System Of Rules Research Articles

Flash floods in Mediterranean catchments: a meta-model decision support system based on Bayesian networks

Natural disasters, especially those related to water—like storms and floods—have increased over the last decades both in number and intensity. Under the current Climate Change framework, several reports predict an increase in the intensity and duration of these extreme climatic events, where the Mediterranean area would be one of the most affected. This paper develops a decision support system based on Bayesian inference able to predict a flood alert in Andalusian Mediterranean catchments. The key point is that, using simple weather forecasts and live measurements of river level, we can get a flood-alert several hours before it happens. A set of models based on Bayesian networks was learnt for each of the catchments included in the study area, and joined together into a more complex model based on a rule system. This final meta-model was validated using data from both non-extreme and extreme storm events. Results show that the methodology proposed provides an accurate forecast of the flood situation of the greatest catchment areas of Andalusia.

Analisis Penerapan Good Corporate Governance (Gcg) Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Keuangan Pemerintah Kota Medan

This mini-research aims to achieve the goals of an entity, a system of rules known as good corporate governance regulates interactions between various interested parties, or stakeholders. The goal of good corporate governance is to control these interactions, prevent strategic errors in an institution's plans, and ensure that errors can be corrected promptly. The National Committee for Governance Policy (KNKG) develops the principles of Good Corporate Governance which include Transparency, Accountability, Independence, Accountability and Fairness. These principles can help an institution achieve its goals.

The Conditionality of the Rule among Motorcyclists

The problem of transportation accidents (in general) depends largely on human factors. In the road sector, traffic psychology studies the behavior of road users. Among the categories of users, motorcyclists is part of the group of “vulnerable road users”, and facts and figures confirm their exposure to risk. The theory of conditionality was developed in order to understand the psychological underpinnings of the relationship to the rule. These works defend the existence of two systems of rules: legal and social. Studies carried out with motorcyclists show the particularity of this group: the pleasure of riding, a particular relationship to speed, conditionality differences according to the type and power of the motorbike. The conditionality of the rule among motorcyclists seems to have the particularity of being strongly anchored in their group identity.

Neural network analysis of the productivity of biogas plants for small agricultural enterprises

The article is devoted to the problem of assessing the productivity of biogas plants. The aim of the work is to build intelligent tools for evaluating the performance of biogas plants by determining the output of biogas depending on the properties of raw materials based on the fuzzy inference method according to the Sugeno algorithm. First of all, the output of biogas is influenced by the chemical composition of the raw materials used. The chemical composition indicators were obtained by the authors in the framework of experimental studies. To carry out the analysis, a knowledge base was built on the following parameters: humidity, crude ash content, crude fat content, crude protein content, crude fiber content, nitrogen-free extractive substances content. The fuzzification of its vertices in the section of 2- and 3-term sets has been carried out. Membership functions of fuzzy sets for each parameter are constructed. The fuzzification of the root is defined in 5 categories. A system of rules was compiled based on experimental data, and the biogas yield was calculated depending on the initial parameters. The results obtained can be used in the organization of biogas plants.

Fuzzy rule-based classification of complex biogas energy projects

The work is devoted to the problems analyzing the effectiveness of projects in the field of biogas energy. The purpose of the work is to build an intellectual toolkit for classifying innovative bioenergy projects. To form a variety of classification characteristics, it is proposed to use the Ishikawa cause-and-effect diagram, which makes it possible to systematize the factors influencing the features of the project. The specifics of biogas technologies, associated with the possibility of generating not only electrical but thermal energy, as well as waste disposal and the production of organic fertilizers, are taken into account by introducing an additional group of factors reflecting the need for these types of products. Expert technologies for assessing factors led to the use of the methodology of fuzzy analysis. The constructed classification procedure is based on a system of fuzzy production rules that reflect the cause-and-effect relationships of the subject area.The developed tools make it possible to reduce the labor intensity of comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of innovative bioenergy projects by identifying the class of compared projects.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЕТИКЕТУ У СФЕРІ БІЗНЕСУ

The article analyzes etiquette in the context of social relations and its role in society. In the business sphere, ethics and etiquette complement each other. The issue of business etiquette is an important component of the professional behavior of entrepreneurs and businesspeople. Etiquette is a system of behavioral rules that regulates the external manifestations of human relationships. Most etiquette norms arise from the moral and aesthetic needs formed by humanity. The norms of ethics and aesthetics require the development of communication rules between people, which is also necessary in the business sphere. Etiquette primarily concerns behavioral categories, while ethics refers to moral categories. This means that a polite person is not always moral, but a moral person must be well-mannered and polite. Thus, the norms of etiquette and morality that have developed in society are mechanisms for regulating the long process of forming relationships between people. Without adherence to ethical norms, neither economic, political, nor business relations can exist. The article explores the concept of etiquette, specifically focusing on its significance within social relations and its broader role in shaping societal interactions. In the realm of business, etiquette and ethics are interdependent and serve as vital tools that help businesspeople navigate the complexities of professional conduct. Etiquette, being a structured set of behavioral guidelines, plays a crucial role in regulating how individuals present themselves and interact with others, ensuring that professional exchanges occur smoothly and respectfully. This concept stems largely from the moral and aesthetic frameworks that have evolved over centuries, reflecting the innate human need for order, decency, and civility in all forms of communication. In the business environment, the lines between ethical and etiquette-related behavior often intertwine. While ethics addresses deeper moral obligations, etiquette focuses on outward actions and mannerisms. It is important to note that these two concepts, while distinct, are mutually reinforcing. For instance, a polite individual may not necessarily exhibit ethical integrity, but a person grounded in strong moral principles will likely adhere to courteous behavior. The long-standing traditions of etiquette offer a system through which professionals can cultivate trust, foster cooperation, and create a foundation for sustainable relationships – whether in business or politics. Without these codes of conduct, the structure of professional interaction would falter, leading to a breakdown in both economic and political engagements. Therefore, the implementation of etiquette is not just an option but a necessity for the functioning of modern business practices.

О методологии научных исследований в области энергетического права

This article addresses the methodological issues inherent to scientific research in the field of energy law as a basis for improving energy legislation. The author proposes that the methodology of scientific and legal research be understood as a set of general and private scientific methods representing systems of approaches, methods, ways, and rules of scientific research in a particular vector of cognition. The author distinguishes between the general methodological approach and the theoretical and methodological framework of scientific and legal research. He highlights new challenges in the methodology of scientific research, including in the field of energy law, resulting from scientific and technological progress, particularly the use of artificial intelligence. The author suggests the use of the method of legal stratigraphy when conducting research in the field of energy law. Furthermore, the author highlights the role of energy law in ensuring national security, which he considers an essential element of its methodology.

Российское общество через оптику сериальной продукции (на примере сериала «Почка»)

Abstract: any society in its development relies on a system of norms, rules, beliefs, and taboos, some of which are expressed implicitly. Among the «unmentioned» and insufficiently reflected topics are death and organ donation. Serial discourse seems to be one of the tools through which the problematic areas of our society are represented and thematized. Using the example of the series «Kidney», the author reveals images reflecting the views of the creators and screenwriters on modern social reality and its institutions.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЦІНОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВІ

The article studies and systematizes the theoretical and methodological aspects of price policy management in the modern market environment, emphasizing its importance for maintaining competitiveness, profitability, and overall financial stability. It examines various definitions of "pricing policy" and proposes its interpretation as a set of managerial actions aimed at optimizing prices to meet both strategic and tactical business objectives. The study defines the methodology of pricing policy as a system of interconnected rules, principles, and procedures, that account for internal and external factors, ensuring price flexibility, adaptability, and overall effectiveness in a dynamic market environment. This research aims to enhance the existing approaches to pricing policy by introducing a cyclical methodology that allows for continuous analysis, fine-tuning, and adjustment of pricing strategies over time. The proposed model integrates key stages such as comprehensive market analysis, decision-making processes, pricing implementation, and consistent post-implementation monitoring. The study employs an analytical method, reviewing a wide range of existing literature on pricing strategies, market dynamics, and price management to identify current gaps and propose concrete improvements. The results highlight the growing importance of a flexible, adaptive pricing strategy that not only reacts to market changes but anticipates shifts, ensuring sustained competitive advantage and long-term financial stability. It has been firmly established that enterprises today require a more dynamic pricing approach, which involves regular and strategic price adjustments based on evolving competitive conditions, consumer behaviors, and fluctuating market demands. The theoretical contribution of the article lies in the refinement and further development of pricing policy management, while the practical implications provide enterprises with actionable tools and frameworks for implementing adaptive pricing strategies in real-world scenarios. The originality of the research is evident in the development of a cyclical model that enhances the responsiveness of businesses to market fluctuations and varying consumer needs. Future research may explore the application of this model in specific industries or test its efficacy across different market environments.

ВПЛИВ ПОДАТКОВОГО ЛАНДШАФТУ КРАЇНИ НА ПОДАТКОВЕ ПЛАНУВАННЯ ТНК В УМОВАХ ПРОЄКТУ BEPS

The article notes that in the context of globalization, multinational corporations exert an increasing influence on the economies of their home countries, host countries, and the overall state of international economic relations. The authors underline that tax planning is one of the TNC activities that grabs attention of the global public in terms of both its favorable and unfavorable effects. The article offers its own definition of the term «tax landscape», in which, unlike the existing ones, vertical, horizontal and temporal aspects are distinguished. The vertical aspect is presented as a synthesis of the supranational level of taxation and the national one; horizontal, as a system of tax rules and laws within a separate state; temporal, as a change in the main elements of taxation over time. It has been proven that at the current stage of formation of tax landscapes to characterize the supranational level, it is necessary to take into account the elements of taxation defined as part of the implementation of the international BEPS project: the global minimum tax, tax rates for surplus profits, and surplus profits as an object of taxation. The authors have been able to divide the studied countries into three groups depending on the level of direct taxation: high (United States, Canada and Australia), moderate (Great Britain, France, Italy, India, Germany and Switzerland), and low (China and Saudi Arabia). The first group (the United States) and the second group (the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Switzerland, and Italy) have been found to have the greatest tax losses as a result of «tax havens.» The level of direct taxation (profit and capital) in the countries of registration and countries of digital presence, the volatility of tax legislation, and compliance with the conditions of tax justice have been proposed as factors of the tax landscape to be taken into account by transnational corporations when developing tax planning strategies.

State of the art: The impact of sustainability standards

Abstract Voluntary sustainability standards emerged in the 1980s with the promise of making agrifood systems sustainable, and have developed over time into rather sophisticated systems of rules and sanctions. With this promise of change, has also come an interest in understanding whether or not change has come about. This is particularly pertinent as public agencies and governments are increasingly seeking to use sustainability standards as proxies for progress towards sustainability. In this short commentary, I share some of the recent knowledge about the impact of sustainability standards and Fairtrade standards in particular. I explore the impact of the use of the Fairtrade Premium and the impact of engagement with the Fairtrade system on business practices. I conclude with some reflections on the importance of standards in current debates in Europe.

Study on the Current Situation and Strategies of Cultivating Rule of Law Literacy Among Primary and Secondary School Students

Through the investigation of the current situation of the rule of law literacy of primary and secondary school students, this study finds that the overall level of the rule of law literacy of primary and secondary school students is on the low side, and that the rule of law literacy of senior high school students is on the low side in comparison with that of students in the compulsory education stage. It is suggested that the teaching method of rule of law education in primary and secondary schools should be revolutionized, the teaching content of rule of law education in primary and secondary schools should be enriched, and a sound system of rule of law education in senior high schools should be established to connect with the compulsory education stage, so as to effectively cultivate primary and secondary school students’ rule of law literacy.

Luke Daly-Groves: The British and American Intelligence Divisions in Occupied Germany, 1945 – 1955. A Secret System of Rule.

Luke Daly-Groves: The British and American Intelligence Divisions in Occupied Germany, 1945 – 1955. A Secret System of Rule.

The system of criteria for the choice of spelling in diachronic descriptive spelling

The article presents the methodology of research in the field of descriptive diachronic spelling. The aim of the work is to develop a system of criteria for choosing spelling variants at different stages of the formation of the studied orthogram. The need for such a system is justified both by the description of the diachronic analysis process and by a specific example of such an analysis. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of such important concepts for the theory of writing as "usage", "norm", "codification" and the relationship between these concepts. Special attention is paid to the question of the legality of the use of the term "customary norm", for which the arguments confirming the incorrectness of this term are considered in detail. In addition, the problems of correlation between the principles of spelling as tools of descriptive (descriptive) spelling and the rules as a result of the activities of orthologists codifying the norms of writing are discussed. The system of criteria for descriptive spelling is based on the system of rules of prescriptive spelling, namely the rules of modern spelling from the new electronic resource "Spelling commentary of the Russian Dictionary" (OROSS) by E. V. Beshenkova, O. E. Ivanova, E. V. Tenkova. The novelty of the results obtained in the article is due to the lack of research methodology in the field of descriptive diachronic spelling. The paper reveals such important concepts for the theory of writing as "usage", "norm", "codification" and clarifies the relationship between these concepts. As a result, the illegality of the use of the term "customary norm" was established, for which the arguments confirming the incorrectness of this term were considered in detail, in particular, that in certain contexts the terms "usage" and "norm" can be used indifferently. The result of the work was a system of criteria for choosing spelling options at different stages of the formation of the orthogram. The development of an original system of criteria for choosing spelling variants was carried out on the basis of a modern set of spelling rules. The scope of the research results is determined by describing the process of diachronic analysis of the orthogram and illustrated by a specific example of such analysis.

Frog Adventure: 2D Based Platformer Game Design with HTML5

A game is an activity or form of entertainment that involves players in a structured system of rules. Typically, games involve clear goals, challenges, interaction, and decision making by players. Games can be played individually or in groups, either physically or via electronic media such as computers, game consoles, or mobile devices. This report provides in-depth information about the game "Frog Adventure" by choosing Javascript as the main programming language, as well as notepad++ for the code editor container to help create the designed game. The aim of making this game is to fulfill the final assignment in the Game Development course. "Frog Adventure" is a game that combines friendly gameplay, attractive graphics and positive user experience. This information provides a better understanding of the game's strengths and weaknesses, as well as suggestions for future development.

Genurile biograficului, între timpul trăirii și timpul mărturisirii – invitație la re-lectură

This paper refers to the way in which the critic Eugen Simion customises the diary into a wider and quite problematic category of writing with a biographic nature (character), always placed at the fragile border between clandestinity and publicity, establishing the fact that this type of writing, despite rejecting the literary conventions, builds its own system of rules which makes it functional, turning itself into a “fiction of nonfiction”. We identify a series of essential questions which refer to the necessity of an intimate diary, to its function, to the existence of a poetics of a diary. Simion (re)establishes some concepts related to this kind of writing, and to identifying a relation between the author, the narrator and the characters of a diary. A possible receiver and many types of readers are discovered, and a new mythology is (re)constructed, specific for this taciturn writing, populated with phantasms and “images of the inner self”. Moreover, Eugen Simion makes a list of traumas, be they physical or spiritual, which may lead one to the need of turning oneself into a diarist. The Romanian theorist follows both the evolution of the diarist’s place in the literary system and the evolution of the way in which the diary is received by its readership.

Traduction automatique et désambiguïsation des sens des mots. Le cas du verbe français louer

Machine translators such as those offered by Google, Deep, ChatGPT and others are already using NMT systems. They apply the techniques of artificial intelligence that are constantly being developed, so they are currently providing increasingly correct and suitable translations. In the first part of this article, the author examines the case of the French verb louer by having it translated in different contexts by three automatic translators mentioned to see how effective they currently are as translation tools. Next, the verb louer is presented and analyzed as seen through the prism of the Antidote 8 dictionary. The last part of the article is devoted to the French-Polish description of the verb studied using the Object-Oriented Approach, with the aim of disambiguating it and developing the system of syntactico-semantic rules (object classes, frames, scripts) enabling the appropriate automatic translation of sentences in which it may appear.

Places 'out-of-place'

In the frantic drive where the city extends into the world, and the world takes shape within the cities through migratory processes, we witness a multiplication of hybridisations, co-existences and conflicts. This gives way to kaleidoscopic landscapes in which, however, two polarities can be recognised: exclusivity and exclusion. It is the city of the rich and the city of the poor (Secchi 2013) that becomes more complex with ‘certain bodies [and] out of place’ multiplying the topographies of the other. This article, part of a PhD dissertation in progress, describes the case of Roma communities, and investigates ‘out-of-place’s’, emblems of urban exclusion generically called ‘Roma camps’, that corrode the idea of order and decorum. It describes, from an urban point of view, the phenomenon of encampment in its specification into a control device or an informal practice. Both such different urban configurations are investigated through a case study: a precise urban transect in the northern area of Naples in which both coexist, the informal settlement of Cupa Perillo and the Village of Solidarity in Secondigliano. This reveals latent conditions finding, in the informal configurations, alternative systems of rules that may suggest new spaces of utility to a project eschewing the narratives of a single history, the one that has produced control devices and urban expulsions.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND DEONTOLOGY IN THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK

The article is focused on the characterization of the main obligations and responsibilities of the social worker, provided by the deontology of social assistance. The author mentions that nowadays each profession has its own deontology, an elaborated system of rules and norms that must be respected to ensure the professional success of any specialist. The deontology of social assistance represents a complex of norms, rules, prescriptions and provisions about professional duty and obligations, about all types of responsibilities of the social workers. The author further exposes the social worker's responsibilities in various types of relationships (social worker - beneficiary; social worker - colleague; social worker - employing institution), with ethics in social work as the main support. In this sense, paying a special attention to ethical considerations is an important means in affirming the integrity of the profession, the desire and the decision to provide through social assistance a better knowledge, as well as an understanding the human life meaning, highlighting as the first "duty" the service as optimal as possible for the beneficiary, because the mission of the social worker is to help people who are temporarily in difficulty.

A Novel Fuzzy Based Beluga Whale Optimization for Enhancing Link Stability and Optimal Route discovery in MANET

The networking field plays a major role and developed significantly over the past decades. The identification of best route in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a complex problem in the multipath routing method. Besides, multipath discovery is regarded as the other difficult task for improving the existence of the network. Through optimal route discovery, the routing protocol considers several parameters like link failures, topological variations, obstacles, and extended power. In this paper, based on optimal route discovery, a novel Fuzzy Beluga Whale Optimization (FBWO) is proposed for presenting effective routing and enhanced link stability. The Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO) algorithm determines multiple routes in the network for communicating data packets to their destination. However, the discovered routes may be susceptible to link failures due to the complete energy exhaustion of nodes during continuous data transmission. Therefore, the stability of links is assured by evaluating link stability indicators namely probabilistic link reliable time, link expiration time, residual battery power, link received signal strength, and link packet error rate. Moreover, optimal routes in the network are established using a fuzzy rule system by adopting fuzzy rules. Thus, the proposed FBWO approach maximizes the overall performance of the network by establishing optimal routes to broadcast packets along with enhanced link stability and signal strength. The experimental results manifest the FBWO model and achieve superior accuracy in terms of all measures than other existing methods.