System In Romania Research Articles

Efficacy of a polyherbal formula for controlling lice infestation in chickens and goats in backyard farming system in Romania

IntroductionLice infestation negatively impacts the welfare and productivity of domestic animals. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial polyherbal formula (PHF) containing Asarum europaeum, Lavandula angustifolia, Artemisia absinthium, and Tanacetum vulgare in managing lice infestations in chickens and goats within a backyard farming system in Romania.MethodsThe PHF was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine its phytochemical composition. Chickens and goats with confirmed lice infestations were treated with the PHF by spraying it on the entire body. Treatments were administered three times at 14-day intervals for goats and at both 14- and 7-day intervals for chickens. Lice infestations were assessed in experimental groups before each treatment by counting the collected lice specimens.ResultsHPLC analysis identified key compounds in PHF: kaempferol (336.25 mg/ml), quercetin (88.38 mg/ml), epicatechin (43.98 mg/ml), and catechin (9.43 mg/ml). The PHF effectively controlled chewing lice in both chickens and goats, achieving a mortality rate of 76–98% in chickens and 96% in goats. However, the PHF was not effective against sucking lice in goats. A significant reduction in lice infestation (75% in chickens) was observed when the PHF was applied at 7-day intervals. No adverse reactions were noted in treated animals.DiscussionThe polyherbal formula demonstrated promising efficacy against chewing lice in chickens and goats, supporting its potential use as an alternative to chemical treatments, especially in organic farming settings. The findings suggest that this PHF could be a viable option for managing lice infestations in domestic animals, particularly where organic practices are prioritized.

Kleine Literaturen und die Globalgeschichte der deutschen Literatur Zur rumäniendeutschen Literatur vor und nach 1989 in Rumänien und in Deutschland

Abstract The aim of the essay is to formulate approaches towards a global history of German-language literature from Romania and to discuss them using examples. To this end, the concept of minor literature according to Franz Kafka is utilized and linked with the concept of a global history of German literature. Emphasis is placed on the continuity in this literature despite the changes resulting from engagement with the communist system in Romania before 1989 and through the 1989 revolution in Romania. Many of the authors have emigrated and live today in Germany. Nevertheless, their works remains part of the minor literature in Germany as well.

FROM THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT TO A LOW VOLTAGE PHOTOVOLTAIC GRID CHALLENGE – A REVIEW

The paper investigates the progress of on-grid photovoltaic systems in Romania, particularly in the residential and commercial sectors. Emphasizing the financial stability offered by on-grid systems, the study underscores the predictability of solar production and the support from governmental incentives. The graphs and tables presented contain processed data from studies carried out by the governmental authorities. This research acknowledges the pivotal role of photovoltaic cell advancements in enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of on-grid systems. However, the swift expansion of solar capacity raises concerns regarding its impact on low-voltage power transmission grids, leading to fluctuations that may compromise electricity quality. Grid flexibility and battery integration are proposed to address these challenges, recognizing their potential benefits alongside associated costs and technical complexities. The central theme revolves around managing the transition towards sustainable and efficient energy infrastructure in Romania.

Changes Under Pressure: Mapping Recent Developments in Long-Term Care Policy

Social, economic, and technological challenges have imposed transformations of the long-term care services in order to improve the system efficiency, the quality of services and the satisfaction of beneficiaries. The article aims to provide a review of the policy reforms and performance of the long-term care system in Romania. To support the effects of these transformations, a review of the scientific literature was conducted. We then highlighted characteristics of the current long-term care system that are evolving in response to the changing social and economic environment. Several issues related to the public financing, labor force, quality assurance, and unmet needs are discussed. The analysis suggests that evaluation of the long-term care system in terms of sustainability, health and quality of life of beneficiaries and their families impose a good coverage with long-term care quality services. Policy makers should ensure adequate collection of data to substantiate further policy measures, as well as full implementation of the long-term care policy.

Analysis of the Romanian Healthcare System on the Basis of Relevant Indicators and the Perspectives for the Use of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract Healthcare systems are integral to the well-being of societies, serving as the backbone for delivering health services and improving public health outcomes. The healthcare system in Romania is a critical component of the country's socio-economic framework, with its performance directly affecting the health and development of the population. While there have been improvements in certain areas, challenges such as underfinancing, human resource issues and inequitable access to care remain. Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare represents a significant shift towards more efficient, precise, and personalized medical care. It encompasses a range of applications from diagnostics to treatment recommendations, patient engagement, and administrative tasks, aiming to enhance the quality and accessibility of healthcare services. The purpose of this study is to analyze the healthcare system in Romania using data on healthcare infrastructure (medical units), medical staff, population, hospital beds and investments. Additionally, it aims to organize ideas regarding the use and perspectives for the development of artificial intelligence in the Romanian healthcare system. A spatial distribution of indicators is created, highlighting the most significant areas in the Romanian healthcare system. Healthcare systems are essential for providing healthcare and promoting public health. Effective health systems promote economic growth, ensure equitable access to healthcare, and respond to public health emergencies.

Public Financial Control – Financial Policy Instrument of the State

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to provide an objective approach, starting from the current legislation, on the financial control system and the extent to which it can be an instrument of financial policy. At the same time, this paper captures the structure of the financial control system in Romania with brief considerations of the forms of financial control that make it up, starting from the community acquis in the field of financial control. In the current economic-social context, the existence of financial control standards is required, which are guaranteed by the Romanian state through the creation of a set of laws that govern this field. The pragmatic approach to financial control is vital for establishing its objective, based on specific management methods and techniques, and with the help of which the consolidation of order, discipline, the spirit of responsibility, as well as the efficient management of the economic and financial resources managed by the entities can be achieved public. Financial control must ensure the good functioning of all activities in the economic sphere and is called to act systematically in order to identify or prevent possible deviations and deficiencies, increase the efficiency in the use of resources, preserve the integrity of the heritage and, last but not least, in understanding the way in which legality is respected in the economic and financial field.

AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES IN THE ROMANIAN AGRI FOOD SYSTEM

In the recent years, agricultural markets and supply chains have been quite strongly affected, in an unprecedented geopolitical and economic context, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, climate change and the challenges of implementing the European Green Deal. Under these conditions, food has once again emerged as a central element of life, alongside health, and healthy eating for all depends more on social and economic conditions than on the technical aspects of food production and processing. Thus, the need to rethink and revalue local productions, supply chains and the links established at territorial level, in order to increase the resilience of agri-food systems and ensure their sustainable development, emerged. The cooperative model is considered to be suitable to address the challenges generated by transitions to sustainability, and agricultural cooperatives can significantly contribute to increasing the resilience of agri-food systems. Many agricultural cooperatives, from different countries of the world, have managed to adapt to the new situation, proving that they are important entities in the agri-food system. In this paper, we tried to identify some particularities regarding the changes in the cooperative system in Romania, in recent years, as a reaction to the challenges that the agri-food system has to face. For this purpose, we analysed the evolution of agricultural cooperatives before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and estimated the market share in different areas of activity with significant turnover, the evolution of some economic indicators, as well as their dynamics by counties and regions in an attempt to identify their development trends.

Regulation and organization of the lawyer profession in Romania in accordance with the provisions of Law no. 51/1995

The legal system in Romania is based on the principle of the rule of law, which ensures equality before the law and the protection of individual rights. Within this system, the lawyer plays an essential role in providing legal services and guaranteeing a fair and just trial for all citizens, representing and defending the rights of his clients before the courts and in other legal proceedings. Through their legal expertise and commitment to justice, lawyers are fundamental pillars of the legal system and help maintain its balance and integrity.

Assessing the role of actors in river restoration: A network perspective.

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the actors involved in river restoration in Romania by untangling the complex networks that they are part of. Actors were considered nodes in a social network, tied by a common action or project. The nodes were characterized through the centrality metrics of a network. The network of actors in river restoration in Romania has a low density and high average path length and diameter for such a spare network, which suggests that knowledge transfer and collaboration are difficult. In the context of a highly centralized water governance system in Romania, the National Authority for Water exerts power and influence in river restoration as well. It has numerous partners, both disconnected and well connected in the network, therefore, it tends to be connected to everybody, as well as gets and diffuses knowledge. Yet, other actors are willing to get involved in river restoration in Romania. NGOs and research organizations have a central position in the network and play various roles (e.g., unconcerned influencers, gate-keepers, pulse-takers). As a recommendation for governing river restoration in Romania, we urge the creation of a national programme focused on river restoration, where the call for projects would be coordinated by the National Authority for Water and open to its territorial subordinates in agreement with stakeholders from various sectors and domains.

A Summary Prospecting of Possibilities of Providing Public Health Services at the Level of North-East Region of Romania

This paper investigates issues related to the public health system in the North-East Region of Romania, focusing on possibilities for addressing/improving specific deficiencies/difficulties. The concerned region is characterized by the highest and densest population in the country, with a significant proportion of residents in rural areas (55%) and a high level of poverty. Population health indicators are among the weakest nationally, and the healthcare infrastructure is inadequate for the population's needs, with an uneven distribution that generates significant inequalities in access to medical services in the respective counties. Starting from the (statistical) certainty that Romania ranks among EU member states with the highest avoidable mortality, the paper addresses both preventable causes through public health interventions and treatable causes through quality care. After a brief introduction, the overall state of the public health system in Romania is examined, followed by a detailed analysis of the main issue stated in the title, highlighting multiple critical aspects based on data and information from official reports of prestigious institutions. Special attention is given to specific issues in local communities related to healthcare infrastructure and the provision of medical services, as well as possible solutions offered through the implementation of the General Regional Health Services Plan 2021-2027 in the North-East Region. The paper concludes with a section of conclusions, which includes perspectives on the future development of the analyzed sector.

Educational Experiences of Children and Youths in Foster Care: A Multidimensional Approach

In the context in which school education can be a source of support for the social integration of children and youths in the welfare system, their educational experiences become relevant. This article pinpoints the school experiences of 65 children and youths in the special residential care system in Romania, with references to several numbers of international studies. Educational experiences are described through a multidimensional approach, from a psycho-emotional, pedagogical, and relational perspective. Based on the perspective of institutionalised children and youths, feelings and emotions related to school, perceptions of the educational act and climate, educational needs, as well as relationships with peers or teachers are explored. The research methods used were mixed; we used both the questionnaire-based survey and the interview. The research results suggest that the voices of institutionalised students need to be heard and valued. These are important resources for restoring the right of these children and youths to a fair education.

Occurrence of Eimeria spp. and Intestinal Helminths in Free-Range Chickens from Northwest and Central Romania.

Chickens raised in backyard free-range systems are confronted with a significant threat of parasitic infections. Among the parasitic agents, protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria and helminths, including Ascaridia galli, Capillaria spp., Heterakis gallinarum, and Strongyloides avium, stand out as the most prevalent. The sampling protocol included sixteen localities in four counties within the Transylvania region of Romania. Fecal samples were collected from chickens reared in a backyard system. Fecal samples were screened for oocysts (O) and eggs (E) by flotation method, and their number per gram of feces (OPG/EPG) was calculated after counting them by McMaster method. Positive samples for Eimeria spp. were further analyzed by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method to identify the Eimeria species. A total of 145 flocks were tested and the overall prevalence of infection was 53.1%. The most prevalent infections were with A. galli/H. gallinarum (25.5%), and Eimeria spp. (24.8%), followed by Capillaria spp. and strongyles. The mean OPG/EPG values were as follows: 63,577 for Eimeria spp., 157 for Ascaridia/Heterakis, 362 for Capillaria spp., and 1671 for Strongyle eggs. Identified Eimeria species were E. acervulina (41.7%), E. tenella (27.8%), E. praecox (16.7%), E. brunetti (16.7%), OTUy (operational taxonomic unit y) (8.3%), OTUz (operational taxonomic unit z) (8.3%) and E. mitis (5.6%). Intestinal parasites exhibit a high prevalence among chickens in backyard poultry flocks, and the presence of significant parasite burdens can adversely affect both productive and economic aspects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study that aimed to analyze the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in chickens raised in a backyard free-range system in Romania, and the first report of OTUy species in Europe.

The Banking System in Romania in the Current Period

The Banking System in Romania in the Current Period

Power quality permanent monitoring systems in Romania

This paper addresses the results obtained from the first and second power quality permanent monitoring systems, implemented in the points of common coupling, between Transmission Operator and Supply Operator, Transmission Operator and Eligible Customers. Monthly statistic reports from these systems are received at the National Dispatch center and are included in the reports towards Romanian Electricity Regulatory Authority. The information gathered from these systems help to develop the Romanian PQ regulation, to verify the contractual requirements, to report the indices for network performance and to identify the solutions for network optimization, technical energy losses reduction and customer satisfaction.

Analysis of the Romanian Health System from the Perspective of the Number of Hospitals

The paper presents aspects of the indicators related to the health system in Romania. The indicators considered were: the number of hospitals by type of ownership (public and private) and by development regions of Romania, time evolution (for the period 1990-2021) followed by the detailed analysis on the year 2021 of the healthcare staff, represented by the number of physicians (dentists excluded), and of the resident population at January 1st 2021. The data used for the analysis was obtained from the National Institute of Statistics. From the results of the research, it is worth noting the division into three large categories of areas according to the number of hospitals, respectively: the developed area, the partly developed area, and the undeveloped area.

Stratification and Inequality in the Secondary Education System in Romania

Education is a complex system with implications for educational policy and management. Education systems that are more comprehensive generate more equal outcomes, fostering access to opportunities for all children. On the other hand, systems with early selection and tracking are more stratified and register higher inequalities in educational outcomes. Educational inequalities imply unequal access to education and, subsequently, career opportunities. The present study employs classification techniques, such as decision trees, in order to highlight lines of stratification and inequality in the upper secondary education system in Romania, focusing on the selection of students in general or vocational programs. Our results show that the education of parents and area of residence are factors that influence the stratification of students in the Romanian secondary education system, and the selection process contributes to the reproduction of social inequalities. The conclusions of this study are consistent with the cultural capital theory in education. Policy and strategic management implications are discussed in light of our results.

Healing Voices: A Deep Dive into Doctor Perceptions on relation between Malpractice and Medical Legislation and Healthcare system in Romania. The results of a qualitative sociological research

This article presents findings from a comprehensive survey titled “Dimensions of Malpractice in Romania” addressing the negative aspects of the current legislation on professional liability. The data reveals a notable gap in doctors' knowledge of the legislative framework specific to the medical profession, emphasizing a high demand for formal, institutional training. The prevalence of "I don't know" responses suggests a conceptual gap, possibly stemming from ultra-specialized training that lacks trans-disciplinary education, particularly in legal matters. Medical malpractice emerges as a significant challenge for both the healthcare system and society at large. This survey delves into the complex social context of medical practice, exploring individual experiences and social influences. The large participant pool (8,121 participants, with 4,729 responses) enhances the research's scalability, allowing for the identification of prevalent themes and subsequent correlations through advanced statistical methods. The study, conducted through a questionnaire administered within a month to over 8,000 participants, highlights the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of survey research compared to interview-based approaches. Despite its advantages, the qualitative nature of the study presents limitations, such as the potential subjectivity in data interpretation. Limitations include the potential lack of generalizability, leading to the organization of data based on frequency rather than broad applicability. The findings may be more relevant for specific contexts, requiring further evaluations and independent assessments. This qualitative sociological research prioritizes an in-depth understanding of phenomena over quantitative aspects. The identified themes and sub-themes reflect negative conditions and vulnerabilities in medical practice, serving as a basis for potential amendments to legal texts. A legislative framework adapted to local social conditions is proposed to benefit both the healthcare system and broader society. The article concludes with a call for continued research, emphasizing the importance of refining the legislative framework to enhance the overall healthcare landscape in Romania.

The performance of the Romanian pension system from the perspective of sustainability, adequacy and equity

Ensuring financial security in old age is an important goal of all contemporary societies. Public pension systems have become a foundation of income security for the elderly in most countries, being one of the main pillars of the welfare state. An effective pension system is one that manages to achieve its objectives, namely combating poverty among the elderly and maintaining a decent standard of living in old age, under the conditions of ensuring intra- and intergenerational equity. In the context of an aging population, the major challenge for our societies is to ensure an adequate income for the elderly without putting excessive pressure on the younger generations. The aim of the paper is to achieve a multidimensional analysis of the performance of the pension system in Romania from the perspective of sustainability, adequacy and equity.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON FRUIT QUALITY OF THE APPLE CULTIVATED IN ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Known being the increasing demand for ecological fruits, both at national level and on international markets, the apple cultivated in the ecological system in Romania can bring economic and social benefits. The orientation towards apple cultivars with genetic resistance to diseases will be gradually imposed, especially in the case of apple, being the main factor in obtaining ecological productions. The value of the ecological apples, as dessert fruits, depends directly on the following physico-chemical characteristics: size (weight and caliber), content of fruit in soluble solids and acids (specially malic acid), firmness and the color of the epidermis. This work aims to quantify the quality elements of the fruits at the maturity of harvesting for 12 apple cultivars, of different origin (6 with Romanian origin and 6 foreign cultivars), located in a field trial of RIFG Pitești, Romania, managed in ecological system. The preliminary results registered at the level of 2022 show that the fruits size varied from 144.26 g ('Rubinola' cv.) to 306.8 g ('Orion' cv.), and the fruit caliber 71.62 mm ('Crimson Crisp' cv.) to 92.13 mm ('Orion' cv.). The cultivars 'Rumina', 'Topaz' and 'Orion' were noted for the high content of soluble solids (over 14%). 'Rubinola' cv. was noted by the high pH of fruits (4.02) and high acid content (0.88% malic acid).

Data processing for administrative systems

Digitization of public services is a necessity for the development of administration, especially in big cities. Many studies show that citizens need fast and transparent public services. The process of digilatization has different degrees of development in different countries. Although progress still need to be made, Romania's administrative digitization has developed in recent years. The concept of big data and artificial intelligence algorithms are part of Romanian digital administrative systems. This paper describes the stages of a taxpayer registration in an electronic administrative system in Romania. A case study is also presented in order to highlight the evolution of the state of digitization in Romania during the Covid-19 pandemic when it was necessary to avoid traveling to administrative offices.