Design Of Tracking System Research Articles

Analysis of an Arduino based solar tracking system

The main purpose of this research is to develop and evaluate a solar tracking system which able to maximize the power output of the solar panel. The design of the solar tracking system consists of some electronic components such as an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs), two servo motors, and one solar panel. The Arduino microcontroller acts as the main controller of the whole system, light-dependent resistor is used as a light sensor to detect sunlight while the function of the servo motor is to rotate the solar panel to align with the sunlight. The prototype of the solar tracking system was build and tested. The data result obtained are tabulated and the comparison of performance between the static solar panel and solar tracking system is showed using the graphical method. As a result, solar panels with tracking mechanisms can generate more current, voltage, and power than static solar panels. The overall efficiency of the solar panel had increased after the implementation of the tracking system.

Performance Evaluation of PI/RBFN ANN Controllers for Sensor Less BLDC Motor Control Based Fuel Cell/PV Hybrid Electric Vehicle

The present society suffers with the problem of the greenhouse effect due to the emission of huge amount of carbon dioxide. And almost 70% of emission of carbon dioxide will be due to the usage of automotive vehicles. It is required to reduce the utilization of automotive vehicles to protect the life of earth for the coming years. This manuscript presents the design of electric vehicle with the utilization of renewable energy source like solar energy with the combination of fuel cell energy. It involves the design of maximum power point tracking system with intelligent fuzzy controller to track the maximum power for various weather conditions. The proposed electric vehicle drives the brush less DC motor whose speed has been monitored with the sensor less speed control technique. The speed control technique has been realized with two types of controller’s namely proportional intelligent controller and radial basis function neural network. Also the speed control technique has been analysed with the performance comparison of the two controllers in terms of speed, torque generated and also errors of speed and current to improve the performance of speed by 5% with the help of MATLAB/Simulink.

Performance Evaluation of the Designed Two-Axis Solar Tracking System for Trabzon

In this paper, a photovoltaic system, which can move both east–west directions horizontally and in a north–south vertically, is designed according to the sun’s angle of incidence. Experimental studies have been carried out on this system, which can follow the change of the sun’s daily angle depending on the local time throughout the day. This study was evaluated for one of the cloudy provinces of Turkey: Trabzon. Optimum motor steps of the two-axis solar tracking system were determined, according to the open-loop control system in order that solar rays reach a perpendicular (90°) to the system. The power generation performance of the two-axis solar tracking system prototype was compared with that of a PV panel, which has a fixed position facing the south. Experimental studies were carried out for three cloudy days. The average power obtained from the fixed system is 12.5, 11.15, and 12.77 W, and the designed system generated 15.67, 14.05, and 15.79 W power, respectively. The results show that the designed system generates approximately 24.7% more power than the 45° fixed-tilted system with the proposed method. In Trabzon, that the number of sunny days is low encourages the widespread use of the two-axis solar tracking system design. The prototype will be an inspiration for researchers who want to generate maximum energy from solar tracking systems in cloudy places or any locations.

Design and Development of a Single-Axis Solar Tracking System

With solar tracking, it will become possible to generate more energy since the solar panel can maintain a perpendicular profile to the rays of the sun. Even though the initial cost of setting up the tracking system is considerably high, there are cheaper options that have been proposed over time. This research discuss the design and construction of a prototype for a solar tracking system that has a single axis of freedom. Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) are used for sunlight detection. The control circuit is based on an ATMega328P microcontroller. It was programmed to detect sunlight via the LDRs before actuating the servo to position the solar panel. The solar panel is positioned where it is able to receive maximum light. As compared to other motors, the servo motors are able to maintain their torque at high speed. They are also more efficient with efficiencies in the range of 80-90%. Servos can supply roughly twice their rated torque for short periods. Through tracking, there will be increased exposure of the panel to the sun, making it have increased power output. The trackers can either be dual or single axis trackers. As a single tracking system is cheaper, less complex, and still achieves the required efficiency, so it was used.

Stratospheric balloon tracking system design through Software Defined Radio applications: STRAINS experiment

The new concept aerospace mission profiles, such as stratospheric airships or suborbital vehicles, impose new requirements for the tracking and surveillance systems, with particular regards to manned missions. New technologies and innovative tracking systems can be supporting such operations. The STRAINS (Stratospheric Tracking Innovative Systems) Experiment, conceived by Sapienza University of Rome and ALTEC (Aerospace Logistics Technology Engineering Company) and supported by ASI (Italian Space Agency), to be launched in Q3/Q4 2021, is aiming at demonstrating TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival), FDOA (Frequency Difference of Arrival) and single station tracking for a Zero-Pressure Balloon Flight in the framework of the HEMERA H2020 balloon launch infrastructure. This paper describes the design of the STRAINS stratospheric experiment, including the stratospheric and the ground segment, the analyses carried out for optimizing the experiment functionalities, the mission analysis for defining the multi-lateration stations locations and the performance evaluation for the designed TDOA tracking system.

Design and performance evaluation of a solar tracking panel of single axis in Colombia

This paper presents the mechanical design of a single axis solar tracking system, as well as the electronic design of a system that to record in real time the electric power delivered by the solar tracker and to evaluate its performance. The interface was developed in Labview and it compares the power supplied by the tracker with the power supplied by static solar panel of the same characteristics. The performance is initially simulated using Pv-Syst software, and later validated with the data obtained by the interface. As a result, the use of the solar tracker increases the power delivered by a minimum of 19%, and it can go as high as 47.84%, with an average in increase in power of 19.5% in the monthly energy production. This experimental result was compared with the simulation by Pv-Syst software and shows a difference of only 2.5%, thus validating the reliability of the simulation. This behavior pattern coincides with previous studies carried out for equatorial latitudes.

Design and Implementation of a Maximum Power Point Tracking System for a Piezoelectric Wind Energy Harvester Generating High Harmonicity

In this work, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for its application to a new piezoelectric wind energy harvester (PWEH) has been designed and implemented. The motivation for such MPPT unit comes from the power scales of the piezoelectric layers being in the order of μW. In addition, the output generates highly disturbed voltage waveforms with high total harmonic distortion (THD), thereby high THD values cause a certain power loss at the output of the PWEH system and an intense motivation is given to design and implement the system. The proposed MPPT system is widely used for many different harvesting studies, however, in this paper it has been used at the first time for such a distorted waveform to our best knowledge. The MPPT consists of a rectifier unit storing the rectified energy into a capacitor with a certain voltage called VOC (i.e., the open circuit voltage of the harvester), then a dc-dc converter is used with the help of the MPPT unit using the half of VOC as the critical value for the performance of the control. It has been demonstrated that the power loss is nearly half of the power for the MPPT-free system, the efficiency has been increased with a rate of 98% and power consumption is measured as low as 5.29 μW.

Design and Development of Vehicle Theft Detection, Tracking and Accident Identifier System using IoT

Vehicle security is one of the major concerns that the entire world is currently experiencing. People generally own automobiles, yet these automobiles are not always secure. Vehicle theft occurs in parking lots, public places, and other unsafe areas. The vehicle’s manufacturer does not consider the vehicle security system to be a factor in the overall cost of the vehicle. Nowadays, only a few vehicles come equipped with high-priced security systems. Door locking, alarm system, GSM, GPS, and other security features are built into high-end vehicles only. There is a necessity to build a low-cost security system for vehicles that common people can afford it and the manufacture can built-in the security system in a wide range of automobiles. This paper proposed a method for vehicle theft detection, tracking, and accident identification using the Internet of Things.

A New Design of Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System With LDR Sensors by Using the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Nowadays, using photovoltaic (PV) cells is among the power generation methods that absorb solar energy and convert it into electrical energy. The sun moves from east to west during the day and its radiation angle changes relative to the Earth in different seasons. So, the output power of PV panels changes as well. The output power of PV panels increases by being located in a position perpendicular to the angle of the sun's rays. This study aims to design and implement a dual-axis solar tracker (DAST) to increase the output power of the PV panel. This simple system has high efficiency and adjusts the PV panel based on solar radiation by moving simultaneously on two axes. An analog controller is used for its control system. DAST control system is a closed-loop system that uses Wheatstone bridge circuit function along with light-dependent resistors (LDRs). A small DAST was designed and built to validate the proposed system, the performance of which was verified. Based on the experiments, I-V and P-V specifications were obtained. Finally, it was found that the output power of the PV panel using solar tracker was higher than that of the fixed panel.

The Design of Accident Detection and Tracking Systems on Motorcycles

Motorcycles are type of vehicles with the highest accidents percentage every year. The location away from the settlement and the time of the accident is one of the factors that slow down the spread of information about accidents. This study aims to make a tool that can send such information in the form of notifications and crash site points to the victims’ families. Testing was conducted by looking at the sensor response detecting tilt on the motorcycle against the large reading angle. Furthermore, GPS module accuracy testing is conducted in reading the location by comparing GPS module readings with actual location points in Google apps Maps which is then calculated by using the Haversine Formula method up to gsm module capability testing for send SMS notifications in the form of latitude, longitude, and links that can connect to the Google Maps app. Based on the results of the trials and analyses that have been conducted, the slope sensor response area to transmit crash notification is <=50° or >=50°. After that, the GSM module will send notifications and location points detected by the GPS module with an average reading difference of 2.97 meters.

Wearable energy-efficient fitness tracking system for sports person health monitoring application

The high potential of wearable physiological sensors in regenerative medicine and continuous monitoring of human health is currently of great interest. In measuring in real-time and non-invasively highly heterogeneous constituents, have a great deal of work and therefore been pushed into creating several sports monitoring sensors. The advanced engineering research and technology lead to the design of a wearable energy-efficient fitness tracking (WE2FT) system for sports person health monitoring application. Instantaneous accelerations are measured against pulses, and specific walking motions can be tracked by this system using a deep learning-based integrated approach of an intelligent algorithm for gait phase detection for the proposed system (WE2FT). The algorithm’s effects are addressed, and the performance has been evaluated. In this study, the algorithm uses a smartphone application to track steps using the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. For this initiative, the central node’s optimal location is measured with the antenna reflectance coefficient and CM3A path loss model (IEEE 802.15.6) among the sensor nodes for energy-efficient communication. The simulation experiment results in the highest performance in terms of energy efficiency and path loss.

Design of DC motor position tracking system based on LQR

In order to realize the accurate tracking of the desired position by the DC motor position tracking system, a control method of the DC motor position tracking system based on LQR was proposed. Based on the modeling of the DC motor position tracking system, the stability, controllability and observability of the system are analyzed. Then, the LQR optimal control theory and the design process of the controller are introduced, and the output angular position of the DC motor is taken as the control object, and several common control methods are compared with the controller algorithm designed in this paper through MATLAB software. Experimental results show that the designed controller algorithm can track the desired position, and the system also has the characteristics of short adjustment time, small overshoot and high tracking accuracy.

Centroid Error Analysis of Beacon Tracking under Atmospheric Turbulence for Optical Communication Links

Optical satellite communication has received considerable attention as a promising alternative to radio frequency communication because of its potential advantages including higher data rates and license free spectrum. Many studies have conducted performance analyses of optical communication channels, but few have investigated beacon tracking channels under atmospheric turbulence. The centroid accuracy of beacon tracking channels is limited by not only noise sources, but also a finite delay time, which also fluctuates due to atmospheric turbulence. Consequently, the centroid error is an important figure of merit when evaluating the performance of a beacon tracking system. In this study, the closed-form expressions were derived for average centroid error and fade probability, based on received photoelectron counts depending on exposure time, taking into account the log-normal tracking channels. We analyzed the angular positioning performance of beacon tracking detectors onboard small satellites in the presence of atmospheric turbulence, in terms of centroid error and fade probability. We found that an optimal exposure time exists, which minimizes the centroid error, and that fade probability is inversely proportional to the exposure time. These are significant properties to consider in the design of beacon tracking systems.

Design and implementation of an intelligent single axis automatic solar tracking system

Abstract Sun-oriented solar power production with sunlight-based vitality plays an important role. In reality, untimely or innovative countries gracefully take a move forward. When oil is used for power era, it contributes to a rise in poisoning and greenhouse gases. This creates natural complications. Another human need for existence can be filled by using numerous sun- oriented developments in vitality, the planet can still prevent worldwide problems which can also serve to decrease pollution at the same time. In far-off areas where communities of citizens do not approach electricity photovoltaic frameworks are added many any administration offices have taken the amounts of action to allow creativity in sun-driven vitality to be used for power production. Single axis monitoring devices are discussed in this article. This analysis supports the findings. In comparison with the static systems, the single axis monitoring system is more accurate. In either scenario, a single axis monitoring system is simpler to accomplish in cost and adaptability viewpoints than a static one.

Vision for Mechanistic-Empirical Railway Track System and Component Analysis and Design

Many analytical methods and other processes have been developed for the evaluation of railway track and its components, but these have largely been used for analysis. Design is often driven by development projects that do not engage research, resulting in designs that may not be optimized in the context of the broader track structure. This paper proposes a mechanistic-empirical (M-E) analysis and design framework that encourages an understanding of mechanical load-response behavior and comparison of loading demands, and the capacity of the track infrastructure component under study. The approach builds on similar advancements in the field of highway pavement research, including the development and use of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). Rail applications present unique economies to a focused M-E design approach, given that loads are concentrated in localized regions and beneath the rails. This paper first reviews prior design and analysis approaches, then presents the essential features of an M-E railway track system and component analysis and design, and, in the end, notes gaps that will require future research before proper implementation of M-E design within rail engineering. The authors also discuss the role of probabilistic design and structural reliability analysis in future design practices. Finally, governing mechanistic failure modes for the track system as well as components and associated life cycle data to achieve full implementation of such an M-E design process are identified and a path forward for implementation is proposed.

시간지연을 갖는 2축 짐벌시스템의 강인한 추종제어계 설계에 관한 연구

This paper presents a novel target tracking control design method for 2-axis gimbal system. Especially, the delay time raised from control signal calculation, sensing signal transducing and transmitting, affects the system stability and degrades the control performance. To overcome these issues, in this study, the authors propose a new tracking system design method based on robust control framework. The designed control system can preserve the system stability and control performance simultaneously in spite of time delay. The developed control method was applied to a 2-axis gimbal system. A STSMC (super-twisting sliding mode control) scheme was provided for a comparison study. Finally, the simulation results were presented for validating the usefulness of the method.

Design and construction of a solar tracking system for small-scale linear Fresnel reflector with three movements

A new open-loop solar tracking system for a small-scale linear Fresnel reflector with three movements has been designed, fabricated, and simulated. The control system of the solar tracker is governed by a Raspberry Pi together with other auxiliary devices which include a Global Positioning System. The electronic control system consists of a master controller (Raspberry pi 3), 4 slave microcontrollers (Arduino), Global Positioning System module, thermocouples, laser sensors, transversal positioning sensors, and longitudinal positioning sensors. It also allows the communication between these microcontrollers based on long range wireless solutions (XBee). All the electronic circuits have been designed and constructed. The solar tracking system uses offline data. The software has been designed and developed to track the sun path using astronomical equations. In this way, the solar tracking system is able to position itself automatically using the solar position algorithm and the Global Positioning System with an accuracy of ±0.006°. The solar tracking system can be deployed automatically at any location on the Earth. The total cost of the implemented solar tracking system has been calculated. The system performance, in terms of the tracking error, annual energy, energy-to-area ratio and levelized cost of energy has been evaluated. Tracking errors smaller than 0.06 (°) are acceptable (they cause power losses smaller than 1%), whereas errors larger than 0.36 (°) start being noticeable (power losses greater than 3%). The proposed new tracking system gives 16.64% more energy, a 78.46% higher energy-to-area ratio, and a 4.62% less levelized cost of energy that the classic tracking system with one movement used in large-scale linear Fresnel reflectors.

Microcontroller Based Solar Tracking System Design and Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems

In the era of ever-rising demands of electrical energy, the concerns related to scarcity and environmental damages associated with the application of fossil fuels have increased. Renewable energy resources have proved to be a blessing. With their world-class ability to produce zero greenhouse emissions and diversifying the energy supply in turn reducing the dependency on fossil fuels, renewable energy resources have been gaining quite a lot of popularity in the electricity generation sector. Aiming to create a more well developed, efficient, and reliable system, this paper focuses on the concept of employing the best possible application of the most abundant source of energy - Solar Energy. The system is based on mechanically tracking the position of the Sun and orienting the Solar Panel with respect to the Sun’s radiation for achieving the maximum output by incorporating the application of Microcontroller. The proposed system focuses on the design and simulation of a Microcontroller-based solar tracking system on Proteus 8 professional software. The paper also incorporates the concept of ‘Grid-connected Photovoltaic systems’ as a dominant phenomenon and advancement for increasing the efficiency of the solar tracking system.

Design and Implementation of Book Tracking System in Library

Design and Implementation of Book Tracking System in Library

Analysis and Design of File Tracking System

The file tracking system has been one of the areas of concern in most of our organizations. Much research over the years has been carried out to tackle the problem of file monitoring system in our institutions. As we all know large volumes of data are usually generated in most institutions of learning today. Locating files using the manual method is a tedious and time-consuming process for most of our administrative staff of such institutions. This paper aims to analyze and propose a file tracking system that will eliminate the problem caused by the manual system of a file monitoring system. This can be achieved by interviewing the staff who is in charge of the file monitoring system in the institution. The proposed system was designed based on the information gathered from staff using UML diagrams such as use case diagrams and easy designer to create a database diagram. Which helps in managing the flow of files effectively and efficiently. All the files such as reports, decisions, requests, and location history can be processed and tracked by the system at any period.