System Of Criminal Responsibility Research Articles

Symbolic effectiveness of the sanction in the Adolescent Criminal Responsibility System (ACRS) against Factors of Organized Crime in Colombia

El sistema de infancia y adolescencia fue creado como respuesta al denominado derecho Penal del Adolescente Infractor – en adelante SRPA –2006, mediante la tesis de la protección integral con algunas diferencias del sistema europeo y el anglosajón que en uno y otro caso definen al adolescente, bien como sujeto de máxima protección o en el caso contrario pueden juzgarlo como un adulto. La finalidad principal del sistema colombiano radica en la reparacion y el acompañamiento al menor en busqueda de encaminarlo de la mejor manera posible para su rehabilitacion: social, familiar y escolar, sin embargo dicha finalidad resulta imposible en muchos casos dada la complejidad de cada situacion y la falta de recursos por parte del Estado, dificultando el cumplimiento de la reparación de las víctimas.

Criminal Liability for the Act of others in Economic Crimes under Jordanian Legislation

Criminal liability is the cornerstone of criminal policy, grounded on the principles of personal accountability and punishment. Individuals are not held accountable or punished for crimes committed by others. However, in light of significant economic and industrial transformations witnessed globally, including the emergence of economic projects affecting the state's economic center, and the rise of serious economic crimes constituting an assault on public funds, there arises a necessity to expand the criminal responsibility system. This expansion, rooted in the principle of personal accountability, encompasses other individuals to align with these evolving circumstances and reduce economic crimes. The primary question addressed in this research is to establish the legal foundation for penalizing an individual who did not commit the crime themselves. The study concludes the necessity of holding establishment owners accountable for the actions of their subordinates, given their supervisory responsibilities. This concept, known as criminal liability for the acts of others in economic crimes, diverges from the principle of personal criminal responsibility delineated in most criminal laws, including Jordanian law.

Criminal Law Enforcement Against Illegal Sand Mining in the Disaster-Prone Area of the Merapi Mountain Special Region of Yogyakarta

<div><p class="abstract"><span>This study aims to identify and analyze the efforts of police investigators and civil servant investigators in enforcing criminal law against illegal sand mining in the Mount Merapi Disaster-Prone Area, Yogyakarta Special Region. This study also aims to analyze and direct the possibility of criminal law regulation against illegal sand mining in the future. This study employed normative empirical research method, research that uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained by interview and documentation, while secondary data were obtained from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The obtained data were analyzed using a legal approach and a conceptual approach. The following are the findings of this research. First, the Criminal Procedure Code formally guides the enforcement of criminal law by policy investigators and civil servant investigators against illegal sand mining, while Law No.4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining formally guides the enforcement of criminal law by police investigators and civil servant investigators against illegal sand mining. Second, in Chapter XXIII Articles 158-165 of Law No.4 of 2009 regulating Mineral and Coal Mining, criminal laws connected to mining without a permit or illegally are specified. However, the existing provisions require a review related to criminalization, the criminal responsibility system, the pattern of types of criminal sanctions, the pattern of the duration of the crime, and the pattern of criminal formulation, which must synergize with the purpose of punishment. Thus, criminal law enforcement in the mining sector in the future can run effectively.</span></p></div>

Association between Callous-Unemotional Traits, Empathy, and Moral Disengagement Mechanisms in Juvenile Offenders

There are few studies that explore the association between cognitive and affective factors according to gender and types of crime in juvenile offenders. This study analyzed the association between callous-unemotional traits, empathy, and moral disengagement mechanisms according to gender differences and criminal typology in 149 adolescents (M = 17.72 years, SD = 1.34) prosecuted by the Criminal Responsibility System (SRPA) and placed in custodial measures. The 81.2% were males and 18.8% were females. This was a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, comparative-correlational study. The Scale of Moral Disengagement Mechanisms, the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index were used. It was found that males presented higher scores in the mechanisms of moral disengagement and uncaring. Females presented higher scores in total empathy and empathic concern. Adolescents with felonies had higher scores on attribution of blame. Moral disengagement mechanisms correlated positively with callous-unemotional traits and personal distress. Empathic concern and perspective taking correlated negatively with moral disengagement. In adolescents with history of felonies, moral disengagement presented stronger associations with callous-unemotional traits. In non-violent offenses, the strongest associations were with uncaring, and in trespassing they were with personal distress. Results are discussed according to empirical evidence and implications for intervention.

The Phenomena of Criminal Acts in Environmental Pollution by Corporations

The problem of environmental pollution is increasingly in the spotlight and global. The system adopted in criminal law on environmental pollution is a system of criminal responsibility based on mistakes. Corporate crime can emerge along with the advancement of economic development. Corporate crime is not new, but something that has happened frequently and alternated from time to time. Currently, corporations are included in the category of legal subjects so that they can be subject to criminal and civil sanctions. The doctrinal legal research used has the aim of analyzing environmental regulations associated with corporations that pollute. UU no. 32/2009 Protection and Management of the Environment as a legal umbrella mentions the environment as a unitary space with all objects, styles, conditions, and organisms, including humans and their behavior that affect nature itself, survival, livelihoods and welfare of humans and other living things. Losses from environmental pollution are not only in one area but can spread to the surrounding area with a fantastic total value of losses. environment for sustainable development. It was concluded that corporations as perpetrators of criminal acts of corruption in environmental pollution cases, must receive stricter laws than at present, considering that the impact of this corruption is quite large and also causes large costs to repair damaged environmental returns, not to mention if it is associated with environmental damage. social.

Кримінальна відповідальність як єдиний критерій реальної боротьби з торгівлею людьми

In this article the real state of criminal responsibility for human trafficking in recent years is highlighted, as well as suggestions for improving the mechanism of bringing guilty persons to criminal responsibility. The article shows that despite the successes in international cooperation in the field of combating human trafficking, the real indicators of prosecution have been decreasing in recent years. Lenient sentences do not adequately reflect the nature of the crime and undermine broader efforts to combat human trafficking. In addition to the corruption that makes human trafficking go unpunished, it is telling that for the sixth year in a row, none of the officials involved have been sentenced. The adopted anti-trafficking program until 2025 lists only, mostly not new, goals that will contribute to anti-trafficking in the form of detecting and solving crimes, but the document itself does not mention the main indicator of the success of the system of criminal responsibility for human trafficking. At the same time, without criminal liability, all efforts to combat human trafficking become useless, and therefore the system needs real changes in the implementation of criminal legislation, including the introduction of an electronic court, the terms of consideration of cases, and the redistribution of cases from courts that are unable to handle them due to excessive workload consider the case in the courts that have the possibility to consider the case. Key words: criminal liability; human trafficking; report; anti-trafficking program until 2025

Legal Reconstruction of Criminal Accountability for Bank Employees Who Participate in the Criminal Acts of Money Laundering Based on Justice Value

The objectives of this research are to analyze and find out the weaknesses in the criminal liability of Bank employees who are participating in money laundering crime and how to reconstruct the law based on the value of justice. The method used in this study uses a normative juridical approach with a constructivist paradigm. The results of the research and discussion show that the weaknesses of the law lie in the Criminal liability in the provisions of Law no. 10/1998 concerning Banking is not in line or there is no legal synchronization with the provisions of Law no. 8/2010 concerning TPPU, specifically the provisions of Article 6 paragraph (2) of Law no. 8/2010 concerning ML, which stipulates that a Bank in its position as a corporation can also be held criminally responsible. Provisions of Law no. 10/1998 concerning Banking, although it recognizes corporations as subjects of criminal law, the criminal responsibility system implemented still adheres to the individual criminal responsibility model, which only imposes accountability on controlling personnel. Therefore, the legal Reconstruction of criminal responsibility of Bank employees who participated in committing money laundering crimes based on the value of justice can be done by not only asking for and imposing criminal responsibility on controlling personnel (in this case the Board of Commissioners, Directors, and Bank Employees) but also being able to hold accountability for Banks as corporations implement an aggregation model corporate criminal liability system.

Criminal Responsibility System Against Online Criminal Acts of Prostitution in Indonesia

The criminal responsibility system for the crime of prostitution in Indonesia is partial and discriminatory. There is no guarantee of legal certainty and a legal vacuum for Commercial Sex Workers and their service users. This study aims to analyze and find the criminal responsibility system for prostitution according to positive criminal law in Indonesia and the weaknesses of the criminal responsibility system for prostitution based on the value of Pancasila justice. The paradigm in this research is post-positivism, which aims to produce new thoughts, understandings or ideas and theories in Indonesia's material criminal law system. The method of normative juridical approach, with secondary data sources obtained through literature studies both on primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials, the data were then analyzed by qualitative descriptive methods. The study results show that the construction of positive criminal law in the Indonesian Criminal Code and the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (UU ITE) cannot be used to impose criminal liability on all parties involved in this crime. The provisions are partial and discriminatory. Weaknesses can be seen from the aspect of substance, structure, and culture so that the ideal reconstruction of the policy is needed to reconstruct Article 296 and Article 506 of the Criminal Code as well as Article 27 paragraph (1) and Article 45 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law which is based on non-discrimination and equality before the law that comes from extracting living values, In society.

Criminal Responsibility System Against Online Criminal Acts of Prostitution in Indonesia.

Criminal Responsibility System Against Online Criminal Acts of Prostitution in Indonesia.

Sharpening the subjective element of criminal liability in South African law

South African criminal law holds to a conception of human beings as morally autonomous, which is consistent with the right to dignity. The individual is the foundation of society and law, and must not be treated as an object or instrument. The right to dignity is limited by a guilty verdict, given the punitive and stigmatising consequences which follow. The infringement of the right to dignity which follows conviction is unjustifiable, unless the finding of liability is based on the offender’s control and choice. But a guilty verdict equally resonates with the right to dignity, by treating the offender as a responsible human agent. The basis for a guilty verdict is founded on blameworthiness. It follows that the subjective element of criminal liability is crucial in the just functioning of the assessment of criminal responsibility. Despite an earlier reliance on objective notions, following the pioneering work of JC de Wet, South African law has developed into a system of criminal responsibility based on a subjective, principled approach to liability, the ‘psychological approach’. The justifications for, operation of, and opportunities for further refinement of this vital feature of substantive South African criminal law forms the fabric of this article.

URGENSI DAN SISTEM PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA KORPORASI SEBAGAI PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI

The issue of criminal liability for corporations continues to be a concern for academics, practitioners and the business world because it always invites problems about who should be responsible for acts of corruption involving corporations. This study aims to analyze the urgency of corporate responsibility as perpetrators of corruption and the system of corporate responsibility in corruption. This study uses a normative juridical approach with secondary data analyzed descriptively qualitatively The results of the study show that the criminal liability of corporations as perpetrators of criminal acts of corruption is legally absolute as long as it can be proven that the act was intended for the benefit of the corporation, meaning that the actus reus mens rea in the management is considered as the evil intention of the corporation so that the corporation is very relevant to be burdened with criminal responsibility. The corporate criminal responsibility system which is considered appropriate for corruption is a responsibility system that places the corporation as the maker of the corporation that must be responsible even though in fact the act was carried out by the management but the action is seen as a corporate action.Keywords: Corruption, Corporate Liability.

Chinese and Japanese criminal codes of the 7th century: similarities and differences

A comparative analysis of the criminal codes of ancient China and Japan is carried out. The researcher shows that the history of traditional Chinese law spans four millennia and is divided into two main stages ‒ antiquity and the Middle Ages, which are separated in the 10th century. The system of criminal responsibility, together with the purchase of gold, took shape in China back in the XX1-XV1 centuries BC. In the VIII-III centuries BC the central problem of legal thought turned out to be the administration of the state. An important role in the development of law was played by Confucius and Lao Tzu, who did not reject the use of criminal punishments in government. The criminal law of Ancient China received its own name and structure under different dynasties. After the «Canon of Laws», which consisted of 6 sections, followed the «Criminal Code of Laws from 9 chapters», later ‒ from 18 chapters, then from 12 sections. The last was the name «The name of criminal punishments and the rules of their application», which turned out to be inherited by the Tang dynasty. The author concludes that there are inherent similarities and differences. The first include the formation of the criminal law of both countries on the principles of Confucian-legalist ideas, the basis of which was the management of the state and society, the multistage process of this process, the pursuit by its creators using criminal law of one goal: ensuring the unity of the state, the strength and authority of the central government and stability in society ... The unit of redemption is the same: 596 and 600 grams of copper, the number of types of punishments: 5 versus 5, the amount of redemption from them: 1-5 jing versus 1-5 kin. The differences lie in the independent emergence of Chinese law, and Japanese law under the decisive influence of Chinese law. The formation time of Chinese law exceeded a millennium, while Japanese law took only one century. The structure of the Japanese code provided for the 8 most serious crimes against the 10 in the Chinese document. It does not contain the comments that are actually given in the Shotoku Constitution, Taika Manifesto and Taiho Re. Taiho ritsu did not mention the two most serious crimes at all: «disagreement between relatives» and «incest». 6 out of 8 of these crimes were called differently and only 2 of the latter coincided with the Chinese; «Great disrespect» (item 6) and «breach of duty» (item 8). In general, despite the differences noted, the formulation of the content of the most serious crimes by both codes was identical.

Rola prawa karnego w systemie totalnej teokracji państwa muzułmańskiego

The aim of the study is to answer the question whether the way the system of criminal responsibility is shaped in classical Sharia law influences the characteristics of Islam understood as a political system seen as a total theocracy. The article presents the basic assumptions of the criminal law in Islam, focusing on the categories of crimes distinguished by traditional Muslim jurisprudence. The perceived features of Koranic criminal law regulation are juxtaposed with the attributes of criminal law of non-democratic systems, which leads to the conclusion that in the sphere of criminal law, there are many elements the two systems have in common. The individual’s position and the degree of protecting their rights resulting from the criminal law of Islam seem to make it impossible for a system based on classical Islamic law to meet the requirements of a modern democratic state.

Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire in Colombian adolescents

Background/objective: Decision-making is a set of skills useful for daily functioning which allow people to perform their tasks and control objectives and goals, generating responses to the environment’s demands from their resources. Research and intervention with adolescents require reliable instruments to assess decision-making. The Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) is an instrument that assesses decision-making styles and has been successfully validated in different cultural contexts. This study analysed the psychometric properties, construct validity (factorial, convergent, and discriminant), and predictive validity of the MDMQ in Colombian adolescents. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 822 adolescents aged 14 to 18 years (Mage = 16.09, SD = 1.31, 33.7% girls), 410 from the regular school system (Mage = 15.50, SD = 1.29, 48.54% girls) and 412 adolescents from the Criminal Responsibility System (Mage = 16.6, SD = 1.04, 18.93% girls) participated. Decision-making styles, emotional intelligence, cognitive distortions, prosocial behaviour and antisocial behaviour were assessed. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), reliability, correlational and predictive analyses were performed. Results: The CFA showed satisfactory fit indices for the original model of four factors and 22 items. Sufficient reliability conditions were observed. The results indicated that rational decision-making (vigilance) is positively associated with emotional intelligence and influences prosocial behaviour. Negative decision-making styles are associated with cognitive distortions and influence antisocial behaviour. Conclusions: After analysing the psychometric properties, it is concluded that the MDMQ is a valid instrument to assess the decision-making styles of Colombian adolescents.

Violencia de hijos a padres. Factores que aumentan el riesgo de exposición y la responsabilidad penal

Este estudio tiene como objetivo mostrar la relación entre el funcionamiento parental y el riesgo de perpetración de agresiones de hijos adolescentes hacia uno o ambos progenitores. Se trata de una investigación cuantitativa-correlacional que contó con la participación de 160 progenitores cuyos hijos se encuentran vinculados en el Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia) y municipios aledaños. Se aplicó la Escala de Funcionamiento Parental validada para familiares que sufren violencia filioparental, el análisis de la información se realizó mediante el paquete SPSS. Los hallazgos no mostraron correlación significativa entre las variables sociodemográficas y la perpetración de violencia, pero sí, entre los ítems referidos al establecimiento de límites y comprensión hacia los hijos. Se subraya la necesidad de ahondar en este fenómeno para poder formular acciones contextuadas para la protección, atención y formación de la familia en Colombia.

A Probe into the Localization of the Malicious Complementary Age Rule

In recent years, the trend of juvenile delinquency is becoming more and more obvious, and the discussion on the reconstruction of the age system of criminal responsibility in China is becoming increasingly fierce. For the plight of the age system of criminal responsibility in China, the introduction of the “malicious supplement age” rule can further clarify the concept of juvenile criminal legislation in China, which is conducive to the improvement of the age system of criminal responsibility in China, and can better guarantee the value requirements of realizing the fairness and justice of criminal law. The introduction of the “malicious supplement age” rule should determine the scope of application, the applicable subject, and the judgment standard of “malicious” to prevent judicial arbitrary behavior. At the same time, it should also limit the necessary standards for juvenile punishment, so as to achieve the fundamental purpose of effectively controlling juvenile delinquency and effectively protecting the legitimate rights and interests of minors.

Menores infractores y procesos educativos: análisis cualitativo desde la perspectiva de los actores en Santander Colombia

El Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA) en Colombia es un sistema penal diferenciado fundamentado en la resocialización, restitución de derechos e inclusión educativa. Este artículo analiza los procesos de educación de la Fundación Hogares Claret, operario del SRPA en Santander. Es de resaltar que, el proceso educativo requiere un modelo pedagógico propio acorde al perfil de los jóvenes, así como la revisión de los criterios de selección y la calidad de los profesores y las instituciones educativas.

Prácticas Restaurativas en Instituciones de Reeducación

Las prácticas restaurativas en instituciones de reeducación constituyen una manera más de enriquecer elproceso pedagógico reeducativo y complementarlo desde la óptica de la atención restaurativa. Para lograrlo,es necesario que los pedagogos se acerquen y comprendan un posible concepto de justicia con enfoquerestaurativo en el contexto de los adolescentes infractores de la ley penal, así como la manera de acompañar,fortalecer y consolidar estrategias que tiendan a empoderar y reconocer en el joven la responsabilidadque tiene de cambiar por sí mismo su estilo de vida, aceptándose como parte activa de una familia yde una comunidad, garante de sus derechos y obligaciones. Esta investigación es de carácter cualitativo,de tipo etnográfico, los participantes fueron un grupo de pedagogos vinculados a una institución dereeducación y el objetivo fue la identificación del sentido de justicia y las prácticas restaurativas por mediode la descripción, categorización y análisis de las mismas. Se obtuvieron resultados significativos como ladescripción del sentido de justicia evidenciado en la institución, el eminente tinte humano que comportala justicia restaurativa, la identificación de 14 prácticas restaurativas, que giran en torno a tres dimensionesde aplicación tales como: la reparación del daño a sí mismo, a la familia y a la sociedad, de igual manera sedescriben otras estrategias que complementan dichas prácticas. El sistema de responsabilidad penal paraadolescentes se fortalece con la interacción y participación de los actores en la búsqueda mancomunada demecanismos duraderos y especializados que contribuyan a la efectividad de los procesos tanto reeducativoscomo restaurativos y con ellos al cambio y transformación de esta población vulnerable como se puedeevidenciar gracias a las prácticas restaurativas.

A Consideration on Process of Victim Reparation in International Criminal Court - focused on Appeal Chamber’s judgment of Lubanga War Crime -

일반적으로 국제법에 있어서 배상문제는 지금까지 국가책임의 범주로 논의되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 상설적인 국제형사재판소(ICC)의 창설로 이어지는 국제형사재판제도의 발전은 전통적인 형사책임의 구조를 탈피하여 개인의 민사배상책임에 관한 국제형사법제도를 탄생시키기에 이르렀다. 즉 피해자 개인이 배상을 청구할 권리가 그 실체적 측면뿐만 아니라 절차적 측면에서도 실현된 것이다. 그럼에도 피해자배상제도는 대량 피해자의 발생을 특징으로 하는 ICC 관할사건에서 구체적으로 어떠한 배상절차를 활용하는지는 명확하지 않았다. 가해자와 피해자 및 공동체의 관계회복에 비중을 두는 회복적 사법의 요청과 사건으로 영향을 받은 사람들의 피해회복을 실시한다는 실효적인 피해자 권리구제의 요청 사이에서 적절한 배상절차 방안을 모색하여 왔다. 다음에서는 ICC의 루방가사건 상소부(Appeals Chamber)판결이 공판부(Pre-Trial Chamber Ⅰ) 결정을 수정하면서 최종적으로 채택한 피해자배상절차의 구조를 분석하여 본 건에서 회복적 사법의 요청과 피해자 권리구제의 요청 가운데 어느 쪽에 비중이 두어졌는지를 고찰하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 먼저 대규모의 폭력을 동반하는 범죄행위 후에 있어서 회복적 사법의 요청과 피해자 권리구제의 요청에 관한 배경과 내용에 대하여 각각 검토한 다음, 루방가사건에서 상소부판결이 공판부결정을 수정한 점을 중심으로 판례를 분석하여 그 절차구조와 두 가지 요청 가운데 어느 쪽에 비중이 두어졌는지를 검토하고자 하였다.In general, the Issues of Reparation in International Law have been treated as a Nation’s Responsibility. But the development of System of International Crimes Trial(SICT) like the foundation of standing International Criminal Court(ICC) made the birth of SICT’s responsibility of civil reparation through a traditional system of criminal responsibility. So, a private Victim’s claimable rights came true in not only substantive aspect but also procedural aspect. Notwithstanding, it is not sure what kind of the System of Victim Reparation can be used to compensate concretely in ICC cases, which is featured massive victims. Some solutions have been considered between restorative justice which is focused on rebuilding relationship of Offender, Victim, Community and practical Victim Right Relief which is operated to compensate the substantial loss of the people who are effected by the case. On this paper, I would like to consider which side is emphasized between the need of Restorative Justice and the need of Victim Right Relief by analyzing the structure of Process of Victim Reparation Process in Appeal Chamber’s judgment of Lubanga War Crime, which revised the Pre-Trial Chamber I. To do this, I will examine separately the background and contents on the need of restorative justice after some crimes accompanied by massive violence and the need of Victim Right Relief. And then I will analyze the Appeal Chamber’s judgment of Lubanga War Crime, which revised the Pre-Trial Chamber I and review the which side is emphasized between the 2 needs(mentioned above) and the process system.

Inimputabilidad e inmadurez psicológica y su relación con Los principios generales de la responsabilidad penal del adolescente infractor en Colombia

Los principios que rigen el sistema de responsabilidad penal adolescente se ubican en los mecanismos internacionales de protección de los derechos humanos los cuales abogan por la protección del menor. Están instituidos en diversos instrumentos de carácter positivo tanto en el derecho interno como en el internacional. En Colombia están en la Constitución Política, y en la ley 1098 de 2006. Estos pueden ser tanto sustantivos como procesales. El Sistema de Responsabilidad penal del menor en Colombia es un sistema acusatorio, adversarial, especifico y diferenciado respecto del sistema de adultos, basado en una serie de principios. Dentro de estos se destacan en este artículo, el interés superior del menor y el de rango de edades los cuales son fundamentales a la hora de analizar la inimputabilidad del menor infractor de la ley penal.
 En este sentido se estudia la importancia de considerar la inimputabilidad fundada en la inmadurez psicológica del menor que delinque basado en que tiene más de 14 años y menos de 18 años. A los adolescentes que infringen la ley penal se les considera imputables con especial tratamiento, en consecuencia responden penalmente por las conductas punibles que realicen, lo cual hace que no haya impunidad en sus delitos.Se concluye en el artículo que la forma de enfrentar la delincuencia juvenil, hace necesario realizar estudios sobre la conveniencia o no de la inimputabilidad basada en la edad y en la inmadurez psicológica, como los medios de atender la responsabilidad penal del menor para lo cual hay que analizar tanto la minoría como mayoría de edad a partir de la cual se es responsable penalmente en Colombia. De ese modo se puede lograr establecer un sistema penal adolescente que responda a las expectativas sociales y que evite que los menores sean utilizados para la comisión de delitos por parte de adultos y que las conductas que los adolescentes cometen no queden impunes.