Paint Systems Research Articles

Paint Systems without Primers for Automotive Finishing

Paint Systems without Primers for Automotive Finishing

Development of transition metal oxide–kaolin composite pigments for potential application in paint systems

The present work deals with a simplified process for synthesizing metal oxides of Cu(II), Ni(II), Cr(III) and Fe(III) imbibed kaolin pigments and characterizing those samples using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FESEM and EDS in addition to the visual classification by color. Furthermore, PEG analysis and antimicrobial potency of these samples were investigated thoroughly which conferred positive impact depicting the fact that these metal oxides incorporated kaolin composites can serve as a good and promising ceramic pigment material in paint systems. Due to easy availability of kaolin and involvement of low temperature, the production cost of these synthesized pigments is highly reduced which can be an added advantage to the paint industry.

Interactive digital graffiti canvas system

AbstractThis paper presents an interactive digital painting system that allows a user to draw graffiti on a virtual 3D canvas with a digital spray can. The system visualizes a stereoscopic representation of the canvas by tracking the user's head. It also emulates real‐time spray painting by tracking the spray can in the user's hand as well as sensing the button pressure of the spray device. After painting a 3D object, the user can interact with the object on the display and see it flying in the 3D environment through a tracked head‐mounted display. As demonstrated in the results of our evaluation, we verified that the system resembles real graffiti in regard to a natural and realistic graffiti experience. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Affinity states of biocides determine bioavailability and release rates in marine paints

A challenge for the next generation marine antifouling (AF) paints is to deliver minimum amounts of biocides to the environment. The candidate AF compound medetomidine is here shown to be released at very low concentrations, ie ng ml−1 day−1. Moreover, the release rate of medetomidine differs substantially depending on the formulation of the paint, while inhibition of barnacle settlement is independent of release to the ambient water, ie the paint with the lowest release rate was the most effective in impeding barnacle colonisation. This highlights the critical role of chemical interactions between biocide, paint carrier and the solid/aqueous interface for release rate and AF performance. The results are discussed in the light of differential affinity states of the biocide, predicting AF activity in terms of a high surface affinity and preserved bioavailability. This may offer a general framework for the design of low-release paint systems using biocides for protection against biofouling on marine surfaces.

Life cycle assessment of façade coating systems containing manufactured nanomaterials

Nanotechnologies are expected to hold considerable potential for the development of new materials in the construction sector. Up to now the environmental benefits and risks of products containing manufactured nanomaterials (MNM) have been quantified only to a limited extent. This study aims to assess the potential environmental, health and safety impacts of coatings containing MNM using Life-cycle assessment: Do paints containing MNM result in a better environmental performance than paints not containing MNM? The study shows that the results depend on a number of factors: (i) The MNM have to substitute an (active) ingredient of the initial paint composition and not simply be an additional ingredient. (ii) The new composition has to extend the lifetime of the paint for such a time period that the consumption of paint along the life cycle of a building is reduced. (iii) Releases of MNM have to be reduced to the lowest level possible (in particular by dumping unused paint together with the packaging). Only when all these boundary conditions are fulfilled, which is the case only for one of the three paint systems examined, is an improved environmental performance of the MNM-containing paint possible for the paint compositions examined in this study.

Investigation of transverse jet injections in a supersonic crossflow using fast-responding pressure-sensitive paint

Traditional pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) systems can provide data with high spatial resolution; however, the bandwidth is limited to a few Hz by the response time of the paint. Fast-responding paints have demonstrated response times of up to 100 kHz. Ultra-bright LEDs and fast-framing cameras combined with a porous polymer PSP can be used to produce a system capable of both high spatial resolution and high temporal bandwidth. Measurements of mean and unsteady pressure have been acquired on an experimental setup composed of a Mach-2 channel flow with transverse jet injection. The unsteady pressure data clearly resolve structures not present in the mean pressure data, including multiple lambda shocks upstream of a strong bow shock, high-frequency perturbations in the location of these shocks, and significant deformations of the bow shock structure. Time series of data can be extracted at each pixel, and the spectral content and phase relationship of the flow can be presented as maps of pressure fluctuations at specific frequencies or as correlation coefficients between a control point and the remaining flow. This type of map can be created using arrays of fast pressure transducers; here, we present data representing an array of over 26,000 fast pressure transducers.

Spectroscopic investigation of substrates contaminated by chemical warfare agents

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy have been evaluated for the purpose of analyzing contaminated and decontaminated substrates, such as Si wafers and different Chemical Agent Resistant Coating (CARC) paint systems.

The Simulation of the Brush Stroke Based on Force Feedback Technology

A novel simulation method of the brush stroke is proposed by applying force feedback technology to the virtual painting process. The relationship between force and the brush deformation is analyzed, and the spring-mass model is applied to construct the brush model, which can realistically simulate the brush morphological changes according to the force exerted on it. According to the deformation of the brush model at a sampling point, the brush footprint between the brush and the paper is calculated in real time. Then, the brush stroke is obtained by superimposing brush footprints along sampling points, and the dynamic painting of the brush stroke is implemented. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the virtual painting system based on the force feedback technology. In this system, users can implement the painting in real time with a Phantom Desktop haptic device, which can effectively enhance reality to users.

A realistic and real-time watercolour painting engine using domain decomposition scheme

We present an efficient watercolour painting system, which can work interactively on low-powered computing machines, even mobile devices. A subdomain based lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is applied to guarantee realism of the simulated watercolour painting output and to enhance the computational efficiency. Our system reflects essential features of watercolour painting such as diffusion, pigment mixing, and drying. We provide an improved colour model, which is adequate for handling subtractive pigment mixing. Results from experiments show that our system can perform interactively, and can even be utilised even for professional art work.

Fire-resistance industrial portal frames: design with different mechanical properties steels and 35 meters spans

Various portal frames are studied to establish their fire response over various fire exposure times. The frames were assembled with plain carbon steel (S275) and micro-alloyed fire resistant (FR) steel (with superior fire-resistant properties). An intumescent fire protective paint was also tested to improve the overall fire resistance of the steel structure. In this paper, a dimensioning method is proposed that combines structural calculations with a conventional software package for the calculation of structural stress, in accordance with the geometric and elastic moduli of each complete section of the industrial metallic frame. The structure was sized by selecting the most economical combination and by estimating the stresses in each particular structural element or section of the overall structure. The process was then repeated with these new dimensions to reach the optimal structural design. The key variables analyzed in this study are: six fire-exposure times, seven intumescent paint thicknesses, and eleven price ratios between the FR and the S275 steels. Each structure in this study has a span of 35 m. The main conclusion is that the use of FR steel combined with S275 and an intumescent paint system is the most cost effective and technically feasible design option for industrial portal frames.

Passivation of Zinc Coatings by Inhibition Chrome-Based Systems

The anticorrosion resistance of metal (inorganic) coatings is defined by the system of anode and cathode protection. As zinc coatings do not load the environment in such an extent like organic paint systems, current trend is to maximally prolong the service life of a zinc coating. This paper is focused on analysis of the speed of corrosion degradation of zinc coatings. The individual samples were prepared by the method of hot-dipping and galvanizing. Inhibition systems were applied only to electrolyte-applied zinc coating. There were prepared three different passivating methods: (1) slim-layer passivation with the content of Cr (III), (2) slim-layer passivation with the inhibitor Cr (VI) and (3) thick-layer passivation with Cr (III). The thickness of anticorrosion coatings has been measured by both destructive and non-destructive methods. The weight of the applied anticorrosion substrate was measured in compliance with the ČSN EN ISO 3892 standard. Ductile characteristics were analysed according to the ČSN EN ISO 1519 standard. The total evaluation of anticorrosion resistance was processed according to the ČSN EN ISO 9227 standard (salt-spray test). Based on the results of corrosion tests, the individual coatings can be analysed and their corrosion resistance can be evaluated. The service life of the zinc coating can be prolonged by sealing off the zinc coating by an appropriate inhibitor which supports the self-healing effect of the whole anticorrosion substrate.

Problems and Strategies of the Inscriptions of Contemporary Chinese Paintings

Inscription is used as an important artistic means to enhance the expressiveness of the traditional Chinese paintings. With the change of the social and cultural life as well as the knowledge structure, there are some new features in the development of contemporary Chinese paintings. The importance of the inscription is neglected in most times, and there is also growing concern in the capacity of contemporary painters when it comes to inscription. For example, most painters just inscribe their names in paintings, and a variety of the styles of the inscriptions in traditional painting are on the verge of loss, which is aggravated by the sketch-based teaching system of Contemporary Chinese painting. For analyzing the problems existed in the Chinese paintings, this paper tries to find and propose solutions to provide some reference for the healthy development of contemporary Chinese paintings.

Autocomplete painting repetitions

Painting is a major form of content creation, offering unlimited control and freedom of expression. However, it can involve tedious manual repetitions, such as stippling large regions or hatching complex contours. Thus, a central goal in digital painting research is to automate tedious repetitions while allowing user control. Existing methods impose a sequential order, in which a small exemplar is prepared and then cloned through additional gestures. Such sequential mode may break the continuous, spontaneous flow of painting. Moreover, it is more suitable for homogeneous areas than nuanced variations common in real paintings. We present an interactive digital painting system that auto-completes tedious repetitions while preserving nuanced variations and maintaining natural flows. Specifically, users paint as usual, while our system records and analyzes their workflows. When potential repetition is detected, our system predicts what the user might want to draw and offers auto-completes that adjust to the existing shape-color context. Our method eliminates the need for sequential creation-cloning and better adapts to the local painting contexts. Furthermore, users can choose to accept, ignore, or modify those predictions and thus maintain full control. Our method can be considered as the painting analogy of auto-completes in common typing and IDE systems. We demonstrate the quality and usability of our system through painting results and a pilot user study.

TRVANLIVOST NÁTĚROVÝCH SYSTÉMŮ SE SNÍŽENOU EKOLOGICKOU ZÁTĚŽÍ V LABORATORNÍCH A PROVOZNÍCH PODMÍNKÁCH

The paper presents the results of selected paints durability testing. The paints are applicable for use in agricultural environment, they have been tested for direct contact with drinking water and feedstuff, and they contain reduced amount of environment impacting pollutants and components. Du­ra­bi­li­ty testing has been carried out in pure environment of condensation chamber with presence of SO2, and during 10-year experiment in atmospheric conditions. The properties of the paints exposed to different conditions are compared and discussed. According to the results, it is not possible to use the accelerated laboratory experiments for reliable prediction of the properties of the paint systems subjected to atmospheric conditions.

A conversion layer based on trivalent chromium and cobalt for the corrosion protection of electrogalvanized steel

The corrosion resistance of pure zinc coatings can be improved through the application of suitable chemical passivation treatments. Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) compounds have widely been used to formulate conversion layers providing better anticorrosive protection as well as anchorage properties to painting systems. However, taking into account that they are produced using hazardous chemical compounds, the development of alternative and “green” technologies with equivalent protective performance is a paramount purpose of many R&D laboratories working around the world. In the present paper, the corrosion behavior of industrially electrogalvanized steel subjected to a Cr3++Co2+-based passivation treatment was studied. The experimental work involved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and polarization curves in a 0.1mol/L Na2SO4 solution, surface microstructural and morphological characterization by electronic microscopy as well as chemical analysis by EDXS and XPS. The most commonly observed failures on the Cr6+ treated samples were attributed to microstructural features of the substrate that were not adequately healed by the Cr6+ passivation treatment.

Combined approach of FT‐Raman, SERS and IR micro‐ATR spectroscopies to enlighten ancient technologies of painted and varnished works of art

The characterization of materials involved in painted works of art provides a better knowledge of artworks through the understanding of artistic and technological processes. In this study, some pieces selected from a large corpus of French Decorative Arts objects from 18th century museum collections were analyzed. These materials are complex system made of a multilayered colored background, covered with varnish layers. Colored or gilded ornaments are applied, representing different characters, flowers or landscapes, then varnished again. The aim of this study was to improve the painting and varnishing techniques knowledge in the Decorative Arts field during the 18th century. Vibrational spectroscopies, Raman, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and infrared, were used to analyze some specific parts of these objects, especially organic materials such as lake pigments, binders and varnishes, and some of them were identified. For this purpose, a set of experimental setups and parameters were used according to the samples. The performed analyses were thus done using conventional FT‐Raman at 1064 nm, SERS with a 458 nm excitation wavelength, infrared using a micro‐ATR mode, and by defining for each technique and each analysed sample the best set of analytical parameters. The results obtained are all complementary and allowed us to completely identify and characterize multilayered paint systems as well as varnish compositions using specific data treatment methodology. This study is a description of the various possibilities that vibrational spectroscopies can provide when the right settings are employed, with a deeper look into the vibrational features using new data treatments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Application of confocal X-ray fluorescence micro-spectroscopy to the investigation of paint layers

A confocal micro X-ray fluorescence (MXRF) spectrometer based on polycapillary X-ray optics was used for the identification of paint layers. The performance of the confocal MXRF was studied. Multilayered paint fragments of a car were analyzed nondestructively to demonstrate that this confocal MXRF instrument could be used in the discrimination of the various layers in multilayer paint systems.

Electrochemical Studies on Zero VOC Coated Steel through Atmospheric Exposure and REAP Test in the Laboratory

The application of coatings for control the degradation of materials has been historically used since ancient civilizations, but usually the coating systems take a long time to show the physical evidence of corrosion on coated metals, so the evaluation of coatings in aggressive atmospheres and with a rapid way has been the dream of the experts and users through the time. Cabinete standard tests have been developed as a quality control for coatings, including salt fog, climate chamber or artificially damage conditions.The paint systems utilized for the study were zero volatile organic or water base paints with Zinc phosphate content. The electrochemical measurements were made before and after the potentiostatic test using the electrochemical techniques of Corrosion Potential (Ecorr), Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and the Polarization Curves. For the evaluation of the atmospheric exposed coatings they were retired at different times and applied the electrochemical tests in the laboratory and returned to the exposure rack. For the application of the Rapid Electrochemical Assessment of Paints (REAP), the galvanic current was registered during the potentiostatic conditions providing an excellent parameter for the qualification of paint systems, while a degradability parameter for the paint systems can be calculated from the LPR results that can be compared with results from atmospheric exposure.

A Study on Paint Spray Condition of Rotary Painting System for Plastic Wheel cover in Vehicles

A Study on Paint Spray Condition of Rotary Painting System for Plastic Wheel cover in Vehicles

감상자의 견해가 반영된 물감 특징을 표현하는 물감 시뮬레이션 시스템

There are many studies to create realistic paint effects and the research area still has attracted attention in these days. However, the consideration for the characteristics of the real paint effects from the point of viewers is not enough. In this paper, we extract the important paint features and survey the importance values. Based on the survey results, we suggest a new paint system. The paint system utilizes the paint simulation that reflects viscoelasticity and mixing suggested by You et al. (2013) and proposes the paint rendering method that represents the details of a paint, a solvent, and pigments. We survey the quality of our results and prove that our paint system is superior to the previous studies.