Display System Research Articles

Research Progress of Large Viewing‐Area 3D Holographic Near‐Eye Display

AbstractWith the development of the information industry, the wearable three‐dimensional (3D) near‐eye display that can provide complete visual information has attracted increasing attention. Compared with other existing 3D display technologies, the holographic display is a promising true 3D display technology that can fully record and reproduce the original 3D scenes. The ability to present a continuous parallax and depth perception gives holography technology an unprecedented promise in the next‐generation 3D near‐eye display. However, currently available holographic near‐eye display systems can only provide a limited viewing area (including the field of view and eyebox), greatly restricting its practical application. Focusing on the development requirements of large viewing‐area 3D holographic near‐eye display, the reasons are introduced first why the viewing area of current holographic displays is limited and then the existing solutions from different aspects, including multiplexing‐based methods, steering viewing window methods, aperiodic wavefront modulation methods, and some emerging holographic display technologies are summarized. These various solutions are analyzed respectively, and their representative works are investigated. In addition, the different applications of holography in the near‐eye display system are also discussed. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are compared and perspectives are given.

Human super antibody to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase produced by a modified Sortase self-cleave-bacteria surface display system

BackgroundRNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a good target of anti-RNA virus agents; not only it is pivotal for the RNA virus replication cycle and highly conserved among RNA viruses across different families, but also lacks human homolog. Recently, human single-chain antibody (HuscFv) that bound to thumb domain of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (functionalized NS5B protein) was produced and engineered into cell-penetrating antibody (super antibody) in the form of cell-penetrating peptide (penetratin, PEN)-linked HuscFv (PEN-HuscFv34). The super antibody was produced and purified from inclusion body (IB) of a pen-huscfv34-vector-transformed Escherichia coli. The super antibody inhibited replication of alpha- and beta- coronaviruses, flaviviruses, and picornaviruses that were tested (broadly effective); thus, it has high potential for developing further towards a pan-anti-RNA virus agent. However, production, purification, and refolding of the super antibody molecules from the bacterial IB are laborious and hurdles to large-scale production. Therefore, in this study, Sortase-self-cleave method and bacteria surface display system were combined and modified for the super antibody production.Methods and resultsBL21 (DE3) ΔA E. coli, a strain lacking predominant outer membrane protein (OmpA) and ion and OmpT proteases, that displayed a membrane-anchored fusion protein, i.e., chimeric lipoprotein (Lpp′)-OmpA′, SUMO, Sortase protease, Sortase cleavage site (LPET↓G) and PEN-HuscFv34-6× His was generated. The soluble PEN-HuscFv34-6× His with glycine at the N-terminus could be released from the E. coli surface, simply by incubating the bacterial cells in a Sortase-cleavage buffer. After centrifugation, the G-PEN-HuscFv34-6× His could be purified from the supernatant. The purified G-PEN-HuscFv34-6× retained original cell-penetrating ability (being super antibody) and the broadly effective anti-RNA virus activity of the original IB-derived-PEN-HuscFv34.ConclusionThe functionalized super antibody to RNA virus RdRp was successfully produced by using combined Sortase self-cleave and bacterial surface display systems with modification. The display system is suitable for downstream processing in a large-scale production of the super antibody. It is applicable also for production of other recombinant proteins in soluble free-folding form.

Parallax of Head-Up Displays and Visual Safety for Driving

Head-up displays (HUDs), a novel form of virtual display, are characterized by their optical structure as a typical binocular virtual display system. This structure exhibits the effect of binocular parallax on visual perception, especially when diverse depth information is displayed on a screen, which makes the eyes switch between different parallax conditions, and easily affects visual tasks, and induces visual fatigue. Augmented reality HUDs (AR-HUDs) have a wider field of view and are more susceptible to parallax effects. In this study, to determine the acceptable parallax threshold in a two-dimensional virtual display system for HUDs, especially for adjacent positions, and to provide a reference for HUD design, visual comfort and task performance were experimentally evaluated by simulating the overall parallax effect and with step changes on the screen. Specifically, the effects of overall and stepped horizontal and vertical parallaxes on visual fatigue and task performance were evaluated under different conditions. The results showed that the overall horizontal and vertical parallaxes had no significant effect on visual fatigue and task performance. However, stepped horizontal parallax had a significant effect on task performance (p < 0.05), with a parallax value of 3.31 mrad between adjacent positions serving as an acceptable threshold for stepped horizontal parallax as a reference. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in the concentration and fluctuation ratios of the results caused by vertical stepped parallax were found, and an acceptable stepped parallax threshold of 2.24 mrad was obtained. Further, experiments revealed that stepped vertical parallax was more likely to lead to reading misalignments, halos, and distortions. In addition, an exponentially varying relationship between stepped parallax and the error rate of visual performance was observed, and a model was built to predict the degree of influence on visual performance caused by horizontal stepped parallax in virtual displays. This study provides a reference for parallax control between neighboring display icons in AR-HUDs.

The Effect of Interocular Contrast Differences on the Appearance of Augmented Reality Imagery

Augmented reality (AR) devices seek to create compelling visual experiences that merge virtual imagery with the natural world. These devices often rely on wearable near-eye display systems that can optically overlay digital images to the left and right eyes of the user separately. Ideally, the two eyes should be shown images with minimal radiometric differences (e.g., the same overall luminance, contrast, and color in both eyes), but achieving this binocular equality can be challenging in wearable systems with stringent demands on weight and size. Basic vision research has shown that a spectrum of potentially detrimental perceptual effects can be elicited by imagery with radiometric differences between the eyes, but it is not clear whether and how these findings apply to the experience of modern AR devices. In this work, we first develop a testing paradigm for assessing multiple aspects of visual appearance at once, and characterize five key perceptual factors when participants viewed stimuli with interocular contrast differences. In a second experiment, we simulate optical see-through AR imagery using conventional desktop LCD monitors and use the same paradigm to evaluate the multi-faceted perceptual implications when the AR display luminance differs between the two eyes. We also include simulations of monocular AR systems (i.e., systems in which only one eye sees the displayed image). Our results suggest that interocular contrast differences can drive several potentially detrimental perceptual effects in binocular AR systems, such as binocular luster, rivalry, and spurious depth differences. In addition, monocular AR displays tend to have more artifacts than binocular displays with a large contrast difference in the two eyes. A better understanding of the range and likelihood of these perceptual phenomena can help inform design choices that support high-quality user experiences in AR.

Halo Reduction in Display Systems through Smoothed Local Histogram Equalization and Human Visual System Modeling

Halo Reduction in Display Systems through Smoothed Local Histogram Equalization and Human Visual System Modeling

Development and Application of Liquid Crystal Geometric Phase Elements for Display Systems

Development and Application of Liquid Crystal Geometric Phase Elements for Display Systems

KULF-TT53: A Display-Specific Turntable-Based Light Field Dataset for Subjective Quality Assessment

Light field datasets enable researchers to conduct both objective and subjective quality assessments, which are particularly useful when acquisition equipment or resources are not available. Such datasets may vary in terms of capture technology and methodology, content, quality characteristics (e.g., resolution), and the availability of subjective ratings. When contents of a light field dataset are visualized on a light field display, the display system matches the received input to its output capabilities through various processes, such as interpolation. Therefore, one of the most straightforward methods to create light field contents for a specific display is to consider its visualization parameters during acquisition. In this paper, we introduce a novel display-specific light field dataset, captured using a DSLR camera and a turntable rig. The visual data of the seven static scenes were recorded twice by using two settings of angular resolution. While both were acquired uniformly within a 53-degree angle, which matches the viewing cone of the display they were captured for, one dataset consists of 70 views per content, while the other of 140. Capturing the contents twice was a more straightforward solution than downsampling, as the latter approach could either degrade the quality or make the FOV size inaccurate. The paper provides a detailed characterization of the captured contents, as well as compressed variations of the contents with various codecs, together with the calculated values of commonly-used quality metrics for the compressed light field contents. We expect that this dataset will be useful for the research community working on light field compression, processing, and quality assessment, for instance to perform subjective quality assessment tests on a display with a 53-degree display cone and to test new interpolation methods and objective quality metrics. In future work, we will also focus on subjective tests and provide relevant results. This dataset is made free to access for the research community.

Poster Session I: Perspective-correct rendering for active observers.

Stereoscopic, head-tracked display systems can show users realistic, world-locked virtual objects and environments (i.e., rendering perspective-correct binocular images with accurate motion parallax). However, discrepancies between the rendering pipeline and physical viewing conditions can lead to perceived instability in the rendered content resulting in reduced immersion and, potentially, visually-induced motion sickness. Precise requirements to achieve perceptually stable world-locked rendering (WLR) are unknown due to the challenge of constructing a wide field of view, distortion-free display with highly accurate head and eyetracking. We present a custom-built system capable of rendering virtual objects over real-world references without perceivable drift under such constraints. This platform is used to study acceptable errors in render camera position for WLR in augmented and virtual reality scenarios, where we find an order of magnitude difference in perceptual sensitivity. We conclude with an analytic model which examines changes to apparent depth and visual direction in response to camera displacement errors, and visual direction is highlighted as a potentially important consideration for WLR alongside depth errors from incorrect disparity.

Recent Advances in the Development of Monoclonal Antibodies and Next-Generation Antibodies.

mAbs are highly indispensable tools for diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic applications. The first technique, hybridoma technology, was based on fusion of B lymphocytes with myeloma cells, which resulted in generation of single mAbs against a specific Ag. Along with hybridoma technology, several novel and alternative methods have been developed to improve mAb generation, ranging from electrofusion to the discovery of completely novel technologies such as B cell immortalization; phage, yeast, bacterial, ribosome, and mammalian display systems; DNA/RNA encoded Abs; single B cell technology; transgenic animals; and artificial intelligence/machine learning. This commentary outlines the evolution, methodology, advantages, and limitations of various mAb production techniques. Furthermore, with the advent of next-generation Ab technologies such as single-chain variable fragments, nanobodies, bispecific Abs, Fc-engineered Abs, Ab biosimilars, Ab mimetics, and Ab-drug conjugates, the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors have become resourceful to develop highly specific mAb treatments against various diseases such as cancer and autoimmune and infectious diseases.

Proposal for a Display Method for Myocardial Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Based on Left Ventricular Volume.

Bull's eye view for the display of myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 3-D perfusion maps does not reflect left ventricular (LV) volume, an important parameter. We created and evaluated a myocardial SPECT display method that reflects the LV volume.Using Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine data, short-axis slices from the apex to the base were reconstructed and interpolated into 0.5-mm thickness. We obtained the radial lengths at 1° intervals throughout 360°, and calculated the length of the LV long axis and half circumference (1/2 circ). Myocardial perfusion was displayed as 2 ellipsoidal developments that exhibited the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and non-LAD regions. We created a system that can display these processes on a personal computer. Myocardial SPECT data from 526 individuals without heart disease were analyzed. The long axis and 1/2 circ were compared with the body size, LV end-diastolic diameter (LVDd) obtained by echocardiography, and the end-diastolic volume (EDV) obtained by electrocardiogram-gated SPECT analysis. The 1/2 circle correlated with the LVDd and EDV. The images obtained allowed a diagnosis comparable to that made using the conventional coordinate display system.The new myocardial display reflects ischemia and LV volume within a single image, which cannot be achieved with conventional SPECT image display. Additional studies of this display system are required to allow its application to patients with heart disease.

Functional Assessment of VWD Type 2N Variants Using Mammalian Cell Displayed Surface-Tethered Von Willebrand Factor

Background von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a large plasma protein critical in hemostasis and thrombosis. Defects in VWF cause the inherited autosomal bleeding disorder von Willebrand disease (VWD). One critical function of VWF is to bind circulating coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) and protect it from rapid clearance. Type 2N VWD is a recessive form of VWD characterized by low FVIII levels due to impairment in VWF-FVIII binding. Type 2N VWD clinically is similar to mild-to-moderate hemophilia A, an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by deficiency in FVIII. It is critical to distinguish type 2N VWD from hemophilia A because the treatments are different. VWF genotyping can inform accurate diagnoses, treatment, and testing in relatives. With the rapid expansion of DNA sequencing, a growing number of DNA variants are being identified in the VWF gene. However, the interpretation of significance of these variants is often challenged by insufficient evidence to inform confident classification regarding pathogenicity. In vitro functional assays provide an avenue to develop the evidence needed to accurately assign functional significance to DNA variants. We adapted multiplexed surface tethering of extracellular proteins (MultiSTEP), our mammalian cell surface display system for secreted proteins, to display VWF and test the functional impact of VWF variants on VWF-FVIII binding. Methods We constructed a VWF cDNA of common VWF coding sequences by mutating rare variants to the more common nucleotides. The regions encoding the VWF propeptide were deleted (∆Pro-VWF). ∆Pro-VWF was cloned into our MultiSTEP cassette that provides a C-terminal flexible linker, Strep II tag, and CD28 transmembrane domain. Three VWF missense variants implicated in type 2N VWD (Table 1) that had varying levels of evidence to support classification of pathogenicity were chosen for study - VWF c.2561 G>A (p.R854Q), c.2572 T>A (p.C858S), and c.2635 G>A (p.D879N). Variants were subcloned into our ∆Pro-VWF cassette and then recombined into the genomically integrated MultiSTEP landing pad in HEK293 Freestyle cells. Following induction of expression, VWF-displaying cells were incubated with recombinant FVIII. VWF expression was measured using a polyclonal anti-VWF antibody, and VWF-FVIII binding was detected with two different monoclonal antibodies to FVIII. Cells were incubated with fluorescently-conjugated secondary antibodies and cell surface VWF and FVIII abundance determined by flow cytometry. Results We show that ∆Pro-VWF robustly displays in our MultiSTEP system and binds FVIII. All three VWF missense variants express VWF at levels similar to ∆Pro-VWF. Relative to ∆Pro-VWF all three variants show marked impairment in VWF-FVIII binding (Figure 1), providing strong in vitro evidence for pathogenicity in type 2N VWD useful in variant reinterpretation (bold column in Table 1). Conclusions We have developed an in vitro mammalian cell surface display system for the interrogation of VWF variants and adapted it to study VWF-FVIII binding. The Pathogenic variant p.R854Q shows decreased VWF-FVIII binding in this assay, as expected. The Likely Pathogenic variant p.D879N and the Variant of Uncertain Significance p.C858S both exhibit a profound loss of VWF-FVIII binding in this assay. Our results provide evidence for reclassification of p.C858S to Likely Pathogenic for type 2N VWD. We expect our system can be used at scale to similarly interrogate the functional significance of a multiplexed library of VWF variants and improve variant interpretation in VWD.

Diagnosis of piscine francisellosis in Largemouth Bass from a public display exhibit in north-central Florida, USA.

The Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides is an important freshwater fish that is native to the southeastern United States and is cultured for conservation, food, and for the sports fishing industry. Francisella orientalis is a globally distributed bacterial pathogen of warmwater fish species and is associated with granulomatous inflammation and high mortalities. Outbreaks of piscine francisellosis in the United States have been reported in only a few fish species. This study describes three case presentations of francisellosis in Largemouth Bass from a public display system in north-central Florida. Additionally, laboratory-controlled immersion challenges using an F. orientalis isolate from tilapia Oreochromis spp. evaluate susceptibility of Largemouth Bass fingerlings to F. orientalis infection and mortality through this exposure route. Necropsy, histologic examination, immunohistochemistry, bacterial recovery and culture, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used as diagnostic tools to evaluate both the affected display fish and the immersion-challenged fingerlings. Although the display fish and immersion-challenged fingerlings presented with nonspecific clinical signs, gross and histological changes were indicative of granulomatous disease. Immunohistochemical and molecular testing methods confirmed F. orientalis infection in affected fish. The three case presentations described here mark the first reporting of naturally occurring piscine francisellosis in Largemouth Bass that were held in a public display exhibit. Additionally, causality was proven in the Largemouth Bass fingerlings through the immersion challenges. These findings demonstrate susceptibility through immersion-based exposure and assert that francisellosis should be considered among the list of differential diagnoses for Largemouth Bass with granulomatous disease.

A feasibility analysis of image approximation with image quality assessments

AbstractWith technological developments, the resolution of the display systems is increasing, causing image data to increase. Several technologies are aiding in optimizing these data during transmission and storage while maintaining quality. Still, the internal data transmission for accessing the memory sub‐system during reading and writing cycles consumes significant power while requiring large memory for storage, which is inefficient, especially for portable displays. Hence, this work investigates the feasibility of reducing data through approximation for images in different formats and resolutions for human and computer vision based applications. Different image quality assessment metrics are utilized for performance evaluations with optimum image quality assessment selection according to application requirements. In addition, the feasibility analysis is conducted for three different applications as examples of computer vision. The experimental analysis highlights theoretical and industrial importance by showing that image data can be reduced from 25.0% to 62.5%, while satisfying requirements for HVS‐based and computer vision‐based applications.

Slim and robust eye tracker on eyeglass temples with NIR patterned mirrors.

Eye trackers play a crucial role in the development of future display systems, such as head-mounted displays and augmented reality glasses. However, ensuring robustness and accuracy in gaze estimation poses challenges, particularly with limited space available for the transmitter and receiver components within these devices. To address the issues, we propose what we believe is a novel eye tracker design mounted on foldable temples, which not only supports accurate gaze estimation but also provides slim form-factor and unobstructed vision. Our temple-mounted eye tracker utilizes a near-infrared imaging system and incorporates a patterned near-infrared mirror for calibration markers. We present wearable prototypes of the eye tracker and introduce a unique calibration and gaze extraction algorithm by considering the mirror's spatial reflectance distribution. The accuracy of gaze extraction is evaluated through tests involving multiple users with realistic scenarios. We conclude with an evaluation of the results and a comprehensive discussion on the applicability of the temple-mounted eye tracker.

Integral Imaging Display System Based on Human Visual Distance Perception Model

In an integral imaging (II) display system, the self-adjustment ability of the human eye can result in blurry observations when viewing 3D targets outside the focal plane within a specific range. This can impact the overall imaging quality of the II system. This research examines the visual characteristics of the human eye and analyzes the path of light from a point source to the eye in the process of capturing and reconstructing the light field. Then, an overall depth of field (DOF) model of II is derived based on the human visual system (HVS). On this basis, an II system based on the human visual distance (HVD) perception model is proposed, and an interactive II display system is constructed. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. The display system improves the viewing distance range, enhances spatial resolution and provides better stereoscopic display effects. When comparing our method with three other methods, it is clear that our approach produces better results in optical experiments and objective evaluations: the cumulative probability of blur detection (CPBD) value is 38.73%, the structural similarity index (SSIM) value is 86.56%, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) value is 31.12. These values align with subjective evaluations based on the characteristics of the human visual system.

A comprehensive system for 3D display: From image capture to autostereoscopic playback

The production and playback processes involved in rendering 3D content exhibit a notable degree of intricacy and inefficiency. This article presents a comprehensive array of remedies aimed at addressing challenges to the acquisition, processing, and display of such content. The proposed framework is strategically compartmentalized into three key modules: the depth map generation and optimization module, the multi-viewpoint generation and optimization module, and the 3D content encoding and display module. Within the domain of depth map generation and optimization, we introduce a self-supervised convolutional network that builds upon the PSMNet(Pyramid Stereo Matching Network) architecture. This network serves the purpose of extracting accurate depth data. In the realm of multi-viewpoint generation and optimization, we put forth a novel partial convolutional neural network founded upon the Edge-PUnet framework. This network is specifically designed to enhance virtual viewpoint images. The efficacy of the depth data generation algorithm is substantiated by achieving an Out-Noc value of 2.27% on the KITTI-2012 dataset. Furthermore, the virtual viewpoint optimization algorithm yields notable outcomes, as evidenced by attained PSNR and SSIM values of 32.688 and 0.932, respectively, in the context of a street dance sequence. In summation, the outcomes of our study suggest that the implemented system holds promise for elevating the efficiency of 3D content production while concurrently curbing associated costs.

Reducing thickness of long-distance aerial display system in AIRR using Fresnel lens

Aerial displays for providing road information require long-distance image formation and a compact installation space. This paper proposes a compact optical system for forming long-distance floating images by introducing a Fresnel lens in an aerial imaging by retro-reflection (AIRR) optical system. In the conventional AIRR optics, since the aerial image position is the plane-symmetrical position of the light source with respect to the beam splitter, the installation space for forming a long-distance aerial image becomes huge. Our proposed method uses the virtual image formed by a Fresnel lens as the light source in an AIRR optical system. This leads to a much longer distance from the beam splitter to the aerial image than the distance from the beam splitter to the light source. We developed a prototype long-distance floating aerial display system using a large-scale Fresnel lens. As a result, the distance from the LED panel to the beam splitter was halved. Furthermore, we used two beam splitters to form two aerial images by using a single LED panel. Long-distance floating images could be formed 3.4 m and 4.6 m away from the beam splitters and could be seen with the naked eye.

A bacterium-like particle vaccine displaying protective feline herpesvirus 1 antigens can induce an immune response in mice and cats

Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is a highly transmissible virus that mainly causes ocular and upper respiratory infections in cats and seriously threatens the health of domestic cats and captive or wild cats (such as tigers, cheetahs, and lions). Vaccination is crucial to reduce the incidence rate and mortality of cats infected with FHV-1. In this study, three bacterium-like particles (BLPs) displaying the gB, gC, and gD proteins of FHV-1 were constructed based on a gram-positive enhancer matrix-protein anchor (GEM-PA) surface display system. Indirect immunofluorescence assay, western blot, and electron microscopy results showed that gB, gC or gD protein of FHV-1 was successfully displayed on the surface of GEM particles. Additionally, we designed one more BLPs, designated gB&gC&gD-GEM, which consisted of a mixture of gB-GEM, gC-GEM, and gD-GEM at a protein content ratio of 1:1:1. Mice were immunized with the four BLPs mixed with Gel02 adjuvant, and the results indicated that neutralizing antibody level in the gB&gC&gD-GEM group was superior than those in the other groups. Moreover, gB&gC&gD-GEM significantly increased the secretion of cytokines, as well as the activation and maturation of B cells. It also boosted the production of central memory T cells among CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Moreover, gB&gC&gD-GEM mixed with Gel02 adjuvant provoked an antibody response in cats. In conclusion, the BLPs vaccine prepared from gB&gC&gD-GEM induced specific humoral and cellular immune responses to FHV-1 and be used as a potential vaccine candidate for the control of FHV-1 infection in cats.

The effectiveness of S-100 ECDIS capable of ENDS in the view of ship officers’ visual characteristics

The development of electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS) has enabled conversion of nautical charts from paper publications to electronic format. Because the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has mandated the installation of ECDIS in ships engaged in international navigation, the effectiveness of the newly introduced S-100 ECDIS must be determined using electronic equipment, compared with traditional navigation preparation tasks. Here, the effectiveness of the S-100 ECDIS, capable of Electronic Navigational Data Service (ENDS), was compared with the effectiveness of the existing ECDIS and traditional nautical publications by analyzing the visual performance of ship officers during tasks involved in developing a voyage plan. This study showed that the S-100 ECDIS with ENDS is more effective than the S-57 ECDIS with nautical publications. The improvement in voyage planning using the S-100 ECDIS was demonstrated by ship officers’ visual performance.

Methodological proposal for the standardization of the Electronic Navigational Chart scheme in the Caribbean Sea

Since the approval of the use of Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) as equivalent to paper nautical charts, hydrographic services worldwide began their production following existing cartographic schemes. This paper proposes to standardize ENC production schemes at the regional scale through a regular grid system, which unifies the scale of compilation and cell size by navigational purpose. The implementation of this system requires defining the origin of the grid and facilitates the nomenclature of the ENCs. Additionally, this standardization would help for the harmonized production of ENCs by improving their coverage. The proposed methodology is used to formulate an ENCs scheme in the Caribbean Sea, which is part of the Meso American and Caribbean Sea Regional Hydrographic Commission, in order to show its application and advantages. For this region it is proposed to generate a regular grid scheme with cell sizes and compilation scales (1:K) for Overview, General and Coastal navigational purposes of 24° × 24°, 6° × 6° and 1.5° × 1.5° and 1:3,000, 1:700 and 1:180 respectively, which allows to eliminate irregularities between the ENCs. This proposal contributes to the safety of maritime activities, seeking to enhance the quality of the ENC products in this region and increase trust to Electronic Chart Display and Information System users through enhanced visualization and seamless transition between ENCs of the same compilation scale. Additional serves as input for the modernization of the ENC schemes in the different Regional Hydrographic Commissions of the International Hydrographic Organization.