Syria Research Articles

STUDY IN EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER IN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC BETWEEN 2008-2012

The study included an epidemiological survey of cancer cases in the Syrian Arab Republic for the period between 2008-2012. The study was conducted according to international standards established by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the International Association of Cancer Records (IACR). The data were collected and classified according to age, gender, place of incidence and city of residence. Then they were scheduled, graphically illustrated, and statistically analysed. 46447 new cancer cases were reported during the period of study; 24240 cases among males, 22207 cases among females and 2008 cases between children (<15 years old). The data showed an increase in the new reported cases between 2008 and 2010, and that increment was followed by a decline in the total reported cases until 2012. The survey indicated that breast cancer was the most common type of cancer among females, while lung cancer was the most widespread among males. As for children, the highest incidence rate in the referred period was for leukaemia. Regarding the place of residense, Damascus ranked first in the number of reported case cancers, followed by Aleppo and Rural areas in Damascus. Keyword : oncology, breast cancer, lung cancer, C.N.S cancer, leukaemia

The reality of the real estate lease agreement in the Syrian Arab Republic

This article examines concept and the importance of the lease agreement and the genesis of rent law in Syria and some of the features of the civil legal regulation of relations arising in connection with the lease of real estate in Syria. Differences in the determination of the amount of rent under lease agreements concluded before and after the 2001 reform are considered. The basis of the civil status of the parties to the lease agreement in Syria is considered and the rights and obligations of the landlord and tenant in law. In the conclusion of the work, a conclusion is made about the need for further development of civil legislation in Syria and refusal to apply the old socialist laws, and the need to set exceptional rules that protect tenants in the reality of the Syrian crisis.

Commissioned Book Review: Jack Holland, Selling War and Peace. Syria and the Anglosphere

Commissioned Book Review: Jack Holland, <i>Selling War and Peace. Syria and the Anglosphere</i>

Alkylated albumin-derived dipeptide C(-HETE)P derivatized by propionic anhydride as a biomarker for the verification of poisoning with sulfur mustard

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a banned chemical warfare agent recently used in the Syrian Arab Republic conflict causing erythema and blisters characterized by complicated and delayed wound healing. For medical and legal reasons, the proof of exposure to SM is of high toxicological and forensic relevance. SM reacts with endogenous human serum albumin (HSA adducts) alkylating the thiol group of the cysteine residue C34, thus causing the addition of the hydroxyethylthioethyl (HETE) moiety. Following proteolysis with pronase, the biomarker dipeptide C(-HETE)P is produced. To expand the possibilities for verification of exposure, we herein introduce a novel biomarker produced from that alkylated dipeptide by derivatization with propionic anhydride inducing the selective propionylation of the N-terminus yielding PA-C(-HETE)P. Quantitative derivatization is carried out at room temperature in aqueous buffer within 10 s. The biomarker was found to be stable in the autosampler at 15 °C for at least 24 h, thus documenting its suitability even for larger sets of samples. Selective and sensitive detection is done by micro liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem-mass spectrometry (μLC-ESI MS/MS) operating in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode detecting product ions of the single protonated PA-C(-HETE)P (m/z 379.1) at m/z 116.1, m/z 137.0, and m/z 105.0. The lower limit of detection corresponds to 32 nM SM in plasma in vitro and the limit of identification to 160 nM. The applicability to real exposure scenarios was proven by analyzing samples from the Middle East confirming poisoning with SM.Graphical abstract

THE USE OF AHP WITHIN GIS FOR DESTRUCTED AREAS IN DAMASCUS, SYRIA

Abstract. War This is a word that everyone fears as a result of the violence and devastation it leaves, as there have been many wars around the world that have greatly affected the lives of civilians. Infrastructure, homes, hospitals, and other public facilities have been damaged and partially or largely destroyed. Syria is a country in south-western Asia, located near the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey. Syria is which suffered from war for more than 10 years and still. This is a study on the city of Damascus, the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic, many of its areas were destroyed by this war. throughout the war, more than 55% of the Syrian population in urban areas and rural areas were affected by the massive aerial bombardment and fighting inside towns, cities, and old neighbourhoods. This study aims to identify the most affected areas in the Syrian capital, Damascus, by analysing two satellite images from the satellite Sentinel using a program SNAP and determining the most appropriate areas for reconstruction in Damascus through the AHP analysis method using a program ArcGIS. Where 6 basic criteria were set to carry out the analysis it's elevation, slope, soil, water network, road network, and land use, land cover. The results were classified into five classes in terms of suitability for reconstruction, not suitability, low suitability, moderate suitability, high suitability, very high suitability, and to determine the percentage of each classification.

The incubation periods, the critical immunisation threshold and some other predictors of SARS-CoV-2 disease for different location and different climate countries

We estimate the incubation period values and other forecasting predictors of SARS-CoV-2 for different countries located in different geographical locations of the earth and each one has a certain climate. The considered countries are the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Spain, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Cyprus, India, France, and the Syrian Arab Republic. For estimating of the forecasting predictors values, we use the SEIR epidemic model and Runge-Kutta simulation method. The estimations are done up to the beginning of 2021 in aforementioned countries based on the collected data in these countries. We find that the incubation period values of SARS-CoV-2 are located between 2.5 days which returns to Bahrain and 10 days which returns to some countries in middle east. Also, we find that the average value of this period is about 6.5 days for the different location countries. Besides, we find that the average values of SARS-CoV-2 critical immunisation threshold, SARS-CoV-2 basic reproduction number and SARS-CoV-2 steady state population are 0.5, 2.3 and 0.5 respectively.

Перспективы сотрудничества РФ и Сирии при различных сценариях развития военного конфликта

The paper is devoted to determining the prospects for cooperation between Russia and the Syrian Arab Republic in various scenarios of military conflicts. In order to identify the relationship between the success of the country's foreign economic policy and the military conflicts waged on its territory, a study was conducted of such indicators of Syria as: the growth rate of the peace index and the GDP growth rate. A strong inverse correlation is revealed, which means that the level of political situation and peace in the state determines the efficiency of the economy. In view of this, various scenarios of the development of the military conflict in Syria have been studied: at the initial stage, at the stage of active hostilities, at the present stage of overcoming the crisis. The last stage involves four different scenarios for the development of a military conflict, including a local nature and a protracted nature with the involvement of other countries of the world. Options for developing cooperation between Russia and Syria have been identified for each scenario. Taking into account the assessment of the international political situation, the two most likely scenarios for further military events in Syria are identified, and the prospects for cooperation between Russia and Syria in these conditions are outlined.

The political influence of Egypt in the Levant during the period (1580-1187 .BC)

The research dealt with the political influence of Egypt in the Levant during the period (1580-1187 BC). The research consists of three axes, the first axis was entitled (The geopolitical location of the Levant), which is one of the regions of Western Asia, in the region that extends from the Taurus Mountains to the north. As far as North Sinai in the south, and from the Mediterranean in the west, to the Badia and Mesopotamia in the east, which includes the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the State of Palestine, the Syrian Arab Republic and the Lebanese Republic, and by virtue of the geographical location of Bilad al-Sham and its connection with its neighbors - it was forced to act as a mediator and be affected by the surrounding force, so its civilization became influenced by others. Among the civilizations of the nations adjacent to it, the importance of the Levant did not differ in relation to the Nile countries and the pharaohs of the modern state during the era of the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties during the period (1580-1187 BC), including for defensive purposes, after the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt and the extension of their influence to the Syrian regions, this step is considered as A security valve for it, and also the formation of an empire for it in West Asia until it reached the limits of the Levant, and also for commercial purposes by virtue of its location, as controlling the Levant guarantees the progress of the exchange To trade between Egypt and the Levant, especially with the Phoenician coast, the second axis entitled ( the political influence of Egypt in the Levant during the Eighteenth Dynasty during the period (1580-1308 BC)), which included the military campaigns carried out by the kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty; as Egypt sought In building its empire by annexing the regions of the Levant, placing a large part of Syria under its control, and the most prominent king of the eighteenth family was Thutmose III (1479-142 BC), after his victory in the Battle of Megiddo, he limited the expansionist ambitions of the HurrianMitan kings towards Syria until He arrived in Lebanon. As for Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) (1360-1343 BC), he lost some of its possessions to Egypt in Asia due to the rebellion of the Syrian cities due to their subordination to Egyptian rule, and also the Egyptians followed a new administrative system in the Levant, as Gaza City was in The beginning of the modern state served as the main center and stronghold for the Egyptian commissioners / observers, so the local princes were under the control of these Egyptians, in addition to the presence of administrative centers for the Egyptians in Syria and Palestine such as Iankhmu, Prince of Byblos, and Dayaa, the king of Gaza, and Aya, the Emir of Sidon, and each of these centers represented the residence of the deputy The Egyptian king or A. To the agent / commissioner, this indicates that during this period of the rule of Thutmose III, the process of collecting tribute from West Asia through this largely administrative system, which was under the control of the Egyptian government, this system was successful and remained integrated for a century after that, it referred to it. The letters of Tell elAmarna in the fourteenth century B.C. There are also three centers that served as Egyptian administrative and military bases spread in the Levant. The first base is in the (Amuro) region. The second base is located in the Obi district, which is Damascus, and the third base includes Canaan and its center in Gaza as well as the exploitation of the Pharaohs. For minerals, the most prominent of which is silver and copper found in the Levant, the third axis entitled (The political influence of Egypt in the Levant during the nineteenth dynasty during the period (1308-1187 BC)) has emerged from King Seti I (1296-1279) and his son Ramses II ( 1279-1212 B.C.) through their foreign policy towards the Levant and reaching Syria and Lebanon through the campaigns that were sent there that aimed to impose the prestige of the Egyptian influence in both Palestine and southern Syria and during the reign of Ramses II the Egyptian empire in Asia was limited to fils Mud, Lebanon and a small part of Syria, especially the ports that were on the shore

Comparative evaluation of the performance of different asphalt concrete road pavements on reinforced concrete road structures

Comparative design of structures allows at an early stage of project development to assess their behavior and predict service life. Approximate numerical methods, for example, the finite element method, are widely introduced to simulate the operation of pavements on road structures. The variety of modern asphalt concrete poses the problem of finding the most effective design solutions based on the results of comparing the performance indicators of road pavements. The article presents the results of modeling by the finite element method of the work of road pavements, consisting of a two-layer asphalt-concrete package, on a reinforced concrete slab of bridge. Various options for combinations of asphalt concrete are considered. The well-known American method of the Asphalt Institute was used as a methodological basis. For the criterion of the limiting state, the indicator of accumulated fatigue cracks in the amount of 10% of the wheelpath area is taken. Preliminary recommendations are given on the field of application of the considered road pavements on reinforced concrete bridges in the conditions of the Syrian Arab Republic.

Сирийские морские порты и их глобальные показатели

The article considers the role of the seaport in the economy and politics of the state. There are listed the main functions of seaports: trade, transportation, employment, industrial, fiscal, and political functions. The important role of the seaports of Syria in improving the quality of transport support for foreign trade activities was noted. The favorable geographical position of the Syrian ports on the Mediterranean coast determines a significant role in international maritime trade between European and Oriental countries. The statistical data on the seaports of the Syrian Arab Republic in the cities Latakia and Tartus have been analyzed. The dynamics of the volumes of containers transshipped through the seaport of Latakia, as well as through the seaport of Tartus is considered. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of the traffic volumes between both ports was carried out. The pace of development in the work of the Syrian ports is being studied on the basis of the GCI (The Global Competitiveness Index) and the liner shipping service index. Comparison of the liner shipping service index between Syrian ports and ports of neighboring countries has been made. The international rating of Syrian ports is presented in comparison with the rating of the nearest ports in the region by infrastructure. Conclusions are made about the low rating of Syrian ports in comparison with competing countries and international ports in general. There has been found the necessity of a detailed study of the reasons for the low competitiveness of the Syrian ports, including the crisis of 2011, rupture of relations between Syria and many countries of the world, economic sanctions against Syria, etc., in order to further develop measures to increase the competitiveness of Syrian seaports.

USE OF GIS TECHNOLOGIES FOR INVENTORY OF PROTECTED AREAS OF SYRIA

The article presents the result of using GIS for collecting, processing and storing distributed data on specially protected natural areas (SPNA) in the Syrian Arab Republic. The emergence of GIS, using a huge amount of data, has greatly simplified the process of studying protected areas, assessing their spatial size and geographical location, identifying their characteristics and processes of their development and structuring. With the advent of GIS, monitoring of such objects has become more accurate and flexible. This article describes the experience of using the freeware GIS for systematization of information about the protected areas of Syria. The procedure for creating a digital map of the protected areas of Syria is outlined, the main elements of its thematic content are described. The created digital map is an informational basis for the design and development of the monitoring system for the SPNA in Syria.

Analysis of transmission dynamics of COVID-19 via closed-form solutions of a susceptible-infectious-quarantined-diseased model with a quarantine-adjusted incidence function.

We analyze the disease control and prevention strategies in a susceptible‐infectious‐quarantined‐diseased (SIQD) model with a quarantine‐adjusted incidence function. We have established the closed‐form solutions for all the variables of SIQD model with a quarantine‐adjusted incidence function provided β≠γ+α by utilizing the classical techniques of solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The epidemic peak and time required to attain this peak are provided in closed form. We have provided closed‐form expressions for force of infection and rate at which susceptible becomes infected. The management of epidemic perceptive using control and prevention strategies is explained as well. The epidemic starts when ρ 0 > 1, the peak of epidemic appears when number of infected attains peak value when ρ0=1, and the disease dies out ρ 0 < 1. We have provided the comparison of estimated and actual epidemic peak of COVID‐19 in Pakistan. The forecast of epidemic peak for the United states, Brazil, India, and the Syrian Arab Republic is given as well.

METHODS FOR PREDICTIVE ASSESSMENT OF OIL AND GAS CONTENT IN THE FIELDS OF THE EUPHRATES GRABEN

The high degree of exploration of the Euphrates graben and the oil and gas fields discovered here allows to consider this region as a reference object for identifying the main regularities in the structure of hydrocarbon deposits and the conditions for their formation. Analyzing the geological structure of the Dubaysan, Northern Dubaysan, Della, Sayad deposits and developing additional criteria and methodological approaches to forecasting promising zones and local objects are urgent tasks. Their solution can become the basis for forecasting and substantiation prospecting and exploration of additional industrial deposits of hydrocarbons in the studying area. The results of the analysis and refinement of seismic data and geophysical studies in wells collected during the restoration of the oil industry of the Syrian Arab Republic, using modern methods of processing and interpretation of seismic data, are presented. Geophysical data of the main oil fields of the Rasafa basin - Dubaysan, Northern Dubaysan, Dilaa were used, and the criteria and methods for predicting oil and gas content were refined, taking into account the tectonic features of the development of the Euphrates graben and the formation of oil reservoirs. As a result of the analysis and refinement of seismic data and geophysical studies in wells using modern methods of processing and interpretation of seismic data in the conditions of the sedimentary cover of the Euphrates region of the Rasaf basin, a forecast of the oil and gas content of sediments of the Carboniferous period was made. Based on the analysis of the dependence of the reservoir parameters of rocks on their facies nature, the factors of formation of zones of reservoir distribution in the conditions of the Rasafa basin and the criteria that increase the adequacy of a correct forecast of oil content have been determined. It has been established that the most promising deposits in this reservoir region are associated with dolomites in shallow marine sediments.

Review: New Media and Revolution: Resistance and Dissent in Pre-Uprising Syria, by Billie Jeanne Brownlee

Review: New Media and Revolution: Resistance and Dissent in Pre-Uprising Syria, by Billie Jeanne Brownlee

Screening For α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity Of Crataegus And Rubus Genera In Syria, Isolation And Identification Of The Active Principle

One of the treatment strategies for diabetes mellitus is to inhibit specific digestive enzymes in order to reduce carbohydrates absorption in the intestines. In this study, inhibitory activity toward the α-amylase enzyme were determined for the methanolic extracts of the leaves of two species of the genus Crataegus; monogyna, and azarolus var aronia, and three species of the genus Rubus; sanctus, hedycarpus, and collinus. The leaves were collected during spring and autumn seasons from different regions across the Syrian Arab Republic. The methanolic extract of C.azarolus var aronia harvested in autumn exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity toward α-amylase compared to the other extracts with an IC50=103 µg/ml. For a closer look into this plant, the dry methanolic extract was suspended in water and extracted (liquid-liquid) using diethyl ether and ethyl acetate as extracting solvents. Due to the promising inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate extract toward α-amylase with an IC50=96 µg/ml, this extract was further fractionated by means of preparative HPLC. The structure of the isolated compound that revealed the strongest inhibitory activity toward α-amylase enzyme (IC50=84 µg/ml) was elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopy (MS) techniques. The structure was identified based on MS and NMR data to be (–)-Epicatechin, a biologically active flavan-3-ol compound

Hostilities in Syria: Just an Incident, or an Advance in Methods of Conducting Combined-Arms Combat?

Hostilities in Syria: Just an Incident, or an Advance in Methods of Conducting Combined-Arms Combat?

The Political Economy of the Violence in Syria: An Impact-Based Analysis

The civil war that has engulfed the Syrian Arab Republic, since March 2011, is set to unleash a lasting effect on both the political and socio-economic trajectories of the country. The country’s political and economic challenges would be in dire need of outside-the-box curatives long after the violence activities are over. In other words, the political economy of Syria would encounter a set of unparalleled interconnected difficulties that cannot be unriddled by a simple prescription of traditional textbook economic policies. Even though the Syrian economy was able to weather the global economic recession in 2008, it is apparent that, if the country wants to pull through future economic shocks while upholding both political and social stability it desires, then it needs to overhaul its administrative and economic structures. The country’s economy was already in dire difficulties long before the conflict. The most important foreign exchange earner of the country was oil, but production was in sharp decline. In the 1990s, oil output almost doubled. However, in 2002, it fell from a peak of 677,000 barrels per day. Again, only 327,000 bpd were produced in 2011. The civil war has killed over a million Syrians and displaced more than 5.5 million citizens of the country. The country’s economy slumped by over 80 percent from 2010 to 2019. The extreme violence that dominated the scene in Syria has shifted attention away from the deep structural transformations affecting the country’s economy and governance structures. Now that violence has considerably subsided, these are becoming more visible. Much has been written about the ethnic and sectarian divisions in the conflict in Syria. However, very little attention is given to its political economy, which is very crucial in understanding the taproots of the ongoing war. The contraction of the economy of the country and the emergence of a war economy have seriously affected the composition and stratification of the political economy of Syria. This study seeks to examine the political economy of the Syrian civil war, including the exposition of the conditions of the Syrian economy before and during the war, the changing dynamics of the war, and the roles of external players.

International responsibility for the actions of militant armed groups and Children’s Role in Armed Conflicts, with an emphasis on the crises of Iraq and Syria

One of the most important questions that may arise in connection with the role of governments in wars and internal armed conflicts created by the actions of armed groups is the extent to which governments are responsible for supporting these groups.The international responsibility of governments should be distinguished from the international responsibility of militia groups themselves and the criminal responsibility of their members. The most important question of the present study is to investigate the extent of the responsibility of the governments supporting the militia groups in Iraq and Syria according to the international rules and recognizing that the children, as a vulnerable segment of society, also thrives in times of crisis and emergency, legal protection is enshrined in international instruments, mainly in human rights and humanitarian law which is the duty of governments to provide special protection to children, including the prohibition of employing and employing children in the armed forces, maintaining the physical and mental health of children, the right to security and protection from arrest and detention,family rights,educational and cultural rights, and related rights with refugee and displaced children, special and fair trial, citizenship, the prohibition of slavery, and forced labor are mandatory. Regarding the impact of the actions of militia groups such as ISIS and Al-Nusra and other terrorist groups on Iraqi and Syrian territory, it should be noted that their terrorist nature has been identified since the formation of these groups. The responsibility of the states that support these groups, although not in accordance with the laws of the International Law Commission on Government Responsibility,can be established and recognized in accordance with customary international rules

Between Sect and Secularism: the Mediated Ambiguities of the Syrian Nation State

This paper examines narrative discourses of the Syrian loyalist TV channel Sama TV in the light of Syria’s current armed conflict, demography, and regional geopolitics. The focus is on the tense relationship between secularism and religious representations on the channel. Compared to state television, private channel Sama TV has more room for maneuver to embrace a new form of religious presence that challenges the ideological secularism of the Syrian nation state. The national “mythscapes” of Syria, simultaneously a secular and (Sunni) Muslim nation, characterized by a certain ambiguity, are consequently reinforced.

ЗАВДАННЯ РОЗВІДУВАЛЬНО-УДАРНОГО БЕЗПІЛОТНОГО АВІАЦІЙНОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ «BAYRAKTAR TB2»

The article analyzes the world experience of using reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles in operations of recent decades, experience and conditions of use of reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles «Bayraktar TB2» in military conflicts. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions were made on the compliance of reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles «Bayraktar TB2» with modern requirements. The conditions in which the reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicle complex «Bayraktar TB2» can be used are determined, the characteristics that can positively and negatively affect its use and the tasks it can perform are considered. The threats that should be taken into account when planning the combat use of reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles «Bayraktar TB2» are considered. The experience of using «Bayraktar TB2» reconnaissance and unmanned aerial vehicles in the armed conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic is analyzed. The peculiarities of the use of troops (forces) in the operational zone in eastern Ukraine are analyzed, the main tasks and possible goals of reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles during the operation of groups of troops (forces) in eastern Ukraine are determined. Possible options for involving «Bayraktar TB2» reconnaissance and unmanned aerial vehicles in reconnaissance and destruction of enemy objects (targets) at various stages of hostilities are considered. It was concluded that the importance and necessity of using reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles «Bayraktar TB2» in repelling the offensive of enemy strike groups. Keywords: reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, combat applications, fire damage, main tasks, objects of destruction.