonization. In fact, there is the implementation of a rules system that want to strengthen the transparency in these operations. Also, the author finds to examine the new regulation effective from 2023 and related sanctions. Another thematic here are multi-club ownerships (MCO), which are always more central and frequent; as the "sui generis" role of the sports agent and the development of the illegal practice of third-party ownership.

Research on the Current Dilemma and Breakthrough Path of China's International Economic and Trade Rules for Elevation Standards

Currently, China has entered a stage of high-quality development. To deepen the new round of high-level opening up to the outside world, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a domestic institutional system that is connected with international high standard economic and trade rules. This article takes high standard international economic and trade rules as the research object, focusing on the "Three Zero" rules, digital trade, competitive neutrality, intellectual property, government procurement, labor rules, etc. By sorting and summarizing the main rules of high standard economic and trade agreements such as CPTPP, USMCA, DEPA, etc., it analyzes the differences with domestic rule systems and the risks and challenges of China's integration. On this basis, this article proposes countermeasures and suggestions for international economic and trade rules based on elevation standards: firstly, steadily promote high-level opening up to the outside world and enhance the level of trade liberalization and facilitation; Secondly, accelerate the completion of domestic institutional reform and build an open economic system that is compatible with high standard economic and trade rules; Thirdly, actively promote the process of joining CPTPP and DEPA; Fourthly, actively participate in international economic and trade rule negotiations, and deeply participate in rule formulation and reshaping. The research findings of this article will provide useful references for China to further promote high-level opening-up and better participate in the formulation of international economic and trade rules.

Analysis of International Disputes over Digital Services Tax and Exploration of China’s Approach

With the continuous emergence of emerging information technologies, the digital economy is developing rapidly around the world. The global operations of multinational digital enterprises no longer rely on physical presence. The effectiveness of permanent establishment rules based on the traditional real economy settings has been questioned by market countries, which actively participate in Market countries where digital business value is created do not receive corresponding taxation rights. Multinational digital companies take advantage of loopholes in digital platforms and current tax rules to actively carry out tax planning, resulting in digital companies’ global tax burden being much lower than that of traditional companies. Tax sources cannot be fairly and reasonably distributed in the places where value is created and profits are taxed, which harms the tax interests of market countries. Against the background of slow progress in the OECD global unified solution, as a temporary unilateral measure to address the challenges of the digital economy, some countries have taken the lead in imposing digital service taxes on specific digital businesses of digital enterprises. On the basis of discussing the relevant concepts and theories of digital service tax, this article discusses the relevant concepts and theories of digital service tax, and analyzes the international development of digital service tax and the positions of various countries around the world. Further analyze the impact of digital service tax collection from three aspects: national fiscal revenue, tax trade disputes and international tax order coordination, and analyze the impact of digital service tax on digital enterprises. Then the perspective is focused on my country, sorting out and summarizing my country's relevant digital economy tax policies, and analyzing the impact of digital service tax on my country in the near term and long term based on the development of my country's digital economy. Finally, based on the previous comparative analysis and impact analysis, my country's tax system for promoting the development of the digital economy has gradually improved and actively participated in the reshaping of international tax rules, and my country's response strategies under the digital service tax have been proposed. The different levels of digital economic development between China and countries that have levied digital service taxes will inevitably lead to disharmony in the international tax order. The study found that the fiscal revenue brought by digital service tax is limited and has a certain degree of distortion effect. It is necessary to actively participate in international cooperation and make China's voice heard before reaching a consensus on international tax rules. In the long term, we should focus on the connection between the two-pillar plan and the domestic tax system, strengthen tax information exchange, improve the domestic digital tax rule system, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of my country's digital economy.

Calculation method of the radiation efficiency of a flat radiator on the floor plane taking into account the influence of angle coefficients

To date, the existing methods for determining the angle coefficients are difficult to apply in engineering calculations. In this research paper, a new approach to the determination of angular coefficients has been proposed. Using the plane-parallel system of coordinates, basic rules and laws of physics and geometry, the procedure of determination of angular coefficients of radiation from the radiator on the ceiling plane, on the object located on the floor plane was developed and described in MS Excel program product. The research showed that the proposed calculation procedure considerably simplifies calculation operations, allows to determine required parameters with higher accuracy and design the effective model of a room with infrared heaters.

Colonial Roots of the Contemporary Economic Crisis in Subsaharan Africa (SSA): The Case of Nigeria and Tanzania

Tanzania is a low-income oil-importing developing country, with characteristics that typify the vulnerability of a Third World economy, with external debt payment crisis. Nigeria on the other hand, is a mineral-rich oil-exporting country also enmeshed in debt crisis. Sadly, Nigeria has been the region’s largest borrower. Both countries have different economic development strategies. While Tanzania with initial socialist bent, capitulated to the conditionalities of multilateral agencies, Nigeria on the other hand followed the path of a mixed economy and later reverted to the capitalist economic mode. This discourse examines the colonial roots of the economic crisis in both Nigeria and Tanzania. The study also x-rays the impacts of British colonial administration on Nigeria and Tanzania, and the political and economic systems that evolved in these colonies. The work found out that the imposition of indirect rule, which meant the superimposition of the colonial method of government on the various indigenous emirates, kingdoms, and tribal chieftaincies in Nigeria and Tanzania was for economic exploitation. The work submits that the underlying motive of colonialism was to ensure the effective and unchallenged exploitation of the colonies for the benefit of British capitalists, and the indirect rule system was intended as the best way to accomplish this end. This exploitation has however continued unabetted into the present-day neo-colonial exploitation aided by both Nigerian and Tanzanian collaborators.

A Pilot Model of Community-based Forest Management in Xuan Nha Nature Reserve, Son La Province, Vietnam

This study evaluated the implementation of a pilot model for promoting community-based conservation through a contracting program in Xuan Nha Nature Reserve, located in Son La province, northern Vietnam, from 2014 to 2022. To assess the effectiveness of the program, in-depth interviews were conducted with 26 officials and 100 individuals residing in three villages. The findings revealed that the program successfully facilitated community-based conservation by involving local communities in participatory land use planning and forest protection at the village level. The study identified four main factors that contributed to the successful implementation of the program: (1) clearly defined objectives, (2) the establishment of a stable rule system, (3) garnering support from local people, and (4) promoting associated activities. Given these positive outcomes, this model can be applied and scaled-up throughout Vietnam, particularly in areas where local communities coexist within protected areas.

CLUSTERING-BASED OBJECTS STATE DIAGNOSTICS IN CONDITIONS OF FUZZY SOURCE DATA

У The problem of distribution of a set of objects, the state of which is determined by a set of controlled parameters, into a set of subsets of objects maximally homogeneous in their properties is considered. Relevance of the problem and important advantage of the clustering procedure: when its implementing it is possible to reduce the initial difficult problem of high dimensionality objects analysing to the solution of a number of simpler problems of lower dimensionality. This circumstance acquires additional attractiveness and importance if the initial data of the problem contain uncertainty, for example, are vaguely defined. Research object is the procedure of partitioning a set of objects into clusters under conditions of uncertainty. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to develop a method for solving the problem of clustering in conditions where the initial data on objects controlled parametersthe values contain uncertainty. The method of solving the problem is based on clustering procedure mathematical model development, containing analytical expressions for the criterion of its effectiveness, written in the form of a twice fractionally quadratic function. The impossibility of mathematical programming problem direct solution initiated the development of a heuristic algorithm for its solution. As a result, an iterative method was obtained and applied to solve the clustering problem under conditions of fuzzy initial data. The developed computational procedure is based on a reasonable system of rules for performing operations on fuzzy numbers. The situations when the belonging functions of problem fuzzy parameters are defined on infinite or compact media are considered. The developed system of rules allows to correctly perform operations in the metric of fuzzy defined states between clustering objects. The proposed method is easily generalised to the case when the uncertainty of the initial data is hierarchical.

Flash floods in Mediterranean catchments: a meta-model decision support system based on Bayesian networks

Natural disasters, especially those related to water—like storms and floods—have increased over the last decades both in number and intensity. Under the current Climate Change framework, several reports predict an increase in the intensity and duration of these extreme climatic events, where the Mediterranean area would be one of the most affected. This paper develops a decision support system based on Bayesian inference able to predict a flood alert in Andalusian Mediterranean catchments. The key point is that, using simple weather forecasts and live measurements of river level, we can get a flood-alert several hours before it happens. A set of models based on Bayesian networks was learnt for each of the catchments included in the study area, and joined together into a more complex model based on a rule system. This final meta-model was validated using data from both non-extreme and extreme storm events. Results show that the methodology proposed provides an accurate forecast of the flood situation of the greatest catchment areas of Andalusia.

Analisis Penerapan Good Corporate Governance (Gcg) Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Keuangan Pemerintah Kota Medan

This mini-research aims to achieve the goals of an entity, a system of rules known as good corporate governance regulates interactions between various interested parties, or stakeholders. The goal of good corporate governance is to control these interactions, prevent strategic errors in an institution's plans, and ensure that errors can be corrected promptly. The National Committee for Governance Policy (KNKG) develops the principles of Good Corporate Governance which include Transparency, Accountability, Independence, Accountability and Fairness. These principles can help an institution achieve its goals.

The Conditionality of the Rule among Motorcyclists

The problem of transportation accidents (in general) depends largely on human factors. In the road sector, traffic psychology studies the behavior of road users. Among the categories of users, motorcyclists is part of the group of “vulnerable road users”, and facts and figures confirm their exposure to risk. The theory of conditionality was developed in order to understand the psychological underpinnings of the relationship to the rule. These works defend the existence of two systems of rules: legal and social. Studies carried out with motorcyclists show the particularity of this group: the pleasure of riding, a particular relationship to speed, conditionality differences according to the type and power of the motorbike. The conditionality of the rule among motorcyclists seems to have the particularity of being strongly anchored in their group identity.

Neural network analysis of the productivity of biogas plants for small agricultural enterprises

The article is devoted to the problem of assessing the productivity of biogas plants. The aim of the work is to build intelligent tools for evaluating the performance of biogas plants by determining the output of biogas depending on the properties of raw materials based on the fuzzy inference method according to the Sugeno algorithm. First of all, the output of biogas is influenced by the chemical composition of the raw materials used. The chemical composition indicators were obtained by the authors in the framework of experimental studies. To carry out the analysis, a knowledge base was built on the following parameters: humidity, crude ash content, crude fat content, crude protein content, crude fiber content, nitrogen-free extractive substances content. The fuzzification of its vertices in the section of 2- and 3-term sets has been carried out. Membership functions of fuzzy sets for each parameter are constructed. The fuzzification of the root is defined in 5 categories. A system of rules was compiled based on experimental data, and the biogas yield was calculated depending on the initial parameters. The results obtained can be used in the organization of biogas plants.