Paint Systems Research Articles

UKRAINIAN BAROQUE AND EUROPEAN CONTEXT

The purpose of the research. The research is associated with a comprehensive study of icon painting in Sloboda Ukraine. It is an attempt of historical justification and objective interpretation of icon painting artefacts of the Baroque period in the seventeenth and eighteenth century from the point of view of the style formation, icon painting features and identification of regional specificity as an integral part of the historically determined artistic system and artistic phenomenon of Ukrainian culture. The research methodology consists in the use of art-historical, comparative, and historical and logical methods. Its methodological framework is the principles of systematicity and historicism. Icon painting in Sloboda Ukraine is studied as a phenomenon of national culture and a phenomenon of a certain cultural and historical situation interacting with social, historical and cultural factors. The scientific novelty of the research is that it is for the first time in Ukrainian art history that the evolution of icon painting in Sloboda Ukraine is studied and the concept of the cultural and historical context of the origin and development of this artistic phenomenon is extended based on primary sources. The place that the Sloboda Ukraine icons occupy in the general development of Ukrainian icon painting has been determined for the first time. Conclusions. The analysis of the artistic and imagery system of icon painting in Sloboda Ukraine has shown that the Baroque style was dominant in the period studied, as well as in the whole Ukrainian art; it was best suited for the national character and embodied the Ukrainian mentality. The spread of the Baroque style in the region was determined by the peculiarities of the spiritual life of the period, its secularization. Referring to the innovations of Western art fell on the original local «soil», intertwining with the Ukrainian sacral painting traditions in the works of various local schools, as well as with the post-Byzantine tradition, which led to original interweaving of archaisms and innovations.

Assessing effectiveness of wood spray painting system model for undergraduate engineering education

AbstractIn this study, the effectiveness of an experimental model of spray painting system (SPS) for wood products in engineering education was evaluated based on students' mental workload (MWL). The subjective rating method, NASA‐task load index (NASA‐TLX), was used to evaluate the MWL of 34 students and 8 experts. The results of the data analysis showed that the assessment of the students' MWL was higher than that of the experts. Hence, the research indicated the need to improve the practical content in order to reduce the student MWL. In addition, the results demonstrated that students' MWL could be used to consider the effectiveness of the experimental model in engineering education, thereby improving the model's efficiency and the quality of training.

Ferrari, PPG roll out cooler paint system

Following a collaboration, Ferrari and PPG Industries have introduced an auto paint system that cures at 100 °C instead of 150 °C, reducing energy costs. Named LowCure, the two-component paint incorporates a clear coat with a novel hardening agent that provides added chemical and mechanical resistance. The new formula also boosts cross-coat linking, which Ferrari says increases hydrophobicity and reduces water permeability.

The Effect of Changes in Environmental Conditions on the Mechanical Behaviour of Selected Paint Systems

ABSTRACT The impact of relative humidity (RH) and temperature variation on the mechanical behaviour of paintings on canvas was investigated, based on the various environmental recommendations that are applied by museums and institutions worldwide. Paint samples were constructed based on the works of twentieth-century artists such as Soulages and Riopelle. The various samples are based on criteria such as paint media, additives, pigment type, canvas type, thickness, type of application, and drying time. Once they are fully dry, paint films behave as elastic, viscoelastic, or viscoplastic materials depending on the chemical nature of their components. These properties, as well as tensile strength, were determined by a series of tensile tests. Other samples were included, originating from discarded oil paintings on canvas from the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. To carry out mechanical tests under controlled conditions of temperature and RH, a climatic chamber was built around the column of a universal testing machine. Samples were submitted to stress relaxation tests to observe their response to changes in environmental conditions. RH was increased from 20 to 90% and temperature from 15 to 60°C. Reactivity diagrams were drawn based on the results. The endurance limit under mechanical fatigue was determined from the diagrams and helped define the risks associated with each painting type when exposed to the accepted environmental recommendations.

Electrochemical Measurement of Protective Paint Systems for Steel Road Bridges－Results of the Exposure Test in Marine Environment for 30 Years－

Electrochemical Measurement of Protective Paint Systems for Steel Road Bridges－Results of the Exposure Test in Marine Environment for 30 Years－

Treatment of Automotive Paint Wastewater Using Electroflotation: Kinetic Study, Influencing Factors and Data Analysis

A comprehensive laboratory experimental study was conducted on the application of electroflotation in removal of paint from automotive paint system. In 40 min testing time and under 44 A/m2 current density, the total suspended solids (TSS) removal rates ranged from 90.39 to 97.43%. The first and second-order rate constants were developed. The kinetics of the TSS removal from the automotive paint wastewater was best described with the second-order rate constants. Two statistical methods were applied to identify the key factors for electroflotation performance among the Initial TSS Concentration, Current Density, water pH, Zeta Potential and Electrical Conductivity. It was confirmed that in both methods, the Initial TSS Concentration and Current Density were the most significant variables. Further, through Response Surface Methodology and Stepwise Regression analysis, equations of the removal rate of TSS vs reaction time and applied current density were produced for different wastewater samples.

New Paint System Helps Prevent Counterfeiting

New Paint System Helps Prevent Counterfeiting

Stop Planning of Teleplatform for Large Civil Aircraft Painting with Industrial Robot

An efficient automatic aircraft manufacturing system needs to be developed to respond to the rapid development of civil aviation in China. Whole aircraft painting is the last process of manufacture. Painting quality is an important guarantee for flight safety and longevity. Manual painting has difficulties meeting the quality and efficiency requirements. In this study, the stop planning of teleplatform is investigated for automated aircraft coating with industrial robots (IRs). First, the automatic painting system composed of a teleplatform and an IR is introduced. Next, the high-quality workspace for IR is established, with focus on the requirement of terminal precision. Next, the aircraft surface is considered to be composed of flat, cylindrical, and conical surfaces for simplicity. Painting work units are proposed. Finally, the stop planning of teleplatform for advanced regional jet for the 21st century is accomplished. The developed stop planning method is convenient and practical and could be applied further to the automatic painting of other aircrafts and rockets.

Investigating the effect of artists\u2019 paint formulation on degradation rates of TiO2-based oil paints

This study reports on the effect of artists’ paint formulation on degradation rates of TiO2-based oil paints. Titanium white oil paint exists in a multitude of different recipes, and the effect of the formulation on photocatalytic binder degradation kinetics is unknown. These formulations contain, among others, one or both titanium dioxide polymorphs, zinc oxide, the extenders barium sulfate or calcium carbonate and various additives. Most research performed on the photocatalytic degradation process focusses on pure titanium white-binder mixtures and thus does not take into account the complete paint system. Since photocatalytic oil degradation is a process initiated by the absorption of UV light, any ingredient or combination of ingredients influencing the light scattering and absorption properties of the paint films may affect the degradation rate. In this study three sets of experiments are conducted, designed using the design of experiments (DoE) approach, to screen for the most important formulation factors influencing the degradation rate. The benefits of using DoE, compared to a more traditional ‘one factor at a time approach’ are robustness, sample efficiency, the ability of evaluate mixtures of multiple components as well as the ability to evaluate factor interactions. The three sets of experiments investigate (1) the influence of the TiO2 type, (2) the impact of different mixtures of two types of TiO2, ZnO and the additive aluminum stearate and (3) the influence of common extenders in combination with photocatalytic TiO2, on the photocatalytic degradation of the oil binder. The impact of the formulation on the degradation rate became apparent, indicating the shortcoming of oversimplified studies. The protective effect of photostable TiO2 pigments, even in a mixture with photocatalytic TiO2 pigments, as well as the negative effect of extenders was demonstrated. Furthermore, the ambiguous role of ZnO (photocatalytic or not) and aluminum stearate is highlighted. Neither can be ignored in a study of degradation behavior of modern oil paints and require further investigation.

A fast-responding semi-transparent pressure-sensitive paint based on through-hole anodized aluminum oxide membrane

A novel pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) has been developed which uses through-hole anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane as the binder to achieve fast response (up to 80 kHz) and sufficient transparency in visible wavelength. The AAO membrane has well-organized nanostructure with through holes, which are prepared from typical AAO by first chemically removing the aluminum substrate and then applying a pore opening procedure by chemical etching. The geometry of AAO membrane, including thickness, pore size and porosity can be precisely defined by controlling the parameters of the anodization process. The pressure-sensitive paint was prepared by dipping the AAO membrane into the solution of a ruthenium-based luminophore. The sensing performance of PSP samples, including signal strength, pressure sensitivity and response time, was evaluated based on static and dynamic calibrations. The effects of pore size and porosity on PSP performance were investigated and their relations with the binder’s optical properties were discussed in detail. Unlike the conventional AA-PSP, the application of this semi-transparent membrane PSP (STM-PSP) is not limited to aluminum models. In addition, its high transparency allows back-illumination and back-imaging during applications if necessary, and makes it very suitable for developing multi-layer paint systems.

Lanthanum Derivative from “Tara” Tannin for Steel Temporary Protection

Tannins are extracted from certain plants and contain numerous phenol groups. They may be employed, together with their derivatives, to formulate protective coatings due to their inhibitive properties. The objective of this research was to synthesize lanthanum “tannates”, to formulate wash-primers. Two “Tara” (Caesalpinia spinosa) tannins and 0.1 M La(NO3)3 were employed to obtain the corresponding tannates. The inhibitive action of the tannates was evaluated by linear polarization and corrosion potential measurements employing a SAE 1010 electrode. Lanthanum tannates were used to formulate wash-primers whose anticorrosion performance was evaluated by corrosion potential and ionic resistance measurements. The primers were incorporated in alkyd paint systems and their anticorrosion performance was tested in the salt spray chamber and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Lanthanum tannate primers protected steel and behaved in a similar way to that formulated with zinc tetroxychromate.

A hybrid ray-wave optics model to study the scattering behavior of silver metallic paint systems

The gonioapparent lightness of a metallic paint system depends strongly on the 3D microstructure of the platelet-containing basecoat layer, and on the platelet roughness. Current optical models which are used to simulate the paint’s appearance, however, ignore the multi-scale and multi-dimensional microstructural features, which limits their predictive power. Here, we describe a hybrid, ray-wave optics model for metallic paints. This model incorporates the ray-optics of the 3D platelet microstructure and the wave effects that result from the surface roughness of the platelets. This model is used to link the roughness to the reflection lobes of the aluminum platelets, and to the gonioapparent lightness of the paint system. Predicted lightness values from our model matched, at most viewing angles, measurements from physical paint samples. This model can be used to explore the effect of platelet surface roughness on the lightness of the complete paint system and predict the appearance of paints with different platelet microstructures.

Capabilities and limitations of handheld Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for the analysis of colourants and binders in 20th-century reverse paintings on glass

A non-invasive method has been carried out to show the capabilities and limitations of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for identifying of colourants and binders in modern reverse glass paintings. For this purpose, the reverse glass paintings “Zwei Frauen am Tisch” (1920–22), “Bäume” (1946) (both by Heinrich Campendonk), “Lofoten” (1933) (Edith Campendonk-van Leckwyck) and “Ohne Titel” (1954) (Marianne Uhlenhuth), were measured. In contrast to other techniques (e.g. panel and mural painting), the paint layers are applied in reverse succession. In multi-layered paint systems, the front paint layer may no longer be accessible. The work points out the different spectral appearance of a given substance (gypsum, basic lead white) in reverse glass paintings. However, inverted bands, band overlapping and derivative-shaped spectral features can be interpreted by comparing the spectra from the paintings with spectra from pure powders and pigment/linseed oil mock-ups. Moreover, the work focuses on this method's capabilities in identifying synthetic organic pigments (SOP). Reference spectra of three common SOP (PG7, PY1, PR83) were obtained from powders and historical colour charts. We identified PR83 and PY1 in two reverse glass paintings, using the measured reference spectra. The recorded DRIFTS spectra of pure linseed oil, gum Arabic, mastic, polyvinyl acetate resin and bees wax can be used to classify the binding media of the measured paintings.

Investigation of Multi-Stage Deposition Techniques of Industrial EPD Paint for High Film Thickness and Multi-Layer Applications

EPD paint systems are well established industrially for applying coatings to a wide variety of metal items. Being aqueous systems, deposition is principally driven by electrolysis rather than electrophoresis. Polarisation of the deposit by diffusing or retained electrolytic gas leads to a self-limiting rate of deposition. Self-limitation is beneficial for equalising thickness distribution, but prevents higher thicknesses that may be required for protection. If electrodeposition is interrupted and the polarising gas bubble blanket removed, electrodeposition can be resumed with electrophoresis becoming more significant, and higher thickness achieved. Multiple layers of different paint compositions are also possible. Substrate movement as opposed to whole bath agitation can be significant for refining the deposit. Studying the final composition of multiple layers of different paints provides insight into the deposition processes. Practical advantages include enhanced corrosion protection from higher thickness, and various functional attributes from multiple layering.

Corrosion protection in saline environment of a carbon steel coated (aluminum & three-layer painting system) by eats

This paper presents a comparative study on corrosion protection of low-carbon steel coated with two different painting systems. The first set of samples was coated with an aluminum layer of primer deposited by Electric Arc Thermal Spray (EATS), after which two additional layers of paint were applied, thereby creating an aluminum-painting system; while the second set of samples was coated with the traditional three-layer painting system (zinc-rich layer of primer). Afterwards, all the samples were exposed to the salt spray chamber. The samples were monitored to record their reactions in the corrosive saline environment. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), adhesion and electrochemical corrosion tests were performed to characterize the coatings and report changes in their properties (adhesion, topography and homogeneity), which are related to exposure time. The three-layer painting system barely complied with manufacturer claims on protection time under corrosive conditions; on the other hand, the aluminum-painting system yielded better results by prolonging protection time.

Haptic Decorating on the Surface of Virtual Clay Model

A novel haptic decorating method on the surface of virtual clay model is proposed. The relationship between brush deformation and endured force is researched for the first time by applying the spring-mass model to construct the 3D brush model. Then, the collision detection between virtual hairy brush and virtual clay model is researched based on collision algorithm of weighted average distance. When the hairy brush initially collides with 3D exterior, the tactility is simulated and the interactive virtual painting on the 3D exterior is carried out practically. The 3D brush stroke is formed by superimposing 3D brush footprints along the painting direction and controlling the stress of the brush. The ink quantity in the brush footprint is determined according to the proposed positive correlation between the exerted pressure on brush and outflow ink quantity of the brush. A painting storage method is also presented for storing and displaying 3D stroke painting results. The proposed method has been successfully applied in the 3D virtual painting system based on real-time force feedback technology. With this system, the 3D brush strokes with 3D half-dry and ink diffusion results can be painted with a Phantom Desktop haptic device, which effectively enhance reality to users.

Contrasting confocal XRF with micro-SORS: a deep view within micrometric painted stratigraphy

The study presents the application of combined micro-Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (micro-SORS) and confocal X-ray fluorescence (confocal XRF) to the non-destructive investigation of micrometer scale stratified painted systems.

Smart Wall Painting System

The objective of this paper is to outline a smart wall painting system for little and medium scale operations. These days robots are broadly utilized as a part of relatively every application like medicinal application, amusement, military, production lines vehicle businesses, and so on. However, the utilization of robot is as yet not generally utilized as a part of constructional work. Robots are fundamentally design to build speed and maximize accuracy of construction field work. The basic point of the paper is to design, develop and actualize Remote Operated Wall Painting Machine which helps for accomplishing painting hardware requiring little to no effort because of which the sketch work can be effectively done proficiently and in particular at extremely ostensible cost. The painting machine keeps away from coordinate contact of chemicals which can be harmful to the human painters, for example, eye, skin and respiratory system issues.. Besides that the idea of painting method that requires rehashed work time and hand rising make it physical torment, and exertion devouring. Moreover, it would offer the chance to decrease or take out human introduction to troublesome and dangerous worked system conditions, which would take care of a large portion of the issues associated with security when numerous activities happen in the meantime. This machine is is easy to operate and no need of labour required to operate effectively. At the point when development specialists and robots are appropriately coordinated in building tasks,the entire development process can be better overseen and savings in human work and timing are acquired as an outcome. wall painting is a redundant, debilitating and risky process which makes it a perfect case for automation. Painting had been mechanized in car industry however not yet for the development business. There is a strong requirement for a portable robot that can move to paint walls of buildings. In this paper, the conceptual plan of a an autonomous wall painting robot is portrayed comprising of an arm that sweeps the dividers vertically and is fitted on a versatile robot base to give the lateral feed movement to cover the painting area. The design objective is to fulfill the criteria of straight forwardness, low weight, ease and quick painting time. Ultrasonic sensors are fitted on the arm and the portable base to alter as far as possible and move in the room territory. A control system is intended to direct the arm movement and plan the versatile base movement.

Library Search Prefilters for Vehicle Manufacturers to Assist in the Forensic Examination of Automotive Paints

Pattern recognition techniques have been applied to the infrared (IR) spectral libraries of the Paint Data Query (PDQ) database to differentiate between nonidentical but similar IR spectra of automotive paints. To tackle the problem of library searching, search prefilters were developed to identify the vehicle make from IR spectra of the clear coat, surfacer-primer, and e-coat layers. To develop these search prefilters with the appropriate degree of accuracy, IR spectra from the PDQ database were preprocessed using the discrete wavelet transform to enhance subtle but significant features in the IR spectral data. Wavelet coefficients characteristic of vehicle make were identified using a genetic algorithm for pattern recognition and feature selection. Search prefilters to identify automotive manufacturer through IR spectra obtained from a paint chip recovered at a crime scene were developed using 1596 original manufacturer's paint systems spanning six makes (General Motors, Chrysler, Ford, Honda, Nissan, and Toyota) within a limited production year range (2000-2006). Search prefilters for vehicle manufacturer that were developed as part of this study were successfully validated using IR spectra obtained directly from the PDQ database. Information obtained from these search prefilters can serve to quantify the discrimination power of original automotive paint encountered in casework and further efforts to succinctly communicate trace evidential significance to the courts.

Molecular dynamics of palmitic acid and lead palmitate in cross-linked linseed oil films: Implications from deuterium magnetic resonance for lead soap formation in traditional oil paintings

Many oil paintings, dating from the 15th century to the present, are affected by the formation of heavy-metal carboxylates (soaps) that alter the structural integrity and appearance of the works. Through transport phenomena not yet understood, free fatty acids formed from oils used as binders migrate through the paint film and react with heavy-metal ions that are constituents of pigments and/or driers, forming metal carboxylates. The local molecular dynamics of fatty acids and metal carboxylates are factors influencing material transport in these systems. We report temperature-dependent 2H NMR spectra of palmitic acid and lead palmitate as pure materials, in cross-linked linseed oil films, and in a lead white linseed oil paint film as part of our broader research into metal soap formation. Local dynamics at the α carbon, at the terminal methyl group, and at the middle of the fatty acid chain were observed in specifically deuterated materials. Changes in the dynamic behavior with temperature were observed by the appearance of two species, a solid-like material and a liquid-like material. The relative amounts of the two phases and their deuterium NMR parameters indicate that the amount of liquid-like material and the local dynamics at that site increase with temperature. At the three locations along the chain and at all temperatures, there is a larger percentage of acyl chains of both palmitic acid and lead palmitate that are “mobile” or liquid-like in linseed oil films than there are in the pure materials. However, the percentage of liquid-like species is decreased in a lead white paint film, as compared to a linseed oil matrix. In addition, these experiments indicate that there is a larger percentage of liquid-like acyl chains of palmitic acid than of lead palmitate under identical conditions in these model paint systems.