Process System Research Articles

Understanding Climate Change by Modeling the Earth's Atmosphere as a Well‐Stirred Tank

AbstractComing to terms with climate change by understanding climate processes and their policy implications is essential not only for climate scientists and policymakers, but also for the general public, for industrial practitioners, and for engineers, including process system engineers. We have developed a simplified linear climate model (SLCM) to enable non‐specialists to explore the essential physical and chemical processes caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Trading‐off simplicity and accuracy, achieved by calibrating model parameters using established simple climate models, the SLCM allows (i) determining the climate impact of given past and future emissions, (ii) determining the amounts of CO2 removal needed to compensate for any unavoidable emissions of CH4 and N2O from agriculture, and (iii) back‐calculating emission pathways to meet specified global warming targets.

Combination Nanodrug Delivery Systems Facilitate the Syncretism of Chemotherapy with Immunotherapy to Promote Cancer Treatment.

Cancer has emerged as a significant threat that gravely endanger human health. Anti-tumor immunotherapy has now emerged as an important treatment for cancer. However, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment limits the antitumor immunity. The importance of the immune system in the cancer treatment process must be emphasized. Herein, two precision-targeted nanoparticles PD-L1@Cur-NPs and PD-1@AS-NPs are constructed for cancer treatment. PD-L1@Cur-NPs can precisely target tumor cells in vivo to eradicate tumor cells or induce them apoptosis. PD-1@AS-NPs can precisely target T cells in vivo to activate the T cell-mediated immune system and induce antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, these two nanoparticles have good synergistic effect and show stronger antitumor effect after combination. After treatment with the combination of two nanoparticles, the tumor volumes of C57BL/6 tumor-bearing mice are significantly reduced. Moreover, the percentage of CD8+T cells and CD4+T cells in the tumor significantly increased, and the percentage of regulatory T cells significantly decreased. The percentage of memory T cells and memory effector T cells in the spleen also significantly increased after treatment, suggesting that the antitumor immunity is activated after treatment. This study provides a new antitumor treatment strategy combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy, which has good application prospect.

HOW NOT TO DO EUROPEAN INTEGRATIONS: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND LEGAL CHALLENGES IN ACCESSION PROCESS TO EUROPEAN UNION

Background: Bosnia and Herzegovina, with its complex constitutional and legal system, is facing many difficulties in its progress toward European Union membership. These challenges have been worsened by political instability, exacerbated by geopolitical shifts in Europe following Russian aggression on Ukraine. Legal complexities in the constitutional order of Bosnia and Herzegovina are often used to halt the country's progress and divert it from its European trajectory. This article analyses the specific instances of very unfavourable legal solutions that are hindering the EU accession process, as well as the recommendations put forth by the EU Commission aimed at removing these legal obstacles. There is an urgent need for reform of constitutional and legal rules to enable the country to effectively continue its EU accession path. The importance of the EU membership perspective for Bosnia and Herzegovina extends beyond simply joining a desirable club of prosperous countries; the reforms required during the EU accession process are needed to strengthen the efficiency of state institutions and secure lasting peace in the country and region. As such, the urgency and potential impact of these proposed legislative changes cannot be overstated. Methods: The research primarily employs a combination of analytical, normative, and comparative methods to examine the legal system and chronology of the integration process. The legal historical method is also used where appropriate. The research focuses on the content of constitutional norms, relevant legislative acts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and legislative acts of the European Union and other countries. These legislative acts are compared with EU recommendations and legislation from other EU member states to identify the discrepancies. The article provides an overview of the legal framework governing EU integrations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including norms of international law, constitutional law, national legislation, and EU law that are negatively impacting the EU accession process, and offers certain recommendations for their improvement. Results and conclusions: The research has identified certain norms of constitutional and legislative origin in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina that are harming the country's ability to effectively engage in the EU accession process. Through a normative approach, the article gives recommendations for their improvement, which are in line with the standards set by the institutions of the EU. Amending these problematic legal frameworks would remove their use as political tools aimed at halting the country’s progress in the EU integrations.

Decision Support System for the Design Process of Apatite Biopolymer Composite Parts

Abstract In connection with the increase in the number and severity of various types of bone tissue injuries received as a result of wounds during military operations in Ukraine, an important issue in orthopedics and traumatology is making informed decisions about the possibility of restoring the integrity and functions of bone tissue when using different types of composition, porosity and strength of apatite-biopolymer composites. The scientific direction of research is the development of principles and methods for making scientifically based decisions in the design and additive manufacturing of bone substitutes based on apatite-biopolymer composites with functional properties depending on the nature of the localization of the cavity bone defect and its size. A set of methods for analyzing images of bone tissue, taking into account its spatial structure, which are obtained by sensors of different physical nature, with the use of neural network models, development of methods of their design, optimization and training is proposed. The new knowledge obtained as a result of the project will become the necessary basis for making optimal decisions in practice for the introduction of the latest methods of treatment and prosthetics in trauma surgery, oncology, cranio-maxillofacial surgery, dentistry, taking into account the risks of biocompatibility of apatite-biopolymer composites. Software development of an intelligent decision support system will be used to design bone substitutes with controlled composition, structure, porosity and mechanical strength for the further selection of additive technology for its production from apatite-polymer composites, which will contribute to increasing the efficiency of treatment and prosthetics in orthopedics and traumatology.

A Novel Exploration of Diffusion Process Based on Multi-Type Galton–Watson Forests

Diffusion is a commonly used technique for spreading information from point to point on a graph. The rationale behind diffusion is not clear. The multi-type Galton–Watson forest is a random model of population growth without space or any other resource constraints. In this paper, we use the degenerated multi-type Galton–Watson forest (MGWF) to interpret the diffusion process, corresponding vertices to types and establishing an equivalence relationship between them. With the two-phase setting of the MGWF, one can interpret the diffusion process and the Google PageRank system explicitly. It also improves the convergence behavior of the iterative diffusion process and Google PageRank system. We validate the proposal by experiment while providing new research directions.

Synergistic use of handcrafted and deep learning features for tomato leaf disease classification.

This research introduces a Computer-Aided Diagnosis-system designed aimed at automated detections & classification of tomato leaf diseases, combining traditional handcrafted features with advanced deep learning techniques. The system's process encompasses preprocessing, feature extraction, feature fusion, and classification. It utilizes enhancement filters and segmentation algorithms to isolate with Regions-of-Interests (ROI) in images tomato leaves. These features based arranged in ABCD rule (Asymmetry, Borders, Colors, and Diameter) are integrated with outputs from a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) pretrained on ImageNet. To address data imbalance, we introduced a novel evaluation method that has shown to improve classification accuracy by 15% compared to traditional methods, achieving an overall accuracy rate of 92% in field tests. By merging classical feature engineering with modern machine learning techniques under mutual information-based feature fusion, our system sets a new standard for precision in agricultural diagnostics. Specific performance metrics showcasing the effectiveness of our approach in automated detection and classifying of tomato leaf disease.

Exploring interactive effects of environmental and microbial factors on food waste anaerobic digestion performance: Interpretable machine learning models

Biogas yield in anaerobic digestion (AD) involves continuous and complex biological reactions. The traditional linear models failed to quantitatively assess the interactive effects of these factors on AD performance. To further explore the internal relationship between target variables and AD performance, this study developed four machine learning models to predict biogas yield and consider the interaction among various factors. Results indicated that the highest prediction accuracy of AD performance was achieved by adding bacterial genera dataset with environmental factors. Random forest model exhibited the highest accuracy, with the testing coefficient of determination equal to 0.9879. Among two types of input features, the bacterial genera accounted for 89.9 % of the impact on biogas yield, followed by environmental factors. The results revealed Keratinibaculum and Acetomicrobium as critical bacteria. The volatile fatty acid controlled below 2000 mg/L and the improved stirring system in AD process were recommended to achieve maximum biogas yield.

Comparative Real-Time Study of Three Enhanced Control Strategies Applied to Dynamic Process Systems

In this study, a comparative analysis of three different control methods for precise, real-time control of a complex dynamic double-tank liquid level process system was performed. Since the system in question has a time-delayed structure, feedforward proportional integral (FF-PI) control and cascaded nonlinear feedforward proportional integral delayed (CNPIR) controllers were tested on the process system. While the FF-PI controller improved the response time of the system, it showed limitations in handling external disturbances and nonlinearities. On the other hand, the CNPIR controller showed better improvements in control accuracy and lower overshoot compared to the FF-PI controller. Since the process system has a nonlinear model and is affected by external disturbances, these two controllers were inadequate in this study when compared to the fractional order adaptive proportional integral derivative sliding mode controller (FO-APIDSMC). The FO-APIDSMC controller provided fairly good performance in both tracking accuracy and disturbance rejection control for non-chattering, fast finite-time convergence, increased robustness, and uncertain dynamic processes. Experimental results reveal that the FO-APIDSMC controller achieves superior minimized tracking error and outperforms the FF-PI and CNPIR controllers by effectively handling uncertainties and external disturbances.

Fault Detection Technology for Ultrapure Water Plant using Virtual Sensors for Pressure Control Valve and Indicators in Return Line

Objectives:This study aims to propose a technology that utilizes virtual sensors to quickly and accurately diagnose faults in valves and measurement devices that may occur in the return line of an ultrapure water plant.Methods:The empirical equations were derived, and the error range was calculated using operational data collected from three pieces of equipment (pressure control valve, pressure transmitter, and flow transmitter) in the recovery system of the ultrapure water process. Based on this, a virtual sensor is established.Results and Discussion:It was confirmed that the utilization of 24-hour data collected from the operation of the ultrapure water plant was enough to establish virtual sensors and could also estimate monthly data with high accuracy. In Phase 1, the fault diagnosis technology was found to estimate values more accurately and had a meaningful margin of error compared to Phase 2.Conclusion:It was possible to develop a fault detection technology using the virtual sensor derived from the empirical equation. The technology showed high performance in detecting anomalies in the flow meter and pressure control valve opening but had limitations in estimating consistently pressure values. Additionally, considering that there was no issue in estimating monthly data using the equations derived using 24 hours operational data. The fault detection algorithm could be used continuously if the empirical equations are updated by collecting a day's data when operating conditions change.

Determining the Suitable Location of Constructed Wetland for the Polluted River Water Treatment Based on Analytical Hierarchy Process and Geographic Information System Analysis

The Tukad Badung River is a vital raw water source in Denpasar City and Badung Regency. Concerning the water pollution of the river, water treatment is necessary to manage the water quality. Constructed wetlands are a water treatment technology used for water purification. In this regard, information is essential regarding the appropriate location for the placement of the constructed wetland based on criteria related to the water treatment plant. The research was conducted to determine the suitability level of water treatment locations in the watershed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process method in integration with a Geographic Information System. The Geographic Information System analysis included overlaying steps of the processed and classified data from each criterion: land use, slope, and water pollution index. The Analytic Hierarchy Process method was carried out to obtain the weight of each criterion down to the sub-criteria, which were compiled through interviews with three informants from academic, government, and community representatives. Weight calculations were performed using Expert Choice 11 software to obtain weight values with a consistency ratio of < 0.1. Geographic Information System analysis using the Analytic Hierarchy Process method produces three suitable land types according to the level of suitability for water treatment locations, with constructed wetlands located in the upstream, middle, and downstream parts of the river. Information regarding suitable land is useful for planning the technical design of water treatment plants with constructed wetlands.

Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production System Utilizing Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch using Pyrolysis Connected with Steam Methane Reformer

Fossil fuel consumption on a large scale continues to increase yearly, causing a shortage of energy sources. Hydrogen can help to overcome the shortage of energy sources. It can be produced from renewable energy sources, such as oil palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) as biomass using pyrolysis processes equipped with steam methane reformer and water gas shift reactions. This research was conducted to determine the amount of hydrogen that can be produced and to analyze the exergy of the existing systems in the hydrogen production process. Aspen Plus has been used to design and analyze pyrolysis processes, steam methane reform, and water gas shift reactions. The results showed that when 6.54 kg Empty Fruit Bunch was used as raw material in a pyrolysis reactor, hydrogen could be produced in the amounts of 0.435 kg. The exergy values of raw materials and fuels are relatively high because the chemical exergy values of the compounds contained therein are also high. Based on the calculations, it is found that the combustion process is the process that experiences the most significant exergy destruction. The exergy efficiency of this hydrogen production process system is 22.77%.

Design and development of vacuum system for electron beam powder bed fusion process

A vacuum system is one of the crucial components of the Electron Beam-Powder Bed Fusion Process (EB-PBF). It ensures the generation of a high-intensity electron beam. This paper presents a vacuum system design for the EB-PBF process. The work chamber and EB gun chamber have been designed and verified using ANSYS workbench for stress, strain, and deformation limits and found satisfactory. The analytical calculations have been performed for all the pumps, considering the various gas loads during the process. After the design, the vacuum system has been fabricated and tested for its stability, ultimate vacuum, and leak rate. The helium leak test results show that all the joints have a leak rate better than 1 × 10−8 mbar l/s. Further, the analytical results of each pump have been compared with experimental results and found almost in line with the theoretical results. The results show that a pressure lower than 1 × 10−5 mbar and 5 × 10−6 mbar can be achieved in the work chamber and EB gun chamber in less than 23 min and 10 min respectively. The chamber was evacuated multiple times and found that the chamber could still hold pressure better than 1 × 10−2 mbar after 48 h.

Value Based Conduct Confirmation in BPaaS Configuration

Business Process as a Service (BPaaS) is a cloud-based delivery model that combines business process outsourcing (BPO) with the scalability and flexibility of cloud computing. In BPaaS, organizations outsource specific business processes—such as payroll, customer support, or inventory management—to a cloud service provider. These services are designed for multitenancy, meaning they serve multiple clients simultaneously. By leveraging the cloud, companies gain cost efficiency, access to cutting-edge technologies, and the ability to scale on demand. Essentially, BPaaS streamlines operations, allowing businesses to focus on their core competencies while leaving process management to experts in the cloud. The purpose behind BPaaS is to turn multiple service companies into a corporate process system that can then be provided as its own service to consumers. Naturally, BPaaS providers target common or proven business processes applicable to a broad potential market, or require multiple complex components management. This is attractive for customers, because it offers a cheap, low risk outsource option for integral business activities. Business Process as a Service (BPaaS) is an emerging sort of cloud provider that gives configurable and executable business processes to customers over the internet. As BPaaS is still in early years of research, many open troubles remain managing the configuration of BPaaS builds on regions which include software product strains and configurable commercial enterprise approaches. The problem has concerns to recollect from numerous perspectives, along with the different forms of variable features, constraints among configuration options, and gratifying the necessities supplied by the client. In this method, the system uses temporal logic templates to elicit transactional requirements from customers that the configured carrier ought to adhere to. For formalizing constraints over configuration, feature fashions are used. To manage all these issues at some stage in BPaaS configuration, the system developed a structured approach that applies formal techniques whilst directing customers via specifying transactional necessities and choosing configurable features.

Comparative Characteristics of Short-term and Long-term Adaptation by Blood Analysis of Foreign Female Students (India) to the Educational Process System

The article is devoted to the study of the comparative characteristics of the analysis of the leukocyte formula indicators of foreign female students from India during short-term and long-term sociocultural and other demographic factors of adaptation to educational process systems. We found little difference in the blood analysis of foreign Indian female students with short-term, long-term and social adaptation to the educational environment. Based on the evidence of the studied material, it is determined that the body reacts to each environmental requirement with a special effect. If, in one case, as at the initial stage of training, a student is faced with a situation of non-variability, then this requires the mobilization of many resources of the body, while in another case, at a longer and already established stage of training, the student’s body successfully copes with various influencing factors.

The Coupled Application of the DB-IWHR Model and the MIKE 21 Model for the Assessment of Dam Failure Risk

The phenomenon of global climate change has led to an increase in the frequency of extreme precipitation events, an acceleration in the melting of glaciers and snow cover, and an elevation of the risk of flooding. In this study, the DB-IWHR model was employed in conjunction with the MIKE 21 hydrodynamic model to develop a simulation system for the dam failure flow process of an earth and rock dam. The study concentrated on the KET reservoir, and 12 dam failure scenarios were devised based on varying design flood criteria. The impact of reservoir failures on flood-risk areas was subjected to detailed analysis, with consideration given to a range of potential failure scenarios and flood sizes. It was determined that under identical inflow frequency conditions, the higher the water level, the more rapid the breakout process and the corresponding increase in flood peak discharge. Conversely, for a given frequency of incoming water, an elevated water level results in a transient breach process, accompanied by a reduction in flood peak flow. Moreover, for a given water level, an increase in water frequency results in a reduction in breaching time, an extension of flood duration, and an increase in flood peak flow. The observed trend of flood spreading is generally north-south, and this process is highly compatible with the topographic and geomorphological features, demonstrating good adaptability.

Stuart Stress Adaptation and Nola Pender's Model on Mental Nursing Care of Patients Schizophrenia: Case Study

To describe the application of the Stuart Stress Adaptation and Nola Pender Models in mental nursing care for a patient with schizophrenia and risk of violent behavior. This research method used case studies. The sample is one patient with schizophrenia. Data collection is done through direct observation, interviews, and patient medical records. The results showed that the client showed a major nursing problem in the form of risk of violent behavior. Predisposing factors included passive childhood experiences and socio-cultural issues, while precipitation included feeling disrespected by the husband's family. Nursing interventions provided to the patient included logotherapy, forgiveness therapy, and psychoeducation to the family. Family psychoeducation forms a supportive system in the client's recovery process. The results of this study indicate that there is a reduction in symptoms of violent behavior in schizophrenia patients. The importance of integrating the Stuart Stress Adaptation and Nola Pender Model in the psychiatric nursing care of patients with paranoid schizophrenia.

Resolving complexity: Material flow analysis of a national wood flow system integrating the versatility of wood

AbstractA systemic understanding of the use of wood resources is required to defossilize society and promote bio‐based developments. This study provides a novel approach to represent a comprehensive material flow analysis (MFA) spanning the entire wood value chain; encompassing wood harvest to products, use in society, collection, reuse, recycle, energy generation, and trade. By recognizing wood as a complex material, with changing properties throughout its lifespan, we developed a method where we employed a color‐coded system for processes (27 boxes) and 110 flows to symbolize distinct life stages and the dynamic characteristics, including 23 different trade flows. The wood processes and flows are categorized (11 categories) into different wood types (e.g., softwood and hardwood) and harmonized to include all available data on each single step of the wood life cycle, improving data traceability and visualization, and allowing for replicable analysis with respective data noted for each process and flow. Methodological obstacles due to different units, uncertainty of flows, and discrepancies in data are addressed and adjustments proposed. Switzerland was chosen as a case study as a large number of various types of data were available to perform the analysis. The categorized and harmonized flows of woody biomass mapped and analyzed in the MFA provide a comprehensive basis to identify and recommend avenues to increase cascading use of wood as a carbon sink, by considering relevant aspects like the network of flows and processes, the quality and availability of the woody biomass, and the organization of the industry.

Organ-protective effects of the alternative renin-angiotensin system and prospects for therapeutic treatment. Review

The article is devoted to review the data regarding the identification of biochemical and functional features of the components of the renin‑angiotensin system using the tools of bibliometric analysis of scientific literature. A modern interpretation by the dividing of the multifunctional complex into two systems, namely the classical renin‑angiotensin system and alternative renin‑angiotensin system, in accordance with the definition of biological effects, is given. The enzymatic cascade involved in the production and metabolism of peptides in both classical and non‑classical pathways of renin‑angiotensin systems is shown from the point of view of the evolution of scientific concepts. The triggering role of components of the classical renin‑angiotensin system in pathophysiological processes with transformation into cardiovascular diseases and metabolic dysfunction has been proven. The history of the creation of pharmacological drugs for the correction of the classic renin‑angiotensin system is presented. In view of the achievement of recent years, the revision of the alternative renin‑angiotensin system is emphasized due to the discovery of the counter‑regulatory action of the angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2, angiotensin‑(1—7), the Mas receptor in relation to their correction of metabolic processes, regulation of blood pressure, and the presence of anti‑fibrotic, anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The positive effect of the components of the non‑classical renin‑angiotensin system on the protection of the cardiovascular system and kidney is presented based on the results of experimental studies on animals. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics characteristics of recombinant angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 in experiments on healthy volunteers are highlighted. The potential protective effects of angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin‑(1—7) concerning cardiometabolic risk are presented. The available data indicate the need for further comprehensive scientific investigations of the components of alternative renin‑angiotensin system to create a new class of pharmacological agents with their implementation in medical practice.

СИСТЕМНІСТЬ РІШЕНЬ РОЗШИРЕННЯ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ВИСОКОЯКІСНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ ЕКСПОРТООРІЄНТОВАНИМ МЕТАЛУРГІЙНИМ ПІДПРИЄМСТВОМ

The study outlines the approaches toward the rationalization of the technological process of pellet production by combining iron ore extraction in the quarry, its milling, concentrate enrichment, pellet firing. The practice of system implementation of modern technology of flotation processing of iron content into the concentrate as a strategic task of improving the quality of pellets is described. The peculiarities of involving a significant percentage of "low-grade" ores in production in case of necessity are revealed. It was concluded that the implementation and successful functioning of the quality management system are affected by engineering mistakes, poor cooperation with suppliers, the return of low-quality products to the enterprise, additional transportation expenses. The sequence of development of the fundamental documents of the quality management system regarding the implementation of the policy in the field of expansion of export supplies of pellets and improvement of the organizational structure of the company's management is covered. The iron content in pellets was predicted using the auto regression model. An improved structure of management of foreign economic activity in case of the implementation of the project on additional production of high-quality pellets is proposed. The costs for increasing the volume of production of iron ore raw materials for the project for the successful functioning of the automated management system for the entire technological process of charge preparation, pelletizing and firing of pellets are systematically defined. A risk assessment was carried out in conditions of implementation of the model for calculating the capital assets of the complex of equipment for the production of high-quality pellets of a well-known global company. Decisions regarding the positioning of the plant's pellets on the world market with determination of the pricing strategy are justified.

Novel Ceramic Clay Automatic Feeding System and Simulation Analysis

This study aims to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of an automatic feeding system in the ceramic clay-forming process. Through a series of clay-forming experiments, the system’s performance under various process parameters was examined. Precision sensors and data recording devices were used to monitor and record key data during the experimental process in real-time. The results demonstrate that the automatic feeding system can supply clay steadily and continuously under set parameters, ensuring a smooth forming process and significantly improving efficiency. Quantitatively, the system achieved a 30% increase in Vickers hardness, reflecting enhanced mechanical properties of the formed clay bodies. Additionally, there was a notable improvement in axial stress–strain characteristics, indicating better structural integrity and consistency. These improvements reduced human errors and material waste, enhancing production efficiency and product quality. Future research will focus on further optimizing system design and exploring its applications in a broader range of ceramic manufacturing processes.