Planning Of Systems Research Articles

Environmental DNA, hydrochemistry and stable water isotopes as integrative tracers of urban ecohydrology

Urbanization and the persistent environmental changes present a major challenge for urban freshwaters and availability of water for humans and wildlife. In order to increase understanding of urban ecohydrology, we investigated the variability of planktonic bacteria and benthic diatoms - as two key biological indicators - coupled with insights from hydrochemistry and stable water isotopes across four urban streams characterized by different dominant water sources in Berlin, the German capital, over a period of one year (2021–2022). DNA metabarcoding results show that substantial spatio-temporal variability exists across urban streams in terms of microbial diversity and richness, with clear links to abiotic factors and nutrient concentrations. Bacterial communities showed clear distinction between effluent-impacted and non-effluent impacted streams as well as clear seasonal turnover. In-stream benthic diatom assemblages also showed robust seasonal variation as well as high species diversity. Our multiple-tracer approach is relevant for emerging questions regarding the increased use of treated effluent to supplement declining baseflows, the assessment of stream restoration projects and the impact of storm drainage and surface pollution on aquatic ecosystem health. eDNA analysis allows analysis of spatial and temporal patterns not feasibly studied with traditional analyses of macroinvertebrates. This can ultimately be leveraged for future water resource management and restoration planning and monitoring of urban freshwater systems across metropolitan areas.

PRINCIPLES OF CALCULATIONS AND ARRANGEMENT OF LOCAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN PRIVATE BUILDING TERRITORIES

Abnormally heavy rains in the first two spring months of 2023 revealed the unpreparedness and lack of protection of many settlements in the Kyiv region from excessive moisture and inundation. Among them, is Novi Petrivtsi village, where the natural conditions for surface runoff and precipitation infiltration (lack of visible surface slopes and poorly permeable cover sediments) are unfavourable and significantly complicated by buildings, and a network of highways. The long-term retention of water on the surface, the rise of groundwater levels, and the layered structure of the upper part of the geological section provide grounds for the use of combined local drainage systems with compliance with drainage standards of at least 3,0 m. Since the high density of buildings often does not allow for contour drainage around residential buildings, it is necessary to lay single-line horizontal drainage to a greater depth than for a conventional contour drainage of 3,5 meters or more. However, the lack of roadside ditches and other water intakes and means of orderly drainage do not allow homestead drainage systems to work as efficiently as possible. This requires the creation of an orderly system of water intakes (trenches and closed collectors) on the scale of the village. Foreign experience convinces that the rational planning of such systems is possible under the conditions of establishing the character of rainfall distribution with a resolution of 1–5 minutes in time and a step of 500 m across the area. Meteorological radar is used to record radar images of rain and study its intensity. An effective solution to the water drainage problem is impossible without detailed engineering and geological investigations. Due to them, litho-facies inhomogeneities in the aeration zone and water-saturated stratum, which lead to the retention and support of groundwater, were discovered in the local area. Taking into account the spatial boundaries of these engineering and geological elements allow drainage more efficiently. Drainage capacity is substantiated by forecasts of changes in the maximum amount of precipitation per day and two days in a row. Due calculating the drainage capacity, it should be taken into account that the maximum amount of precipitation in the future period will have a guarantee of 0,5-2,0% less than the actual maximum values. In the calculation part, the main attention is paid to the selection of equations for determining the width of influence of a single horizontal drain. Five formulas have been selected that can be used to solve similar problems. The time of onset of the established mode of operation of a single drain was calculated. Future research should focus on the collection of high-resolution rainfall and local urban runoff data, as well as the implementation of urban drainage models.

Optimal Unit Commitment and Generation Scheduling of Integrated Power System with Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources

The integration of wind energy sources and plug-in electric vehicles is essential for the efficient planning, reliability, and operation of modern electric power systems. Minimizing the overall operational cost of integrated power systems while dealing with wind energy sources and plug-in electric vehicles in integrated power systems using a chaotic zebra optimization algorithm (CZOA) is described. The proposed system deals with a probabilistic forecasting system for wind power generation and a realistic plug-in electric vehicle charging profile based on travel patterns and infrastructure characteristics. The objective is to identify the optimal scheduling and committed status of the generating unit for thermal and wind power generation while considering the system power demand, charging, and discharging of electric vehicles, as well as power available from wind energy sources. The proposed CZOA adeptly tackles the intricacies of the unit commitment problem by seamlessly integrating scheduling and the unit’s committed status, thereby enabling highly effective optimization. The proposed algorithm is tested for 10-, 20-, and 40-generating unit systems. The empirical findings pertaining to the 10-unit system indicate that the amalgamation of a thermal generating unit system with plug-in electric vehicles yields a 0.84% reduction in total generation cost. Furthermore, integrating the same system with a wind energy source results in a substantial 12.71% cost saving. Notably, the integration of the thermal generating system with both plug-in electric vehicles and a wind energy source leads to an even more pronounced overall cost reduction of 13.05%. The outcome of this study reveals competitive test results for 20- and 40-generating unit systems and contributes to the advancement of sustainable and reliable power systems, fostering the transition towards a greener energy future.

National Center of Physics and Mathematics – a new form of organization of science

The article deals with the problem of activating fundamental scientific activity in the Russian Federation by combining the efforts of various scientific institutes – institutions of the Academy of Sciences, universities, industry and corporate science within the framework of the National Center for Physics and Mathematics (NCPM). The purpose of the article is to identify institutional features and substantiate promising organizational tasks of the NCFM, the main research methods are institutional, normative, comparative analysis. Institutionally, the NCPM will make it possible to get away from the existing division of science along departmental lines and related problems. It is proved that the use of the organizational “CERN model” in the NCPM will be able to attract a wide range of scientists from various Russian and, in the future, foreign organizations, will help the formation of a collaboration for conducting experiments and research at scientific installations of the “megasience” class. This will make it possible to form and work out a national model of the mobility of scientists. The territorial and personnel aspects of the NCFM are considered, measures are proposed to expand the types of activities, to activate the influx of students and postgraduates for subsequent work in scientific and knowledge-intensive industrial organizations, to reflect the peculiarities of the development of the territory of the NCFM location in strategic documents of various levels. Conclusions are drawn about the positive impact of the activities of the NCPM on socio-economic processes; about new opportunities for diversification of the military-industrial complex associated with the development of fundamental science; about accelerating the formation of a system of technological transfer; contributing to the organization of the system of strategic planning and scientific and technical forecasting in the country

Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol 39

This 38th volume of the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management presents some of the newest work within the planning of future sustainable energy systems based on renewable energy sources. In this issue, we focus on developments in Indonesia within renewable energy exploitation, electricity use in Africa and finally subsidy schemes for renewable energy exploitation in Indonesia

Interaction of the educational organization of secondary vocational education with enterprises-employers

This article deals with the involvement of employers in improving the educational process and active participation in the training of qualified mid-level specialists. All this solves the problem of the isolation of knowledge that graduates receive from practical actions, manifested in the inability to handle modern technological equipment, in psychological unpreparedness for the realities of hard working days, to the management of subordinates, to the norms of behavior. Effective interaction between an educational organization and an employer is one of the topical issues of modern vocational education, which implies integrated actions of the parties interested in this fact. The article notes the need for interaction between the educational organization of secondary professional education and enterprises to improve the eff ective training of graduates, functioning in market conditions. The main mechanisms for organizing a social partnership system as a condition for improving the quality of professional education are presented on the example of an educational organization, the Chita College of Railway Transport of ZABIZHT IrGUPS. The partnership was considered in the field of career guidance and targeted training through new formats of career guidance and a system of long-term personnel planning, in the field of implementing the modernization of the material and technical equipment of the educational and laboratory base through innovative training complexes and branded zones, in the field of educational work and research activities, through creation of an optimal socializing environment and participation in competitive, championship movements.

About the Possibility of Using Digital Twins of Organizations in the State Planning System

The article considers the possibility of using a digital twin of the social system in the system of state planning. It is shown that the use of a digital twin makes it possible to ensure greater transparency of the activities and status of organizations included in the state planning system for public administration bodies, calculate the risks of activities for the implementation of state programs and projects, as well as timely calculate the consequences of changes in operating conditions and make decisions to correct activities. A comprehensive mathematical agent-based model of a social system functioning in an active environment, which is the basis of a digital twin, is briefl y characterized. The model is based on a strict theoretical framework describing the laws of the evolution of the social system in the socio-economic space. It simulates the dynamics of a social system, operating with a strictly limited number of entities, some of which are invariant, and some are variable values. This set of entities allows us to comprehensively describe the phenomena and processes observed in social systems. As a result of in-depth study of the nature of social systems, using an interdisciplinary approach, it became possible to determine a set of phase variables that accurately describe the situation of a social system in the socio-economic space and formalize patterns linking the values of phase variables and the results of the functioning of the organization. This makes it possible to trace its dynamics by fi xing changes in the values of phase variables. This makes it possible to record the situation in the digital twin of the social system, which makes it possible to ensure transparency of its state for interested persons. This, in turn, makes it possible to use a digital twin to calculate the dynamics of the system for the purposes of planning its evolution. Due to the peculiarities of the model, the use of a digital twin does not require signifi cant amounts of data from the past period — it is enough to fi x the current state of the organization in order to be able to calculate its dynamics for development planning purposes. This makes it possible to include newly created organizations and individual projects, including socially signifi cant and defense ones, into the state planning system.

The impact of circular economy indicators in the optimal planning of energy systems

One of the purposes of the Circular Economy is to promote the optimization of resources; most power systems planning towards renewable energy focus on the operation phase. In this sense, innovative Circular Economy indicators play a fundamental role in planning electricity generation due to the massive electrification of economic activities, offering the option of using fewer material resources in the system infrastructure to reduce the depletion of non-renewable resources. Therefore, when planning a power supply system, it is essential to assess technical, environmental, and economic aspects to guarantee the system's proper functioning and an infrastructure design with the minimum impact. This work presents a mathematical programming approach that aims to introduce rigorous metrics on the requirements of non-renewable resources used during the process and energy self-sufficiency since they have not been studied as one of the aspects of the Circular Economy within the energy sector. In addition, the model determines the optimal selection of the required infrastructure and necessary capacities in energy production to satisfy the energy demand required in a specific period. Together, the quantification of materials is normalized using the Abiotic Depletion Potential as a comparison of the depletion of non-renewable resources. The proposed Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) multi-objective model is solved using the goal programming technique, allowing to determine the compensations between the total cost, CO2eq emissions (related to the production of energy in the different energy generating technologies) and Circular Economy indicators. A case study for power generation in Mexico is presented and the results show that by implementing Circular Economy indicators as an addition to the economic and environmental functions, “achievement in performance” for the different objectives ranges from 84.00 % and 89.96 %. In addition, the optimization shows a 76.17 % decrease in the total cost and 48.73 % in CO2eq emissions concerning the respective worst case (Nadir point). This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the integration of Circular Economy metrics, specifically in optimizing the energy sector.

Survey of Optimization Techniques in Interconnected Two Area Power system for the Application of AGC

The increasing need for energy has placed optimization at the center of power engineering research and development. Presenting the theoretical underpinnings of optimization from a practical power system perspective, this review article on Electric Power System Applications of Optimization explores state-of-the-art techniques, novel approaches, and ongoing application difficulties. This work addresses several algorithmic issues that arise from the planning and management of power systems using diverse approaches, as well as the analytical formulation of optimization. This article introduces new features related to market programs, pricing, reliability, and developments in intelligent systems with working algorithms and examples. This paper discusses the latest developments in the fields of adaptive feedback design and approximate dynamic programming. In order to describe new concepts and variations of Adaptive Dynamic Programming, this work begins with fundamental theories and theorems from functional optimization, optimum control, and dynamic programming. Because of its innovative integration of basic optimization principles with application, this review article encourages power engineers to make new discoveries in the provision of energy at the optimal rate.

Innovations of the project–target approach in the system of strategic planning of the national economy

The article examines the increasing role of strategic management in the development of the national economy and the role of the project-oriented approach as a tool of state regulation, which is most effectively used for the implementation of state programs. Various prerequisites for the development of the project approach, followed by the project-target approach in the management of the national economy, are also considered. The mechanism of project-target management is studied, its special significance is revealed in the conditions of significant changes in the overall structure of the global economy. The analysis of the implementation of state projects and programs is carried out to develop directions for improving the program-target approach in the field of state planning and programming. Various regulatory aspects of the implementation of this approach have been studied, conditions for its most effective implementation have been formulated. The article examines issues related to the definition of the main parameters of strategic planning

Temporal collaborative attention for wind power forecasting

Wind power serves as a clean and sustainable form of energy. However, its generation is fraught with variability and uncertainty, owing to the stochastic and dynamic characteristics of wind. Accurate forecasting of wind power is indispensable for the efficient planning, operation, and grid integration of wind energy systems. In this paper, we introduce a novel forecasting method termed Temporal Collaborative Attention (TCOAT). This data-driven approach is designed to capture both temporal and spatial dependencies in wind power generation data, as well as discern long-term and short-term patterns. Utilizing attention mechanisms, TCOAT dynamically adjusts the weights of each input variable and time step based on their contextual relevance for forecasting. Furthermore, the method employs collaborative attention units to assimilate directional and global information from the input data. It also explicitly models the interactions and correlations among different variables or time steps through the use of self-attention and cross-attention mechanisms. To integrate long-term and short-term information effectively, TCOAT incorporates a temporal fusion layer that employs concatenation and mapping operations, along with hierarchical feature extraction and aggregation. We validate the efficacy of TCOAT through extensive experiments on a real-world wind power generation dataset from Greece and compare its performance against twenty-two state-of-the-art methods. Experimental results demonstrate that TCOAT outperforms existing methods in terms of both accuracy and robustness in wind power forecasting. Moreover, we conduct a generality study on an additional real-world dataset from a different climate condition and wind power characteristics. The results show that TCOAT can achieve comparable or better performance than the state-of-the-art methods, confirming the generalization ability of TCOAT.

Features of competent models’ development in the field of information security

The article is devoted to the study of procedures for the formation of assessment tools in the training of departmental specialists implementing the functions of planning, implementation and control of organizational systems of higher and additional education, aimed at improving the mechanisms for forming information security policies and assessing the effectiveness of systems, tools and measures taken for informatization objects devoted to various levels of the hierarchy . The problematic issues being studied are related to the development of the theoretical foundations of management in organizational systems, methods and algorithms for solving management problems, including information and software. The results of scientific research, applied scientific research and qualification work for forming educational and methodological support for educational organizations and funds of assessment tools in the field of information security are analyzed, taking into account the features of competency models for the training of departmental specialists. The mechanisms and detailed procedures for the formation of assessment tools, focused on promising technologies for ensuring compliance of knowledge, motivational attitudes and skills with the competencies of a specialist in the field of information security, are generalized. Conceptual models of the competency modeling in object-oriented programming paradigms, new mathematical models for managing individual educational trajectories and designing competency-oriented tasks for assessing the development of competencies are proposed.

DEVELOPMENT OF MODE CHOICE BEHAVIOR MODEL FOR INTER-REGIONAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT– A CASE STUDY OF INDIA

Mode choice behavior of the inter-regional public transport passengers is important for proficient planning and operation of transport systems in developing countries. It is the responsibility of the authority to satisfy the demand for long regional trips having a significant movement of passengers by providing efficient public transport services. Most of the studies for the mode choice behavior of the passengers have been done for the urban mass transport within the urban conglomerate. The study aims to improve knowledge of the factor affecting passengers' decisions on the mode of travel for inter-regional public transportation in India. The Multinomial Logit (MNL) model and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models among Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) buses, Railways, and privately operated buses were developed for the trips between Surat city and Bhavnagar region of Gujarat, India. The final ANN model reflects a difference of attributes has 90.52% mode prediction capability against 70.11% of the MNL model. The developed model gives the proper insight for improving the transportation facilities in the region. It is revealed that the improvement in the service level and egress parameters are more important to attract travelers. The sleeper seat availability, lesser travel cost, lesser egress distance, and availability of night journey have been found important during travelers' thinking process to select the traveling mode. There are 13.1% and 20.1% rises in the probability of choosing GSRTC bus and train mode, respectively, with the improvement in the service level. Moreover, the GSRTC bus should improve its connectivity.

Potential of Geospatial technologies in Mechanized Timber harvesting planning

Mechanized timber harvesting involves various activities including; road planning and selection of harvesting systems and machineries. The emergence of geospatial technology (GSPT) i.e., geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing in the recent decades, has been considered as the best tools to facilitate timber harvesting planning in plantation forests. GSPT provide accurate stand information enabling better decision-making and optimizing forest operations. This study was conducted at Sao hill Forest Plantation (SHFP) in Tanzania, with the objective of determining relative efficiency (RE) between geospatial approach (GSPA) and conventional approach (CA) on planning mechanized timber harvesting. 120 grapple skidder (GS) time study observations in 30 sample plots covering different elevation terrain ranges were studied in both approaches. Productivity and costs under the two approaches were estimated and modelled using generalized linear model (GLM) approach. To obtain large scale estimates of productivity and costs, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation approach was used. The results showed that, GSPA demonstrated higher productivity and lower unit skidding costs (i.e., 71.1m3/hr and 2.121USD/m3) compared to CA (i.e., 67.5m3/hr and 2.914USD/m3) respectively. Skidding distance and slope (p-value < 0.05) were significant predictors of the GS performance in both approaches. The pseudo R2 ranging from 58.1% to 64.3% under CA, and from 62.9% to 60.8% under GSPA. Likewise, relative root mean square error (RMSEr) for the models under CA ranged from 49.3% to 50.4% and 33.4% to 35.2% under GSPA. Generally, the results showed that, models under GSPA have better fits and accuracy, compared to CA. Furthermore, the GSPA provided a raster representation of productivity and costs over the entire study area. Moreover, computed RE values (i.e., 1.18 and 6.17) indicated that parameter estimates for the GS productivity and costs were more precise in geospatial models (GSPM) compared to conventional models (CM). These findings highlight the potential of GSPT for an efficient large scale timber harvesting planning, by considering terrain constraints.

Стратегічне планування як спосіб здійснення державного управління

The article reveals the assumptions and main factors for the implementation of a system of state strategic planning in Ukraine as the key link in the process of public administration. The author shows a retrospective of the attempts to legislatively regulate relations in the field of strategic planning in Ukraine and obstacles to their implementation, as well as the practice of producing ersatz of such planning in the form of numerous programs and conceptual documents of various directions and areas of application that do not allow the executive branch to formulate and implement proactive policies for achieving national development goals, rational use of resources in the intended directions and sectors of national development. The article outlines the main aspects of the author's approach to building a model of strategic national planning as a basic subsystem of public administration, which allows to achieve the intended goals of nationally rooted development by creating mechanisms for coordinated and targeted efforts of all branches of executive power and to use the synergy of the planned regulatory and administrative influence of managerial decisions to achieve desirable results in conditions of war and modern challenges of globalization.

Optimal policy for scheduling automated guided vehicles in large-scale intelligent transportation systems

Automated electric mobility technologies have been increasingly applied to large-scale intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) to enhance productivity and efficiency. Advanced technologies have reshaped the traditional transportation systems and posed numerous challenges to the deployment and management of new ITSs. A major challenge in the real-life implementation of ITSs is how to manage a large number of automated objects in a cooperative manner. In this paper, we investigate the scheduling and routing problem of automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in a complicated ITS. Cost and efficiency are identified as the two crucial performance indicators of such a novel ITS. An easy-to-implement practical decision policy and a tailored particle swarm based solution method are designed for problem solving. In addition to the theoretical contributions, this paper also conducts a case study to validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed methodology, thus contributing to the planning and management of large-scale transportation systems by modeling, optimizing, and validating a new ITS deployed with AGVs.

ANALISIS PROSES BISNIS UNTUK PENERAPAN ENTERPRISE ARSITEKTUR PADA DINAS ARSIP DAN PERPUSTAKAAN KOTA BANDUNG

For government agency that want to improve public services based on information and communication technology and the need for strategic planning of information technology and information systems as a strategic direction and framework for information system use to support government agency tasks towards effective and efficient public services and inter-government services (Government to Government,Government to Business,Government to Citizen,Government to Employee) to the maximum extent possible in accordance with the vision, mission and objectives of the government agency. An agency needs to identify business needs and evaluate the IT/IS resources it has so that they can be utilized and developed by stakeholders involved in it.At this time,an agency is not enough to have just a business strategy to face competition.The existing business strategy is incorporated into the business plan and must be accompanied by an IT/IS strategy for optimal use of IT/IS. If in a government institution, the context of the business strategy will become an activity strategy and the context of the business plan will become an activity plan because a government institution is not a company that operates in the business field.The business process in the perspective of information systems is an activity or activity carried out by an agency to provide benefits (value added) for the performance of the agency. To analyze and map the extent to which the business process mapping in DISARPUS Bandung is required a method and a method that can map the flow of business processes and business process analysis is the CATWOE method (customers,actors,transformation,world view,owner and environmental constraint).

Reconstruction of Continuous High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Data Using Time-Aware Implicit Neural Representation

Accurate climate data at fine spatial resolution are essential for scientific research and the development and planning of crucial social systems, such as energy and agriculture. Among them, sea surface temperature plays a critical role as the associated El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is considered a significant signal of the global interannual climate system. In this paper, we propose an implicit neural representation-based interpolation method with temporal information (T_INRI) to reconstruct climate data of high spatial resolution, with sea surface temperature as the research object. Traditional deep learning models for generating high-resolution climate data are only applicable to fixed-resolution enhancement scales. In contrast, the proposed T_INRI method is not limited to the enhancement scale provided during the training process and its results indicate that it can enhance low-resolution input by arbitrary scale. Additionally, we discuss the impact of temporal information on the generation of high-resolution climate data, specifically, the influence of the month from which the low-resolution sea surface temperature data are obtained. Our experimental results indicate that T_INRI is advantageous over traditional interpolation methods under different enhancement scales, and the temporal information can improve T_INRI performance for a different calendar month. We also examined the potential capability of T_INRI in recovering missing grid value. These results demonstrate that the proposed T_INRI is a promising method for generating high-resolution climate data and has significant implications for climate research and related applications.

FORMATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGGLOMERATIONS IN THE TERRITORIAL PLANNING SYSTEM: WORLD EXPERIENCE

The problem of urban construction and development of agglomeration associations is urgent and rapidly growing in the modern world, as cities are becoming key centres of economic, social, and ecological development. Understanding the factors that influence this process is important for sustainable urban planning and development. This study aims to analyse and study the formation of factors influencing the development of agglomeration associations in the system of territorial planning, in particular by researching world experience and analysing relevant literature. The object of the study is the process of development of agglomeration associations, and the subject of the study is the factors that influence this process in the territorial planning system. The methods of literary analysis, statistical data analysis, and comparative analysis were used in this study. The literary analysis made it possible to collect and analyse domestic and foreign sources related to the problem of the development of agglomeration associations. The analysis of statistical data provided an opportunity to confirm and emphasise certain trends in the development of agglomerations. The comparative analysis made it possible to identify differences and common features of the development of agglomerations in different countries. In the course of the study, scientific sources on agglomeration growth and territorial planning were carefully analysed and systematised. A comparative analysis of agglomeration growth in France, Germany, Japan, China, India, and Brazil was conducted, which made it possible to identify common trends and differences. Based on the conducted research, it was established that the development of agglomeration associations is a complex process with various consequences. For the practical implementation of the research results, it is recommended to develop individual approaches to territorial planning and urban development, taking into account the specific factors of each country. It is also important to actively involve the local population in the decision-making process and ensure effective monitoring and control of the sustainable development of agglomeration associations. Keywords: urban construction, territorial planning, town planning, urbanism, development of agglomerations.

Performance analysis of voltage source converter based high voltage direct current line under small control perturbations

High voltage direct current (HVDC) systems provide important advantages; among them the ability to transmit enormous amounts of electrical power over great distances at low cost. As a result, planners of power systems consider it as a viable choice for power transmission and interconnection of asynchronous networks. Depending on HVDC grids, continental/super grids have been recently constructed to promote global economic development. The study described in the paper focuses on the behavior of a voltage sourced converter (VSC) based HVDC transmission system comprising three arms-neutral point clamped (NPC) converters interconnecting two asynchronous alternating current (AC)networks. In addition, the system components, and the vector control strategy of active/reactive powers and direct current (DC)bus voltage are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under varying situations by adjusting the controller’s settings. The study records and analyzes AC/DC voltages and active/reactive powers at two converter stations undervarying power and voltage conditions. The results of the study provide key performance indicators, such as settling time (tsett), steady state error (SSE), overshot/undershoot (OS%/US%), and correlation factor (CF), which demonstrate the robustness of thesystem’s control.