Display System Research Articles

First Display of Haloalkane Dehalogenase LinB on the Surface of Bacillus subtilis Spore.

LinB, as a Haloalkane dehalogenase, has good catalytic activity for many highly toxic and recalcitrant compounds, and can realize the elimination of chemical weapons HD in a green non-toxic mode. In order to display Haloalkane dehalogenase LinB on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spore. We have constituted the B. subtilis spore surface display system of halogenated alkanes dehalogenase LinB by gene recombination. Data revealed that LinB can display on spore surface successfully. The hydrolyzing HD analogue 2-chloroethyl ethylsulfide (2-CEES) activity of displayed LinB spores was 4.30±0.09 U/mL, and its specific activity was 0.78±0.03U/mg. Meanwhile, LinB spores showed a stronger stress resistance activity on 2-CEES than free LinB. This study obtained B. subtilis spores of LinB (phingobium japonicum UT26) with enzyme activity that was not reported before. Spore surface display technology uses resistance spore as the carrier to guarantee LinB activity, enhances its stability, and reduces the production cost, thus expanding the range of its application.

Exploring Epitope Spreading of PLA2R and Its Clinical Relevance in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy (IMN) Based on Yeast Surface Display System

Exploring Epitope Spreading of PLA2R and Its Clinical Relevance in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy (IMN) Based on Yeast Surface Display System

Low-Latency Beaming Display: Implementation of Wearable, 133 $\mu$s Motion-to-Photon Latency Near-eye Display.

This paper presents a low-latency Beaming Display system with 133 μs motion-to-photon (M2P) latency, the latency from head motion to the corresponding image motion. Beaming Display is a recent near-eye display paradigm consisting of a steerable remote projector and a passive wearable headset that aims to overcome the typical trade-offs of OST-HMDs such as weight and computational resources. However, because Beaming Display projects a small image onto a distant moving viewpoint, M2P latency has a significant effect on displacement. To reduce M2P latency, we propose a low-latency Beaming-Display system that can be modularized without expensive high-speed devices. In our system, a 2D position sensor, which is placed coaxially on the projector, detects the light from the IR-LED on the headset and generates a differential signal for tracking. Analog closed-loop control of the steering mirror based on this signal keeps projecting images onto the headset. We implement a proof-of-concept prototype, evaluate the latency and augmented reality experience through a user-perspective camera, and discuss the limitations and improvements of the prototype.

Molecular imaging of bacterial outer membrane vesicles based on bacterial surface display

The important roles of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in various diseases and their emergence as a promising platform for vaccine development and targeted drug delivery necessitates the development of imaging techniques suitable for quantifying their biodistribution with high precision. To address this requirement, we aimed to develop an OMV specific radiolabeling technique for positron emission tomography (PET). A novel bacterial strain (E. coli BL21(DE3) ΔnlpI, ΔlpxM) was created for efficient OMV production, and OMVs were characterized using various methods. SpyCatcher was anchored to the OMV outer membrane using autotransporter-based surface display systems. Synthetic SpyTag-NODAGA conjugates were tested for OMV surface binding and 64Cu labeling efficiency. The final labeling protocol shows a radiochemical purity of 100% with a ~ 29% radiolabeling efficiency and excellent serum stability. The in vivo biodistribution of OMVs labeled with 64Cu was determined in mice using PET/MRI imaging which revealed that the biodistribution of radiolabeled OMVs in mice is characteristic of previously reported data with the highest organ uptakes corresponding to the liver and spleen 3, 6, and 12 h following intravenous administration. This novel method can serve as a basis for a general OMV radiolabeling scheme and could be used in vaccine- and drug-carrier development based on bioengineered OMVs.

An Interactive Holographic Multimedia Technology and Its Application in the Preservation and Dissemination of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Digital technology offers numerous advantages, such as preserving the authenticity, replicating reality, and facilitating dissemination. It enables the preservation of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in its original form and allows for the creation of comprehensive graphic, audio, and visual databases. Among these technologies, holographic technology holds promise for protecting ICH and promoting its dissemination. This paper focuses on interactive holographic technology and presents the design and implementation of a dynamic holographic display system that combines digital hologram (DH) and computer-generated hologram (CGH) to showcase 3D images consisting of both virtual and real objects. Real-time loading of DH into a spatial light modulator enables the optical reproduction of real objects, while the loading of two CGHs into other spatial light modulators facilitates the optical reproduction of virtual objects. Computational holography allows for the addition of virtual information, such as coordinate text, and the fusion of the three reconstructed images in space, resulting in an augmented reality experience and enhanced 3D display of real objects. An experimental setup employing three liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) devices confirms the validity of the proposed method. Compared to other techniques, this approach demonstrates improved image signal-to-noise ratio, reduced alignment errors, and wider coverage of light traversal for laser 3D reconstruction images. The holographic technology presented in this paper enables the fusion display of real and virtual scenes and real-time two-way interaction between the audience and virtual images. This research holds significant practical value in promoting the effective dissemination and protection of ICH.

Development of Polycistronic Baculovirus Surface Display Vectors to Simultaneously Express Viral Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Analysis of Their Immunogenicity in Swine.

To simultaneously express and improve expression levels of multiple viral proteins of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), polycistronic baculovirus surface display vectors were constructed and characterized. We engineered polycistronic baculovirus surface display vectors, namely, pBacDual Display EGFP(BacDD)-2GP2-2GP4 and pBacDD-4GP5N34A/N51A (mtGP5), which simultaneously express and display the ectodomain of His-tagged GP2-gp64TM-CTD, His-tagged GP4-gp64TM-CTD, and His-tagged mtGP5-gp64TM-CTD fusion proteins of PRRSV on cell membrane of Sf-9 cells. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were administered intramuscularly in 2 doses at 21 and 35 days of age with genetic recombinant baculoviruses-infected cells. Our results revealed a high level of ELISA-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, IL-4, and IFN-γ in SPF pigs immunized with the developed PRRSV subunit vaccine. To further assess the co-expression efficiency of different gene combinations, pBacDD-GP2-GP3-2GP4 and pBacDD-2mtGP5-2M constructs were designed for the co-expression of the ectodomain of His-tagged GP2-gp64TM-CTD, His-tagged GP3-gp64TM-CTD, and His-tagged GP4-gp64TM-CTD proteins as well as the ectodomain of His-tagged mtGP5-gp64TM-CTD and His-tagged M-gp64TM-CTD fusion proteins of PRRSV. To develop an ELISA assay for detecting antibodies against PRRSV proteins, the sequences encoding the ectodomain of the GP2, GP3, GP4, mtGP5, and M of PRRSV were amplified and subcloned into the pET32a vector and expressed in E. coli. In this work, the optimum conditions for expressing PRRSV proteins were evaluated, and the results suggested that 4 × 105 of Sf-9 cells supplemented with 7% fetal bovine serum and infected with the recombinant baculoviruses at an MOI of 20 for three days showed a higher expression levels of the protein. Taken together, the polycistronic baculovirus surface display system is a useful tool to increase expression levels of viral proteins and to simultaneously express multiple viral proteins of PRRSV for the preparation of subunit vaccines.

Quality analysis of diffraction grating based 3D light field display system: Identifying optimal system parameters

Revealing the relationship between the parameters and display performance metrics is crucial to designing a high-quality three-dimensional (3D) light field display (LFD) system. However, there is currently no such analysis available for the diffraction grating (DG)-based 3D LFD system. In this paper, the light field mathematical model of the DG-based 3D LFD system is established and the influence of the main parameters of the DG-based 3D LFD system on the display quality is analyzed. A quality analysis methodology for the reconstructed light field of the DG-based 3D LFD system is proposed. This quality analysis methodology can be adopted as a design criterion for the DG-based 3D LFD system.

Construction of L-type lectin displaying Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Vibrio parahaemolyticus agglutination.

The utilization of Aga1P anchor protein in the display system for expressing heterologous proteins on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to be an ideal approach. This system has the ability to improve the expression of target proteins beyond the cell surface, resulting in increased activity and stability of the expression system. Recent studies have demonstrated that a new L-type lectin from Litopenaeus vannamei (LvLTLC1) has been found to possess the capability of agglutinating Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a pathogen responsible for causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. In this study, LvLTLC1 protein was designed to be expressed on the surface of S. cerevisiae via Aga1P anchor. The expression of LvLTLC1 protein on the surface of S. cerevisiae::pYIP-LvLTLC1-Aga1P was confirmed through the use of analytical techniques including SDS-PAGE, dot blot, and fluorescent immunoassay with LvLTC1-specific antibody. Subsequently, the newly generated yeast strain was evaluated for its ability to agglutinate V. parahaemolyticus and A. hydrophila. The obtained results indicated that S. cerevisiae expressing LvLTLC1 protein on its surface had the ability to agglutinate both AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus and A. hydrophila. This newly generated yeast strain could be served as a feed supplement for controlling bacteria in general and AHPND in particular.

Depth of field expansion method for integral imaging based on diffractive optical element and CNN.

In lens-based display systems, lens aberrations and depth of field (DoF) limitation often lead to blurring and distortion of reconstructed images; Meanwhile, expanding the display DoF will face a trade-off between horizontal resolution and axial resolution, restricting the achievement of high-resolution and large DoF three-dimensional (3D) displays. To overcome these constraints and enhance the DoF and resolution of reconstructed scenes, we propose a DoF expansion method based on diffractive optical element (DOE) optimization and image pre-correction through a convolutional neural network (CNN). This method applies DOE instead of the conventional lens and optimizes DOE phase distribution using the Adam algorithm, achieving depth-invariant and concentrated point spread function (PSF) distribution throughout the entire DoF range; Simultaneously, we utilize a CNN to pre-correct the original images and compensate for the image quality reduction introduced by the DOE. The proposed method is applied to a practical integral imaging system, we effectively extend the DoF of the DOE to 400 mm, leading to a high-resolution 3D display in multiple depth planes. To validate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method, we conduct numerical simulations and optical experiments.

Near-infrared tunable Tamm plasmons high-performance hot electron photodetector based on Ag/Ge2Sb2Te5 low Schottky barrier

Hot electron photodetector is a typical hot electron optoelectronic device, which can realize the narrow band photoelectric detection with high tunability and sensitivity. The Tamm plasmons (TPs) based on the planar metal film/distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) has the advantages of simple structure, low manufacturing cost, and high absorption efficiency. A multilayer thin film device structure for high-performance near-infrared hot electron metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors is proposed. The structure is based on Ag/Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) Schottky barrier and TPs formed by SiO2/MoS2 DBR. The simulation results of hot electron emission theory show that DBR can effectively extend the absorption spectrum of Ag film and the response spectrum of the device, and enhance the absorption rate of Ag film and the response of the device. The responsivity which is up to 53 mA/W can be obtained by adjusting the structure parameters of the DBR, the thickness of the Ag film, and the GST layer. At the same time, we also propose a digital display system based on the arrangement of crystalline GST and amorphous GST. It provides a new way for the realization of high-performance near-infrared hot electronic devices and is conducive to expanding the application field of hot electronic photodetectors.

How Do Background and Remote User Representations Affect Social Telepresence in Remote Collaboration?: A Study with Portal Display, a Head Pose-Responsive Video Teleconferencing System

This study presents Portal Display, a screen-based telepresence system that mediates the interaction between two distinct spaces, each using a single display system. The system synchronizes the users’ viewpoint with their head position and orientation to provide stereoscopic vision through this single monitor. This research evaluates the impact of graphically rendered and video-streamed backgrounds and remote user representations on social telepresence, usability, and concentration during conversations and collaborative tasks. Our results indicate that the type of background has a negligible impact on these metrics. However, point cloud streaming of remote users significantly improves social telepresence, usability, and concentration compared with graphical avatars. This study implies that Portal Display can operate more efficiently by substituting the background with graphical rendering and focusing on higher-resolution 3D point cloud streaming for narrower regions for remote user representations. This configuration may be especially advantageous for applications where the remote user’s background is not essential to the task, potentially enhancing social telepresence.

Retracted: Visual Communication-Based Virtual Reality Design of Imaging Information Collection and Display System

Retracted: Visual Communication-Based Virtual Reality Design of Imaging Information Collection and Display System

The Synthesis of Ginsenoside Compound K Using a Surface-Displayed β-Glycosidase Whole-Cell Catalyst

Ginsenoside compound K (CK) has garnered considerable attention due to its versatile pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective effects, along with neuroprotection. The conventional approach to synthesizing ginsenoside CK involves enzymatic conversion. However, the purification of enzymes necessitates effort and expense, and enzymes are prone to inactivation. Additionally, whole-cell catalysis suffers from inefficiency due to limited cell permeability. To address these challenges, we harnessed the YiaT protein as an anchoring motif, establishing a surface display system for β-glycosidase Bgp3. This innovative system served as a whole-cell catalyst for the efficient synthesis of ginsenoside CK. We further optimized the YiaT-Bgp3 system, enhancing display levels and significantly increasing ginsenoside CK production. Optimal conditions were achieved at an IPTG concentration of 0.5 mM, an induction temperature of 16 °C, a ginsenoside substrate concentration of 15 mg/mL, and a catalytic temperature of 30 °C. Ultimately, the YiaT-Bgp3 system synthesized 5.18 ± 0.08 mg/mL ginsenoside CK within 24 h, with a conversion of 81.83 ± 1.34%. Furthermore, the YiaT-Bgp3 system exhibited good reusability, adding to its practicality and value. This study has successfully developed an efficient whole-cell Bgp3 biocatalyst, offering a convenient, highly productive, and economically viable solution for the industrial production of ginsenoside CK.

Modelling distance education students’ satisfaction and continuous use intention of students’ portal: An importance-performance map analysis

Many higher educational institutions offering distance education provide their students with electronic portals to manage their academic information and activities, as well as obtain feedback from students to management for decision-making towards improvement. However, satisfaction with the use of students’ portals remains a challenge to distance education students especially in mandatory environments where students are obliged to use the portal. However, there is also a lack of empirical evidence on the effects of portal functionality and portal information display on the easiness of use of students’ portal and portal system performance leading to satisfaction, in the literature. Accordingly, this study aims to unravel the determinants of students’ satisfaction and their continuous use intentions of portal systems. In view of this, a quantitative approach based on an exploratory sequential mixed-method design was adopted. Questionnaires were used to collect the main data from 1409 students selected through a cluster sampling technique after an initial interview guide was used for focus group discussions. Data collected were analysed using both the descriptive and Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) techniques. Findings from the analysis revealed that portal functionality and portal information display were antecedents of portal ease of use: and portal system performance. Additionally, portal system ease of use, portal system functionality, portal system information display and portal system performance determined portal system use satisfaction. Furthermore, portal use satisfaction is a prelude to students’ continuous use intentions. Finally, the most important antecedent to student portal use satisfaction was portal system performance. These findings provide valuable insights for institutions seeking to enhance the performance of portal systems for their students. Based on the findings, recommendations were made for policy and practice towards the provision and management of student portals in distance education delivery.

Three-dimensional light field display for view density enhancement based on lenticular lens time-multiplexed stitching and views compression fitting method

Three-dimensional (3D) light field display technology became an inevitable future development trend but suffers from insufficient view density. With directional backlight, lenticular lens array, lens array, and holographic functional screen, a new time-multiplexed method is demonstrated to enhance the view density of the light field display. By utilizing a lenticular lens array, the beams through the synchronously refreshed LCD from the sequential directional backlight are converged and time-multiplexed stitched in the focal plane. In addition, the views compression fitting method is proposed further to break the tradeoff between view density and spatial resolution. The experimental findings reveal that the proposed light field display system reconstructs realistic full-parallax 3D images with correct perception and a view density of 1.42 mm−2, and the fitting method enhances the sharpness of the reconstructed 3D scene.

Two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional vision during the laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: A matched comparison of operative and long-term functional outcomes

Background/Aim: The three-dimensional (3D) display system can solve essential problems in conventional laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), like depth perception and spatial orientation. Several studies reported initial comparisons of LRP with 2D and 3D vision systems in terms of operative outcomes, with 3D systems coming out on top. However, there are few published comparison studies on the long-term outcomes of LRP with 2D and 3D vision systems. In this regard, we aimed to compare operative and long-term functional results of 3D-High definition (HD) LRP with conventional two-dimensional (2D)-HD display systems. Methods: A total of 115 cases that underwent LRP between October 2010 and December 2016 were prospectively evaluated, and a prospective cohort study was conducted. Inclusion criteria at baseline were as follows: age at surgery <75 yr, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration <20 ng/ml, clinical tumor stage <T4, no diagnosis of metastatic disease, and informed consent to participate in the study. Patients who underwent salvage treatments after LRP and patients with incomplete follow-up were excluded. The patients were divided into groups, Group 1 (n=72) and Group 2 (n=43), according to the display systems used, 2D-HD vs. 3D-HD during LRP. Demographic data, operative and postoperative, and long-term follow-up outcomes were recorded. Additionally, urinary continence rate determined with a patient questionnaire and erectile functions determined with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire were recorded. All obtained parameters were compared between the groups using the independent t-test and the chi-square test. Differences were considered significant at two-sided P <0.05 and 95% confidence interval. Results: All patients completed a 24-month follow-up procedure. The groups were similar in age, serum PSA level, prostate volume, preoperative Gleason score, and cancer-positive core number. There were significantly better results in group 2 than in group 1 for operative parameters, catheterization time, and hospital stay (P<0.001, for all parameters). At long-term follow-up, the urinary continence rate was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (P=0.023). Similarly, significantly higher IIEF scores were determined in the group 2 (P<0.001). Conclusion: Our results suggest that using a 3D-HD display system during LRP provides much better long-term functional and operative outcomes and may provide a cheap and equal alternative to the RARP procedure.

The system of graphical display of thematic information in digital cartography

The analysis of the graphic support of thematic mapping has been carried out in this paper. The authors propose the theory of graphic display of information, based on which a new universal system of displaying thematic data has been built as well.

Full degree-of-freedom polarization hologram by freeform exposure and inkjet printing

Since the invention of holography by Dennis Gabor, the fabrication of holograms has mainly relied on direct recording of wavefront by engraving the intensity fringes of interfering electric fields into the holographic material. The degree-of-freedom (DoF) is often limited, especially for its usage as a holographic optical element in imaging or display systems, as what is recorded is what to use. In this work, based on the emerging self-assembled photo-aligned liquid crystal, a polarization hologram with full DoF for local manipulation of optical structure is demonstrated. The ability to record an arbitrary wavefront (in-plane DoF) is achieved by freeform surface exposure, while the local adjustment of deposited liquid crystal (out-of-plane DoF) is realized by inkjet printing. The methodology for designing and fabricating such a hologram is exemplified by building a full-color retinal scanning display without color crosstalk. Here, the arbitrary wavefront modulation capability helps to eliminate the aberrations caused by mismatched exposure and display wavelengths. The local liquid crystal adjustment ability enables the suppression of crosstalk by variation of chiral pitch and film thickness to tune the peak and valley of Bragg diffraction band. The demonstrated method is expected to greatly impact the fields of advanced imaging and display, such as augmented reality and virtual reality, that require optics with an ultrathin form factor and high degrees of design freedom simultaneously.

The application of digital display in heritage museum

Museum as a basic platform for urban construction and cultural propaganda, its purpose is to let people understand the historical development context and the experience of historical figures, to provide collection, research, display integrated service system, is an important witness of historical development. With the continuous development of social economy and science and technology, while attaching great importance to spiritual pursuit, people will get more spiritual satisfaction from the museum platform. Especially in the background of the digital era, heritage museums pay more attention to providing people with high-quality and efficient cultural services while actively exploring new display modes. Therefore, how to apply digital display theory and technology? It has become a core subject for museums to explore actively in the new era. After understanding the content and requirements of site museum display design under the digital background, this paper mainly studies the design framework of digital site museum dynamic panoramic virtual display system, and then from the perspective of practical development, defines the digital display design content of site museum in the new era, in order to provide an effective basis for the construction and management of site museum in the new era.

Research on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Electronic Paper Pixels Based on Electrowetting.

In this paper, we propose a driving waveform with a complex ramp pulse for an electrowetting display system. The relationship between the contact angle and viscosity of inks was calculated based on the fluid-motion characteristics of different viscosities. We obtained the suitable range of viscosity and voltage in the liquid-oil-solid three-phase contact display system. We carried out model simulation and driving waveform design. The result shows that the driving waveform improves the response speed and aperture ratio of electrowetting. The aperture ratio of electrowetting pixels is increased to 68.69%. This research is of great significance to optimizing the structure of fluid material and the design of driving waveforms in electrowetting displays.