System Of International Economic Relations Research Articles

ФОРСАЙТ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОГО ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ І СТРАТЕГУВАННЯ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В УМОВАХ ЗАГОСТРЕННЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ПРОБЛЕМ РОЗВИТКУ

The purpose of the article is to study strategic long-term planning tools that allow timely identification of the latest risks, challenges and threats to international economic development that make it difficult to solve global problems that are a consequence of failures in the coordination of international economic policy. It has been determined that strategic forecasting allows politicians to increase the efficiency of government decision-making by identifying opportunities and threats that may arise in the coming years and decades, and also involves the development of possible strategies to counter them by taking into account the characteristics of the identified trends. The phenomenon of the new economy is characterized. The influence of technological development on the asymmetry of international economic development is determined. It has been established that the problems of international economic development in foresight strategizing include geopolitical rivalry, resource confrontation, energy dependence, deglobalization, disintegration processes, trade fragmentation, gaps in value and supply chains, reinstitutionalization of the system of international economic relations, recession, population aging, unemployment. Foresight forecasting tools that are not aimed at predicting a single “correct future” include: analysis of long-term trends and uncertainties; horizon scanning); scenario planning; shaping a normative future; political games; futures wheels; causal multilevel analysis. Research into long-term trends and uncertainties reveals key factors in different possible futures. The comprehensive observation carried out allows us to identify risks for the macroeconomic environment and proactively formulate a pool of measures to minimize the destructive impact of instability on socio-economic development. Improving foresight research as a critical element of strategic forecasting for solving problems of long-term development affects both theoretical aspects (conceptual approach, conceptual apparatus) and applied aspects (technologies and methods of development) of the development and use of this tool. Strategic planning allows you to develop adequate tools to achieve goals and proactively respond to the challenges of modern development, minimizing costs and compensating for the losses that arise for this reason, which lead to the loss of existing competitive advantages. The difference between forecasts and foresights is noted: forecasts are usually associated with uncontrollable events, while foresights most often deal with events and processes that are clearly controllable, therefore they assess the probability of not only one or another outcome of future events, but also the adoption of certain strategic and management decisions. The ability to distinguish normative approaches (what we want) from pragmatic approaches (what we should) is an important component of thinking in terms of alternative futures

Managing the transformation of foreign economic activity in an unstable macroeconomic environment

In modern conditions of chaoticization of the system of international economic relations and foreign economic activity of business entities, the tasks of improving the management of foreign economic activity of enterprises by the state and the formation of its embedded mechanisms to ensure the protection of state security in the world market are actualized. The purpose of the article is to analyze the topical issues of foreign economic activity transformation in the context of global instability. According to the author, in the system of state regulation of foreign economic activity of an enterprise, the implementation of an integrated foreign economic activity management system will be timely, which will significantly offset the problems existing in subjects of foreign economic activity related to external factors. However, it is impossible to quickly adjust to dynamically changing conditions and ensure management consistency, increase the efficiency of foreign economic activity of domestic enterprises and protect state economic security. The main goal of the transformation, according to the author, is to provide the necessary transparency and flexibility in the management system of foreign economic activity both at the state level and at the level of a specific subject of foreign economic activity, which is very important in the context of growing instability of the macroeconomic environment. Priorities in the context of growing global instability are to increase the efficiency of foreign economic activity, the competitiveness of the economy and the protection of economic security.

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US trade and industrial policy as a challenge to the modern system of international trade relations

The current stage of development of international trade relations is followed by a growing protectionism. At the same time, the ideas of free trade and fair competition are still declared as key principles for the development of the world economy. One of the authors of these principles, as well as the entire modern system of international trade relations, is the USA. In this context, the possible refusal of the USA to comply with these principles is a serious challenge for the existing system of international trade. The author tries to answer the question if some measures of the US trade and industrial policy correspond to the basic principles of the international trade system. As an empirical basis there were used the works of Russian and foreign economists specializing in trade policy, international economic relations and the US economy. To answer the stated question about the compliance of the US trade and industrial policy with the principles of free trade and fair competition, the author uses methods of analysis and generalization to assess the nature of certain measures and mechanisms implemented in the US trade and industry. The author comes to conclusion about the protectionist nature of several legal acts and mechanisms of the US trade and industrial policy. Considering that not only certain legal acts, but also industrial programs are protectionist in nature, it should be assumed that retreat from the principles of free trade and fair competition is an element of the US position on the development of the national economy as well as international trade. The USA takes advantage of the imperfections of the existing system of international economic relations, demonstrating the use of protectionist measures contrary to the principles of free trade and fair competition.

FORESIGHT AS A TOOL FOR RESPONSIBLE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND ADJUSTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE FOCUS OF GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS

The purpose of the article is to study strategic long-term planning tools that allow timely identification of the latest risks, challenges and threats to international economic development that make it difficult to solve global problems that are a consequence of failures in the coordination of international economic policy. It has been determined that strategic forecasting allows politicians to increase the efficiency of government decision-making by identifying opportunities and threats that may arise in the coming years and decades, and also involves the development of possible strategies to counter them by taking into account the characteristics of the identified trends. The phenomenon of the new economy is characterized. The influence of technological development on the asymmetry of international economic development is determined. It has been established that the problems of international economic development in foresight strategizing include geopolitical rivalry, resource confrontation, energy dependence, deglobalization, disintegration processes, trade fragmentation, gaps in value and supply chains, reinstitutionalization of the system of international economic relations, recession, population aging, unemployment. Foresight forecasting tools that are not aimed at predicting a single “correct future” include: analysis of long-term trends and uncertainties; horizon scanning); scenario planning; shaping a normative future; political games; futures wheels; causal multilevel analysis. Research into long-term trends and uncertainties reveals key factors in different possible futures. The comprehensive observation carried out allows us to identify risks for the macroeconomic environment and proactively formulate a pool of measures to minimize the destructive impact of instability on socio-economic development. Improving foresight research as a critical element of strategic forecasting for solving problems of long-term development affects both theoretical aspects (conceptual approach, conceptual apparatus) and applied aspects (technologies and methods of development) of the development and use of this tool. Strategic planning allows you to develop adequate tools to achieve goals and proactively respond to the challenges of modern development, minimizing costs and compensating for the losses that arise for this reason, which lead to the loss of existing competitive advantages. The difference between forecasts and foresights is noted: forecasts are usually associated with uncontrollable events, while foresights most often deal with events and processes that are clearly controllable, therefore they assess the probability of not only one or another outcome of future events, but also the adoption of certain strategic and management decisions. The ability to distinguish normative approaches (what we want) from pragmatic approaches (what we should) is an important component of thinking in terms of alternative futures

Aviation industry is a basic element of the national economy and the system of international economic relations

It is proved that air transport is a driving force and a means of formation and development of the domestic market, which ensures the process of integration of the national economy into the world economy. The role and place of the air transport industry in Ukraine's unified transport system are determined, and the advantages and disadvantages of air transport and its role in ensuring international integration processes are analyzed. The essential advantages of air transport that distinguish it from other modes of transport (sea and land) are the highest speed and time savings for transportation; high reliability and safety of transportation; geographical accessibility of departure and arrival points for passengers and cargo, predictability of transportation time, the level of autonomy of passenger service and cargo handling processes; lower costs for cargo insurance. The main disadvantage of air transportation is the high cost of transportation services. At the same time, an increase in transportation distance leads to its reduction, and in some cases, the cost of air transportation may even be lower than other types of transportation due to the grouping of small cargo. This is actively used in modern supply chains. Endogenous and exogenous factors affecting the pricing process in the air transportation industry are investigated. The systemic and non-systemic factors of influence are described, and the need for diversification as the most effective tool for reducing risk in global instability is determined. The author outlines the most critical tasks for developing the Ukrainian air transportation market, which are actualized with its unblocking. The specifics of the elements of the strategic development model, which should be considered in strategic planning in the air transport industry, are scientifically substantiated. Keywords: air transport industry, air transportation, strategic development, international integration, national economy, international economic relations.

«New normal» and the Сhinese model of «dual circulation»: To the question of the «present stage» of the global economy’ development

The reserch explores multiple approaches to the term “new normality”, which appeared in the scientific economic community after the 2008 crisis, and became relevant again with the proclamation of a “new economic era” in China, the “entry” of the world community into the era of the Anthropocene, and the collision of the world with a problem of global significance - the COVID-19 virus. The relevance of the topic is also due to modern conditions: the turbulence of the world economy, which it has entered not only since the beginning of the pandemic, but also as a result of those “tectonic” shifts in the system of international economic relations that occurred after Russia launched a special military operation. The need to supplement and expand the term “new normality” comes from the questions: “If the term “new normality” or “norm” arises, then what is the “old norm”? In relation to what phenomena or processes is this term used and what is the set of definitions and approaches to it?”. The purpose of this article is to identify the main features of the “new normality” in the context of the growth and development phase that the Chinese economy entered in 2014, in particular. The “new normality” in Chinese is based on achieving a more diversified structure of the national economy, ensuring sustainable growth and a more even distribution of benefits. The etymology and development of the term “new normality” are considered. Despite the multiplicity of approaches, a single definition for the term in question has not developed, neither within the framework of economic science, nor within the framework of other areas. The prerequisites underlying the “new norm” in Chinese are analyzed in detail, including those that served as the basis for revising the country’s economic development model and implementing the model known today as the “double circulation” model. The author raises the question of the need to develop an approach to the term also in the key of current events, tectonic shifts in the world economy and the system of international economic relations, which, objectively, can be characterized as a “crisis” of the modern stage of the development of the world economy, known as globalization, or a transitional period, a transitional stage to a new, a completely different stage in the development of the world economy. The main conclusion of the study is as follows: the current stage of the development of the world economy, that is, globalization, is experiencing an acute phase of turbulence, which obviously began long before the last economic crisis of 2008. The events of the last few years show that the effects of globalization to a certain extent cease to justify themselves: increased international competition, increased protectionism policies and an increase in the number of trade disputes within the WTO, escalation of “trade wars”, COVID-19 and its impact on the entire system of international economic relations, disruption and restructuring of production and logistics chains, as well as the exit of TNCs from the Russian market as a result of a special military operation, all this indicates that the current stage of development of the world economy is now a transitional period not because of the effects and processes that occur under the influence of certain events, but because of the restructuring of the entire global economic and geopolitical architecture. All of the above, in turn, requires an adequate response from the economic schools in the form of the need to develop theoretical approaches to the question of the transitive nature of the current stage of the development of the world economy and the transition to another stage.

The Reality and Prospects of Economic Development of the South Caucasus Region: New Approaches to the Influence of Internal and External Economic Factors

In general, the most favorable position in the Caucasus in terms of territory belongs to the South Caucasus. It is necessary not only to analyze but also to generalize the geoeconomic realities of the South Caucasus region, which increase its importance and affect the system of international economic relations. First of all, it should be noted that the location of water bodies such as the Caspian and Black Seas, surrounded by countries such as Russia, Iran, and Turkey, has turned the South Caucasus region into an East-West and North-South corridor. These factors show that the Caucasus, especially the South Caucasus, occupies an important position in the geo-economic region of the world. In recent years, it is clear that international organizations and the world’s economic powers attach great importance to the region. It is no coincidence that the South Caucasus and Central Asia have led to sustainable development and security from the Mediterranean to China, as well as sustainable development and the export of Caspian oil and gas with the participation of world-renowned companies to the European market.

Effectiveness of trade and economic integration of asymmetric countries: Assessment methods and tools

Despite the deepening trend of neo-protectionism and the exacerbation of disproportions in national economies, trade integration remains a relevant form of collaboration among countries worldwide and a driver of their innovation and technological development. The article provides comparative analysis of a number of methods for economic-statistical and management analysis that can be used to assess the impact of the economic asymmetry of partner countries on the effectiveness of their trade and economic integration, and shows that they have both certain potential for solving the task and a number of limitations. It is substantiated that the co-integration test is a promising instrument for testing the hypothesis about the expediency of trade integration of economically asymmetric partners. The presence of co-integration between bilateral trade indicators of asymmetric countries is to mean the synchronization of their dynamics and relative changes, despite differences in absolute values. Furthermore, confirmed cointegration of bilateral trade flows between countries can be considered as an indicator of adherence to market economy principles and the conditions of free trade, as well as an indicator of the level of integration of countries into the system of international economic relations. Prospects for further research consist in testing for the presence of indicators on bilateral trade between asymmetric partners co-integration on the example of particular pairs of countries that are parties to regional trade agreements being characterized by significant differences through the pace of economic development.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE DIGITAL SEGMENT: MAIN FACTORS, TRENDS AND PROBLEMS

The article examines systemic changes in the process of digital trade in the XXI century, as well as new risks and threats that appear objectively in the global digital market in many ways. It is shown that the introduction of digital technologies in all spheres of the world economy since the beginning of the XXI century has spread to the system of international economic relations, primarily international trade as the most actively developing form of international economic relations. The purpose of the article is to study the features and formulate the main characteristics of trade in this segment of the world market in 2000–2021. The authors note that today in the digital segment of the world economy, including in trade, the situation is somewhat different than in other (traditional) segments. In particular, it is not possible to extend tariff and non-tariff restrictions to digital trade, there is no need to make costly investments, which reduces the costs of business entities and increases the efficiency of their trading operations. At the same time, the growth of competition in the digital segment of international trade, the need to strengthen cybersecurity and the level of copyright and intellectual property protection encourage companies to step up efforts in innovation and R&D, in the educational process and, in general, to increase their presence in the social environment. Since digital commerce will be actively developing in the future, all these processes, according to the authors, require attention from enterprises, society and the state.

Problems and Prospects of Chinese Infrastructure Construction and Investment Activity in Latin America

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of economic relations between China and Latin American countries at the present stage. The characteristic features of trade relations and the implementation of joint infrastructure projects were revealed. There were outlined China’s interests in cooperation with Latin America. Latin American countries are trying to maneuver between the United States and China, often choosing China as a more profitable partner. China is striving to build a new system of international economic relations in Latin America and the whole world, the important directions of which will be the creation of conditions for the stable development of Chinese economy.

ГЛОБАЛЬНІ МІГРАЦІЙНІ ПРОЦЕCИ В КОНТЕКСТІ БЕЗПЕКИ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИН

The paper analyses the dynamics of migration processes in countries around the world and their role in the functioning of the global economy, and seeks to contribute to the understanding of the diverse global migration landscape. Based on the theoretical and methodological foundations and preliminary analysis of historical, political and economic factors influencing migration policy by a number of Ukrainian and foreign authors, the study determines the impact of factors and potential of international migration on economic growth, its sustainable development and security of the global economy. The relationship between labour migration and the economic performance of countries participating in migration processes is highlighted. Based on the generally accepted international classification of countries, various cases of global and regional migration flows are presented and a useful framework for understanding the main dynamics of migration is proposed. The key issues of labour migration of the Ukrainian population to the EU countries and its forced migration caused by Russian aggression are emphasised. The authors outlines the correspondence that determines the extent to which migrants, countries of origin and countries of destination neutralise the negative consequences of destructive manifestations of migration processes and benefit from their manageability. The main trends of migration flows in the world are highlighted, their general tendencies and regional peculiarities are identified. The authors offers a vision of the impact of demographic changes, types of population reproduction and migration on the development of countries with different income levels. The factors of stimulation of migration movement are generalised. It is established that international cooperation is important for turning migration into a constructive force for development and preserving the paradigm of a secure world. The authors analyses the role and place of international organisations in the study and analysis of migration management at the global level. The study can provide useful information for policy makers and researchers interested in harmonising migration policy for the sustainable and secure development of the system of international economic relations.

GVCs in times of global crises and economic regionalization: Case of Russian oil and gas industry

The traditional global value chains (GVCs) model is changing, which challenges the strategic decisions of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Due to the increased uncertainty in the system of international economic relations, GVCs tend to shorten, and this is an additional risk for emerging markets MNEs in the context of adjusting their integration strategies into GVCs. Deglobalization and regionalization became a new global trend. States that cannot solve the problems of partial localization and control of chains vital to their economy are doomed to a new crisis in the foreseeable future. As the global economy returns to the indicators of 2019 for quite a long time, the processes of deglobalization, regional autarky, and national isolation will continue. For Russia and the Russian MNEs, the situation is aggravated by the presence of sanctions from the EU and the United States, as well as the difficult geopolitical situation around Ukraine. The unprecedented turbulence of global political and socio-economic processes in the current period creates significant risks for sustainable development. This study examines and discusses the influence of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the geopolitical crisis of 2022 on GVCs strategies in the cases of Russian vertically integrated oil and gas companies such as Gazprom, LUKOIL and Rosneft.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF UKRAINE: PRE-WAR TRENDS AND CURRENT CHANGES

Introduction. In a globalized world, foreign economic processes have a significant impact on the state of the national economy. The level of integration into global value chains changes the level of development of the business environment and the structure of the economy. The publication analyzes Ukraine's international trade activity in 2018-2021 and its current state. Ukrainian companies ensure integration into global value chains. However, the low degree of processing of export-oriented goods remains a significant problem. The study of current trends in Ukraine's foreign economic activity is relevant for overcoming current challenges and identifying key growth priorities. Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the volume and structure of export-import operations and foreign trade processes of the Ukrainian economy within the framework of global value chains (GVC). Research methods. The article uses the methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization and generalization, abstraction, data presentation, and formal logic. Results. The study confirms the positive dynamics of Ukraine's foreign trade in 2018-2021. Ukrainian companies export mainly low value-added goods and import high value-added goods. The development of Ukraine's economy requires successful integration into global supply chains. This is possible if we move from exporting raw materials to increasing the volume and depth of their processing in the national economy, and further exporting high value-added goods. The study showed that economic relations between Ukraine and its trading partners demonstrate a significant increase in foreign trade within global value chains. Ukrainian companies are involved in the development of global integration processes mainly in sectors that consume agricultural products, metallurgy, and IT-services. Agricultural and industrial products exported from Ukraine account for about 40% of total international sales. Against the backdrop of Russia's full-scale military invasion, a negative trend is the decline in Ukraine's foreign trade turnover by almost 30% (exports by 35% and imports by 25%). The largest decline in exports occurred in the metallurgical and chemical industries. The share of agricultural products in exports increased, while the share of fuel, equipment, and vehicles in imports increased. Conclusion. Foreign economic activity determines the business activity of business entities, their integration into the system of international economic relations, and creates essential preconditions for the transformation of the national economy, improving the living conditions and living standards of the population. Ukrainian exports are dominated by a high share of intermediate goods used as raw materials for the production of other final consumer goods. Therefore, it is advisable to stimulate deep processing of raw materials in the domestic market, the finished products of which can become competitive on the foreign market. With Ukraine's integration into global and regional business services in the context of global value chains, it is possible to ensure positive effects from foreign economic activity. The basis for successful integration into global value chains is to stimulate the development of international cooperation between enterprises on global business platforms, as well as local innovation ecosystems that will facilitate the creation of innovative industries, both through public and private investment. Keywords: global (regional) value chains, foreign economic activity, exports, imports, foreign trade balance, foreign trade, innovations.

Federal debt pyramid and record budget deficits as a threat to national security of the USA

The article analyzes the transformation of the problem of federal debt and budget defi cits in the United States from a sphere that has a purely economic dimension to the most acute task of ensuring the US national security. It is emphasized that the main demarcation line that predetermined the distinction between the purely economic dimension of the problem of debts and defi cits and national economic security was the ratio of federal debt to GDP, equal to 119 %, recorded in the mid-1940s after the end of World War II. This indicator was considered a benchmark for the historical strength and stability of the entire US federal fi nance system. Before the start of the fi nancial and economic crisis of 2020–2021, provoked by COVID-19 pandemic, the United States believed that they had about 10–15 years during which they could solve the problem of debts and defi cits relatively painlessly, but already in 2020 as a result "Super-aggressive" fi scal policy aimed at keeping the American economy afl oat, the United States has come close to the debt-to-GDP ratio of 130 %. Forecasts by federal government offi cials indicate that the debtto- GDP ratio will not fall below this level over the next 30 years, leaving the federal fi nance system highly vulnerable to shocks and economic blows that could potentially lead to a sudden collapse of the accumulated debt pyramid. The rapid transformation of the situation with debts and defi cits into the most acute problem of national economic security has already led to an almost complete paralysis of fiscal policy, which, in the context of the recession of 2022, turned out to be almost completely devoid of a countercyclical orientation. In addition, the US Federal Reserve took the path of using inflation to reduce the debt burden on the US economy, which predetermined the formation of a "toxic" inflationary environment both in the US and in the global economy in the near foreseeable future. The debt trap that the United States fell into at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century predetermined the extremely aggressive forms of US behavior in the system of international economic relations, including the unleashing of economic wars, with the ultimate goal of demonstrating to the world community that the United States will never, under any circumstances, pay off their accumulated public debt, as well as the debts of other sectors of the US economy.

ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY CAUSED BY THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The Russian invasion of Ukraine caused a number of negative consequences for both Ukraine and the world economy in general. Among them is a significant humanitarian catastrophe, the growth of emigration, the impoverishment of the population, as well as the growth of the global food crisis. The purpose of the article is to analyze the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the world economy and outline the changes that occurred as a result of armed aggression in the system of international economic relations. To achieve the goal, the authors conducted a thorough analysis of current scientific publications and statistical data on the forecast of the level of inflation due to the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022 and 2023 by global regions; the arrival of world food from Ukraine and Russia in the pre-war period; compared food price indices for 2020-2022. It was determined that global food prices had risen even before the full-scale invasion of Ukraine due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply chains, but Russian aggression caused prices to rise to their highest levels in recent years. Although the value aspect is stabilizing, there is a threat of an intensification of the crisis due to the effect of sanctions against Russia, further destruction of infrastructure in Ukraine, relatively lower capacity of the grain corridor, uncertainty of Ukrainian farmers regarding further activities and lands unsuitable for growing crops due to the Russian invasion. The countries most dependent on wheat imports from Ukraine were identified, including African countries, Moldova, Pakistan, Israel, and others. In addition to the direct impact on agricultural production and exports, the war affects the trade in fertilizers and minerals (oil, gas). In addition, there is a need to build new logistics chains due to the closure of airspace and blocking of ports. The next negative trend in the world economy, caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war - fluctuations in energy prices is one of the key factors of changes in the world economy, in particular due to the fact that the export of energy goods makes up a much larger share of world trade than food. Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the subsequent international response in the form of sanctions have caused another negative shock and disruption to the global economy, with immediate consequences for foreign direct investment (FDI) and other capital flows. The trends in the field of world tourism, which suffered significant losses due to the pandemic in 2020, as well as after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russia on February 24, 2022, are studied.

MECHANISMS OF COORDINATION OF NATIONAL TOURISM SYSTEMS

In the conditions of intensification of world globalization processes the role of international tourism in the system of international economic relations grows. Such activities provide an opportunity to intensify the socio-economic processes of development of developing countries and affect the growth of their competitiveness. In an environment where the service sector is becoming dominant, tourism plays a key role in international society, as it contributes to sustainable economic development, employment and poverty reduction, resource management, exchange of mental values, and mutual understanding between peoples. Therefore, special attention is paid to socio-economic transformations in developing countries, the search for new forms of international tourism in order to form a developed market for international tourism services. The experience of different countries shows that the success of tourism development directly depends on how the industry is perceived at the state level, to what extent it is provided by state support. The potential of tourism in many countries allows to attract significant funds to the state budget, increase the income of related sectors of the economy, promote employment, improve the state of tourism infrastructure. Various organizational systems for tourism management are now in place, from independent or related ministries to national administrations directly subordinate to the government. In addition, some countries in the world regulate tourism activities only at the level of regional government, others – do not have government leverage over tourism. The tourism policy of the countries, regardless of the chosen model of state regulation, is aimed at strengthening the tourism economy and increasing the economic efficiency of this sector of the national economic complex. And the final positive result of such a policy largely depends on the effectiveness of management decisions and the interest of the authorities in their further implementation for the sustainable development of the tourism sector.

Сучасна типологізація інструментів фінансово-кредитного співробітництва з МФО

The authors substantiated the theoretical and practical aspects of the typology of financial instruments of international financial organizations, which play a key role in the system of international economic relations and global governance, and are also an integral part of the world economy.The paper analyzes certain aspects and patterns of use of financial instruments of MFIs, identifies the determinants and socio-economic consequences of implementation for the country. The article explores the features and essential characteristics of the financial instruments of MFIs on the example of the EBRD, EIB, etc. It has been established that modern lending and investment policy of IFIs are actively focused on improving and adapting financial instruments in accordance with the current needs of borrowers and takes into account the ultra-rapid changes in the economic and political situation in the world. It is revealed that the main initiatives of IFIs in this context are focused on improving tools, optimizing internal procedures, expanding the use of national systems, as well as developing new tools to increase efficiency and reduce the cost of resources for the borrower. The authors prove that the analysis of the resource provision of MFIs clearly indicates a trend towards increasing the priority of developing anti-crisis lending instruments and improving existing lending instruments and products of MFIs in order to strengthen their key characteristics and ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of lending.

Istoricheskaya transformaciya mirovoj sistemy mezhdunarodnyh ekonomicheskih otnoshenij

At the end of the twentieth century - the beginning of the 21st century the transformation of the world system of international economic relations occurs primarily under the influence of global trends. Globalization as the growth of mutual influence and interdependence between the countries of the world, the interweaving of their economies has become the main megatrend of world development. Modern concepts of economic development reflect these global trends, as well as containing possible solutions to global problems facing humanity. Global issues have led to a change in views on the concepts of economic development, problems have begun to be investigated comprehensively. A young science of Globalism has emerged, studying the essence, laws and trends of globalization.

The position of transnational economic structures in the system of international economic relations under globalization

The purpose of the article is to consider the development of transnational economic structures in the context of globalization processes, taking into account economic and non-economic factors. The article examines the theoretical foundations of the processes of transnationalization, the problems of foreign economic relations, the globalization of the economy and its relationship with the processes of economic development. The impact of transnational economic structures on socio-economic structures depends on the state's ability to find effective forms and methods of their use in its national interests. The consequence of the high degree of production internationalization at the largest TNCs was their establishment of dominance in the world commodity markets and in the leading sectors of the world economy. The decisive role of giant monopolies in the world market is determined by the fact that they occupy a dominant position not only in production and commercial export, but also in the trade of patents and licenses, the provision of technical services, the implementation of contract works, since the main part of scientific and technical activities, achievements and advanced production experience are concentrated in their hands. The main reasons for the emergence of transnational corporations under the influence of the integration and globalization processes of the world economy are considered. The thesis is proved that modern transnational economic structures represent economic structures with a complex organization, which strive to achieve a positive synergistic effect and a positive economic result, taking into account discounting at a certain stage of planning. Recently, TNCs have been dynamically increasing the volume of capital investments in developing countries, which is explained by the stabilization of the economic situation there and the appearance of new investment proposals, the implementation of profitable contracts. The analysis of the activities of the largest transnational corporations was carried out and the factors of their success were determined. The advantages and disadvantages of direct foreign investment of transnational economic structures, as the main form of expansion of their activities, are outlined. The main positive features of the TNCs activities in the territories of the countries are: creation of supply and satisfaction of population demand for new products; increase in population employment and creation of new jobs; increase in revenues to the national budgets of countries. The main negative features include: monopolization of power; creation of negative competition for national producers by monopolistic pricing of products; the primary satisfaction of one's own interests, regardless the needs of states. The dynamics of the sectoral and regional movement of direct foreign investments of transnational corporations are considered. Transnational corporations penetrate all sectors of the economy, however, the activities of most TNCs are related to the production sector of the economy. The largest benefits from the financial and economic activity of TNCs are brought to them by the base countries, the domains of which are the most developed states of the world. Keywords: transnational economic structures, globalization, processes of transnationalization, transnational corporations, international economy.