Synthetic Phosphate Research Articles

Total Phosphorus Content in Technologically Unprocessed Meat

The total phosphorus content was measured in raw, technologically unprocessed meats. Our results show that total phosphorus content in different raw meats varies substantially (from 1.41g/kg to 4.22 ± 0.93g/kg). Based on the results, manufacturers of meat products are advised that before production of any meat product, the precise amount of total phosphorus in raw meat starting material has to be known. Based on this, the content of added synthetic phosphates and polyphosphates together with the content of natural phosphorus in the meat would be within the prescribed values stated in the Regulation, which are 8g/kg.

Value of D-dimer and alkaline phosphatase in the diagnosis of pleural effusion

IntroductionPleural effusion is a common clinical presentation in several diseases. Various parameters from pleural fluid have been studied to identify the cause of effusion. D-dimer is a degradation product of cross-linked fibrin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the biochemical markers found in pleural effusion. ALP is a plasma membrane derived enzyme of uncertain physiologic function that hydrolyzes synthetic phosphate esters at pH 9. It is present in the serum in several forms, i.e., ALP-1 alpha 2, ALP-2 beta 1 and ALP-3 beta 2. AimThe present study was carried out to evaluate the value of alkaline phosphatase and D-dimer concentration in the pleural effusions and serum as a diagnostic tool. MethodsThis study was carried out on one hundred patients with pleural effusions of different aetiologies. 75 patients had exudative pleural effusions (35 patients had tuberculous effusion, 20 patients had malignant effusion, 10 had parapneumonic effusion, 5 had empyema and 5 patients had systemic lupus erythematosis) and 25 patients had transudative effusions (20 patients had hepatic and 5 patients had cardiac effusions). Serum and pleural effusion D-dimer (measured by ELISA), ALP, LDH and protein levels were measured. ResultsThere was a highly significant difference in the pleural fluid D-dimer and ALP levels between exudative and transudative effusions (P<0.001). Also, there was a highly significant difference in both the pleural fluid D-dimer and ALP levels between tuberculous and non tuberculous pleural effusions (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in the pleural levels of either the D-dimer or the ALP between malignant and non malignant pleural effusions (P>0.05). Lastly there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the serum levels of either the ALP or the D-dimer between different types of effusions. ConclusionMeasurement of pleural fluid D-dimer and ALP levels aids in the differentiation between exudative and transudative pleural effusions. Also, both pleural fluid D Dimer and ALP are significantly higher in tuberculous pleural effusions.

Novel phosphorylation of aldrin-trans-diol by dieldrin-degrading fungus Mucor racemosus strain DDF

Dieldrin is one of the most persistent organic pollutants, and its oxidative degradation pathways by aerobic microorganisms to 6,7-trans-dihydroxydihydroaldrin (otherwise known as aldrin-trans-diol) and 9-hydroxydieldrin are well documented. The dieldrin-degrading fungus, Mucor racemosus strain DDF, can decrease dieldrin levels with simultaneous production of a small amount of aldrin-trans-diol. A reduction in the levels of aldrin-trans-diol by strain DDF has also been observed. Based on these results, it has been suggested that strain DDF transforms dieldrin to more polar compounds via aldrin-trans-diol. We have conducted a study to identify the metabolites arising from aldrin-trans-diol. The results showed that strain DDF gave reduced levels of aldrin-trans-diol and also produced unknown metabolites. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (UPLC-ESI-MS) analysis indicated the metabolites to be either sulfated- or phosphorylated- derivatives of aldrin-trans-diol, but with the metabolites retaining six chlorine atoms. Therefore, the candidate derivatives were synthesized and the retention times of the natural metabolite and the synthetic phosphate were compared. As a result of a co-injection experiment, the metabolites were determined to be aldrin-trans-diol exo- and endo-phosphates. These results were also supported by high-resolution-fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (HR-FAB-MS) of the natural metabolite (Δ = 0.63 ppm). Phosphorylation of aldrin-trans-diol is the first reported example of phosphate conjugation in microorganisms.

Recording lead Mα line in rare-earth phosphates using a JEOL JXA-8100 microanalyser

Conditions of recording the Pb Mα line and the background in monazite age dating are studied on an example of simple synthetic rare-earth phosphates. By selecting cutoff thresholds, pulses were discriminated from the radiation superimposing on the analytical signal in the highest orders of reflection. The interfering lines are Y Lγ2,3, Th Mζ1, and Th Mζ2. High-aperture and standard spectrometers of the microanalyser do not ensure the complete resolution of Th radiation with the Pb Mα line, and its software allows the analyst to take into account the superposition of only one element. The contribution of interfering radiation is insignificant: the presence of 1% Y2O3 or ThO2 results in the overestimation of PbO by ∼0.009 and 0.002%, respectively. The nearest free regions for measuring background are at ±4.5 mm from the Pb Mα line. Using the background measured in the short-wave region systematically underestimates the amount of PbO by 0.098 wt %. Measurements on the other side lead to overestimation by 0.061%. Calculations of the average background value are more preferable and underestimate the results by approximately 0.019%. To decrease the error more, one should record a spectrum for the determination of its bremsstrahlung component under the lead line.

The Effect of Hydraulic Loading Rate and Influent Source on the Binding Capacity of Phosphorus Filters

Sorption by active filter media can be a convenient option for phosphorus (P) removal and recovery from wastewater for on-site treatment systems. There is a need for a robust laboratory method for the investigation of filter materials to enable a reliable estimation of their longevity. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate and (2) quantify the effect of hydraulic loading rate and influent source (secondary wastewater and synthetic phosphate solution) on P binding capacity determined in laboratory column tests and (3) to study how much time is needed for the P to react with the filter material (reaction time). To study the effects of these factors, a 22 factorial experiment with 11 filter columns was performed. The reaction time was studied in a batch experiment. Both factors significantly (α = 0.05) affected the P binding capacity negatively, but the interaction of the two factors was not significant. Increasing the loading rate from 100 to 1200 L m−2 d−1 decreased P binding capacity from 1.152 to 0.070 g kg−1 for wastewater filters and from 1.382 to 0.300 g kg−1 for phosphate solution filters. At a loading rate of 100 L m−2 d−1, the average P binding capacity of wastewater filters was 1.152 g kg−1 as opposed to 1.382 g kg−1 for phosphate solution filters. Therefore, influent source or hydraulic loading rate should be carefully controlled in the laboratory. When phosphate solution and wastewater were used, the reaction times for the filters to remove P were determined to be 5 and 15 minutes, respectively, suggesting that a short residence time is required. However, breakthrough in this study occurred unexpectedly quickly, implying that more time is needed for the P that has reacted to be physically retained in the filter.

Diffusion of helium in natural monazite, and preliminary results on He diffusion in synthetic light rare earth phosphates

Diffusion of helium has been characterized in natural monazite and synthetic LREE phosphates. Polished slabs of natural monazite and flat growth faces of synthetic phosphates were implanted with 100 keV 3 He at a dose of 5 × 10 15 3 He/cm 2 and annealed in 1 atm furnaces. 3 He distributions in monazites following experiments were measured with nuclear reaction analysis using the reaction 3 He(d,p) 4 He. For diffusion in monazite we obtain the following Arrhenius relation for diffusion normal to (100) D = 1.60 × 10 - 7 exp ( - 150 ± 8 kJ / mol / RT ) m 2 / s . Diffusion in natural monazite exhibits little diffusional anisotropy, as diffusion normal to (001), (100), and (010) appear similar, as do diffusivities of He in natural monazites from two different localities. Over the investigated temperature range, these diffusivities are similar to those of Farley and Stockli (2002), and values obtained for some of the monazite grains analyzed by Boyce et al. (2005), obtained through bulk-release of He by step heating, and are bracketed by diffusivities obtained by Farley (2007) for monazite-structure synthetic REE phosphates. Helium diffusion measured in synthetic REE phosphates (LaPO 4 , NdPO 4 , SmPO 4 , and EuPO 4 ) with the monazite structure appears to behave systematically, with diffusion in the lighter REE phosphates slightly faster than in the heavier REE phosphates. This trend is in broad agreement with the findings of Farley (2007), but the difference in diffusivities among the REE phosphates is smaller than that reported by Farley (2007). Activation energies for He diffusion in the synthetic LREE phosphates are similar to that for natural monazite measured in this study, but He diffusivities in synthetic LaPO 4 are about an order of magnitude faster than in the natural monazites. The differences in He diffusivities among the natural monazites and synthetic REE phosphates may be a consequence of the density and distribution of interstitial apertures in the crystal structure, which may result in differences in He migration rates. The similarities in He diffusivities for natural monazites containing varying mixtures of rare-earth elements, as well as differences in Th contents, however, indicate that the above Arrhenius relation is most relevant for describing He diffusion in monazite in nature. We use this Arrhenius relation to evaluate He retentivity in monazite experiencing thermal events, using both the closure temperature formulation of Dodson (1973) and recently developed expressions (Watson and Cherniak 2013) for prograde thermal events and heating and cooling trajectories. Calculations indicate that monazite is relatively retentive of He compared with accessory mineral phases.

Active slag filters: rapid assessment of phosphorus removal efficiency from effluent as a function of retention time

There is increasing pressure to upgrade effluent ponds for phosphorus removal. Active slag filters offer a solution, but design information is limited. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) is a key factor in filter design because it controls filter treatment efficiency as well the filter substrate lifespan. This paper reports on a rapid method of continual looping of effluent through a filter column to obtain a relationship between HRT and phosphorus removal efficiency. Phosphorus removal declined logarithmically with respect to retention time. While the mechanisms that yield this relationship involve complex mass transfer and adsorption of phosphorus to Fe oxyhydroxide sites, in general terms, the adsorption rate is proportional to the adsorbate effluent concentration. Waste stabilization pond effluent treated by the slag achieved phosphorus removal efficiencies over 90% at extended HRTs greater than 70 hours, while 80% removal was obtainable in 30 hours. Higher phosphorus removal was achieved for slag treating real effluent compared with synthetic phosphate solution. This can be explained by: (1) different starting phosphorus concentrations in the synthetic phosphate solution and real effluent; and (2) the presence of constituents in real effluent that can enhance phosphorus removal, such as oxidized iron compounds, cations, algae and humic complexes. This new technique, which proved capable of replicating treatment efficiencies obtained from long-term column studies, offers rapid assessment of phosphorus removal efficiency as a function of retention time and thus will enable design engineers to size active filters on the basis of achieving the required phosphorus removal standards.

Genetic aspects of borophosphate crystal chemistry

The borophosphate family incorporates compounds with crystal structures ranging from densely packed to microporous.We have synthesized several transition metal borophosphates with alkali-metal cations and determined their crystal structures using single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 100 K. Crystal chemical interpretations of studied phases in correlation with literature data has allowed us to reveal some new features in title group of compounds. One among them presents a tendency of subsistence of phosphate archetypes for borophosphate phases. The borato-phosphate mineral seamanite, Mn3(OH)2[B(OH)4][PO4] has a synthetic phosphate analogue, Na2Fe3(OH)2[PO4][PO4]. We found a novel structural type of cubic microporous borophosphates that realizes in the framework of two compositions: KNi5[P6B6O23(OH)13] (an ordered phase) and Na0.45K(Mg,Ni,Al)Ni2(Ni,Al,Mg2)2[P6B6O24(OH)12] (a disordered phase having isomorphous and vacancy defects). We have shown that these borophosphates are topologically related to the cyclophosphates Cs3M3(PO3)12 (M = V or In) and NaM(PO3)3 (M = Zn or Mg) as parent structures. A zeolite-type material “CZP” - Na[Zn(PO4)](H2O) is also known as archetype for some borophosphates, namely, A+xM(H2O)2(BP2O8)(H2O), (A = Na, K, Ca, and M = Zn, Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cd, Sc, In). In connection with compounds having general formula A+{M3+[BP2O8(OH)]} (A: K, NH4, Rb Cs; octahedral position M: Al, Ga, Fe, Sc, In) we showed that the polymorphism of the [BP2O8(OH)]4- anion has a morphotropic nature and is related to substitutions both in the cationic part of the structure and in the octahedral position of mixed anionic framework.

Removal of phosphate from water using six Al-, Fe-, and Al-Fe-modified bentonite adsorbents

This study was part of a larger effort that involves evaluating alternatives to upgrading secondary treatment systems in the United Arab Emirates for the removal of nutrients. In this study, six modified bentonite (BNT) phosphate adsorbents were prepared using solutions that contained hydroxy-polycations of aluminum (Al-BNT), iron (Fe-BNT), and mixtures of aluminum and iron (Al-Fe-BNT). The adsorption kinetics and capacities of the six adsorbents were evaluated, and the adsorbents were used to remove phosphorus from synthetic phosphate solutions and from treated wastewater. The experimental adsorption kinetics results were well represented by the pseudo–second-order kinetic model, with R2 values ranging from 0.99 to 1.00. Similarly, the experimental equilibrium adsorption results were well represented by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, with R2 values ranging from 0.98 to 1.00. The adsorption capacities of the adsorbents were dependent on the BNT preparation conditions; the types, quantities and combination of metals used; BNT particle size; and adsorption pH. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacities of the six adsorbents ranged from 8.9–14.5 mg P/g-BNT. The results suggested that the BNT preparations containing Fe alone or in combination with Al achieved higher adsorption capacities than the preparations containing only Al. However, the Al-BNT preparations exhibited higher adsorption rates than the Fe-BNT preparation. Three of the six adsorbents were used to remove phosphate from secondarily treated wastewater samples, and the removal results were comparable to those obtained using synthetic phosphate solutions. The BNT adsorbents also exhibited adequate settling characteristics and significant regeneration potential.

Cortical Bone Tissue Response of Injectable Octacalcium Phosphate-Hyaluronic Acid Complexes

We have previously shown that synthetic octacalcium phosphate (OCP) displays highly osteoconductive and biodegradable characteristics. However, OCP cannot be sintered without thermal decomposition due to the existence of water molecules in the structure. The acquisition of the moldability and the improvement of the handling property in this material are subjects for the clinical use. In the present study, we prepared OCP complex with hyaluronic acid (Hya) that could be used in the injectable form and further examined the bone tissue reaction to cortical bone by placing the complex directly on an 8-weeks-old ICR mouse calvaria in comparison with the placement of OCP granules only. The granule form of OCP (between 300 to 500 μm in diameter) was mixed with sodium hyaluronic acid with molecular weights 90 x 104. The complex revealed an injectable characteristic if it was utilized in a syringe. After polytetrafluoroethylen ring was mounted on mouse calvaria, the inner space of the ring was filled with the complex and left the complex as it is for 6 weeks. Histological examination using the decalcified specimens indicated that the OCP/Hya complex exhibited greater bone formation than OCP granules only group within the ring at 6 weeks. The results suggested that the OCP/Hya complex could be used as an injectable and osteoconductive bone substitute material in many clinical situations.

Efficacy of medical calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate in bone defect repair: a comparative analysis

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of synthetic medical calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate as the bone replacements for bone defects.Methods A total of 85 bone trauma patients combined with bone defects treated between February 2000 and October 2011 were randomized to calcium phosphate group ( n =43 ) and calcium sulfate group ( n =42 ) according to bone substitutes.The patients had orthopedic conventional treatment and then received external fixation ( external fixators,plasters) or internal fixation (plates,needles).Forty-three patients in the calcium phosphate group were all treated with medical calcium phosphate and 42 patients in the calcium sulfate group were all treated with medical calcium sulfate.Postoperative complications,fracture healing time and bone substitute absorption time of the two groups were observed and compared.Results After artificial bone filling for bone defects,all fractures were healed,with average healing time of 12.5 weeks ( range,9-17 weeks) in the calcium phosphate group and 11.3 weeks (range,7-15 weeks) in the calcium sulfate group.No complications or abnormal reactions occurred in the calcium sulfate group,whereas four patients with incision exudation was founded in the calcium phosphate group,and was cured after dressing change.The average follow-up period was 54.5 weeks (range,14-70 weeks).Average absorption time of bone substitute for the calcium phosphate group was 7.3 weeks,longer than that for the calcium sulfate group (P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Medical calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate artificial bones can both be used as bone substitutes and are characterized by convenience,safety and good healing under the auxiliary of internal and external fixators.The calcium sulfate is sturdier and has relatively stronger supporting ability than the calcium phosphate.As the bone substitute,the calcium sulfate has more precise clinical effects,fewer complications and shorter healing time than the calcium phosphate. Key words: Biocompatible materials; Calcium sulfate; Calcium phosphate; Bone defects

Sintering of different hydroxyapatite powders and low-melting sodium borosilicate glass

The paper analyzes the sintering of three types of calcium phosphate powders and S–B–Na glass powder under the same conditions. It is concluded that a liquid phase, represented by the glass melt, shows up when the glass is sintered with biogenic or synthetic hydroxyapatite or a mixture of synthetic phosphates. The substantial pore formation in the sintering process is mainly due to the removal of carbon oxides and water vapors resulting from glass charge decomposition and glass boiling. Parameters of grain and porous microstructures of the ceramics are shown before and after the primary and secondary sintering. The mechanical strength and biosolubility of the ceramic samples are reported as well.

Removal of phosphate from wastewater by using open gradient superconducting magnetic separation as pretreatment for high gradient superconducting magnetic separation

The removal of phosphate from wastewater using a combination of open gradient superconducting magnetic separation (OGMS) and high gradient superconducting magnetic separation (HGMS) was investigated. The magnetic seeding material used was Fe3O4, and a novel composite inorganic coagulant was added to combine the phosphate with the magnetic seed. The important parameters that influenced the removal efficiency of phosphate in OGMS or HGMS, slow mixing time, magnetic seeding dosage, coagulant dosage, hydraulic retention time, magnetic field strength and flow rate, were systematically investigated. The performance of the OGMS–HGMS process was evaluated by treating synthetic phosphate wastewater. The results showed that all of the investigated parameters except for slow mixing time had a significant effect on phosphate removal. The phosphate concentration was reduced from 0.50 to 0.01mg/L under the following optimal reaction conditions: coagulant dosage, 50mg/L; Fe3O4, 100mg/L; magnet working current, 160A; hydraulic retention time in OGMS, 0.5min; and flow rate in HGMS, 2L/min. Overall, the use of OGMS as a pretreatment for HGMS was shown to be a good method of increasing phosphate removal efficiency while simultaneously increasing the flow rate of HGMS.

Preparation of Calcium-Phosphate Microspheres by Salt-Assisted Ultrasonic Spray-Pyrolysis Technique and their Drug Release Behavior Using Anti-Angiogenic Agent, TNP-470

Synthetic clcium phosphate based materials, such as hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2; HAp) and tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2; TCP), are compounds with high potential for clinical applications to orthopedic and dental region. In previous study, we have reported that the hollow and porous apatite microsphere could be prepared by salt-assisted ultrasonic spray-pyrolysis (SAUSP) technique using sodium chloride (NaCl). In this case, these microspheres have some problems of (i) decrease of dissolubility of microspheres and (ii) cytotoxicity arising from chloride ions elution. To overcome these disadvantages, we prepared novel microspheres by SAUSP technique using potassium nitrate (KNO3) instead of NaCl. The resulting microsphere was washed with pure water to remove the KNO3 phase. The particle shapes of the powders were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the diameters of the microspheres were of 0.5 - 3.0 m, and the fine pores with the sizes of ~50 nm were present on the surface of the microspheres. The TNP-470 agent as a model of drug were loaded on these microspheres with nano-pores in the surface. In the KNO3 concentration of 1.00 mol·dm-3, 70 % of the total TNP-470 from the microspheres was rapidly released within 1 h. The remaining 30 % was slowly released up to 24 h following immersion, and total amount of TNP-470 released from the microspheres was 42 g·mg-1.

18O/16O ratio measurements of inorganic and organic materials by elemental analysis–pyrolysis–isotope ratio mass spectrometry continuous‐flow techniques

We have used a high-precision, easy, low-cost and rapid method of oxygen isotope analysis applied to various O-bearing matrices, organic and inorganic (sulfates, nitrates and phosphates), whose (18)O/(16)O ratios had already been measured. It was first successfully applied to (18)O analyses of natural and synthetic phosphate samples. The technique uses high-temperature elemental analysis-pyrolysis (EA-pyrolysis) interfaced in continuous-flow mode to an isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) system. Using the same pyrolysis method we have been able to generate a single calibration curve for all those samples showing pyrolysis efficiencies independent of the type of matrix pyrolysed. We have also investigated this matrix-dependent pyrolysis issue using a newly developed pyrolysis technique involving 'purge-and-trap' chromatography. As previously stated, silver phosphate being a very stable material, weakly hygroscopic and easily synthesized with predictable (18)O/(16)O values, could be considered as a good candidate to become a reference material for the determination of (18)O/(16)O ratios by EA-pyrolysis-IRMS.

Mechanical and degradation characteristics of natural silk and synthetic phosphate glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composites

Degradable phosphate glass fiber is a synthetic fiber and silk is one of the strongest natural fibers. In this study, composites are fabricated from PP reinforced with phosphate glass fiber and silk fiber using compression molding. Tensile testing, flexural testing and impact testing are carried out to evaluate the composites mechanical properties. It has been found that silk fiber composites provided higher tensile strength (46 MPa), bending strength (50 MPa), and impact strength (17 kJ/m2) compared to glass fiber composites which are respectively 39 MPa, 46 MPa, and 8 kJ/m2. Degradation studies are carried out by accelerated weathering as well as by natural weathering. After weathering, the mechanical properties are evaluated and it has been found that phosphate glass fiber/PP composites degrade more rapidly compared to silk/PP composites.

The Mechanochemistry of Synthetic Phosphate Oil under High Pressure

The pressure-viscosity relationships of phosphate synthetic oil and other two kinds of similar atmospheric viscosity synthetic oils were studied using ultra-high pressure capillary viscometer. The pressure-viscosity relationship of phosphate synthetic oil is much better than the other two kinds of synthetic oils. The impact of pressure on viscosity is not limited to purely physical factors. The pressure can cause a variety of chemical reactions in some cases. The investigation results of mechanochemistry of phosphate synthetic oil at high pressure reveal that the physical state of phosphate synthetic oil changed from liquid into glassy amorphous state under high pressure, and the color varied from transparent into milky white. The mechanochemistry of phosphate synthetic oil was analyzed using the infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography, and the results indicate that under high pressure, the oxidation reaction of phosphate synthetic oil occurred, and the molecular weight distribution changed with the increase of the low molecular weight region. The reason of the mechanochemistry phenomena was that phosphate synthetic oil molecular chain disconnects to inform great radical. The great radical has strong activity, and reacts with other free radicals acceptor (oxygen, etc).

Infrared spectroscopy of different phosphates structures

Infrared (IR) spectroscopic studies of mineral and synthetic phosphates have been presented. The interpretation of the spectra has been preceded by the isolated [PO 4] 3− tetrahedron spectra analyse. The K 3PO 4 saturated aqueous solution was measured in the special cell for liquids. The obtained IR results have been compared with the theoretical number of IR-active modes. The number and positions of the bands due to P–O vibrations have been established. The phase composition of the phosphates has been determined using XRD and IR spectroscopy methods. The influence of non-tetrahedral cations on the shape of the spectra and the positions of bands has been analysed and the crystalline field splitting effect has been discussed.

Bio-treatment of phosphate from synthetic wastewater using Pseudomonas sp YLW-7

In this study, the efficient phosphate utilizing isolates were used to remove phosphate from synthetic phosphate wastewater was tested using batch scale process. Hence the objective of the present study was to examine the efficiency of bacterial species individually for the removal of phosphate from synthetic phosphate wastewater. The most efficient phosphate reducers were isolated and screened from eutrophic lake water samples. The total heterotrophic bacterial analysis of the samples showed the presence of about 22 phosphate reducers. Among them, Pseudomonas sp YLW-7 were found to be efficient in phosphate reduction based on the maximum phosphate ultization which was observed by plate screening method using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The effect of carbon sources (glucose, starch, sucrose and lactose) at 0.5% on the removal of phosphate by Pseudomonas sp YLW7 was estimated. The maximum growth of Pseudomonas sp YLW7 was observed to be 0.9886 OD in glucose followed by starch (0.9456 OD), Sucrose (0.9095 OD) and lactose (0.8407 OD). The pH change in culture medium after 72 h treatment was found to be 6.0 in glucose, starch, lactose sources and 5.8 in sucrose carbon source. The phosphate removal was observed to be maximum of 68 % in synthetic phosphate wastewater with glucose carbon source followed by starch (66%), sucrose (65%) and lactose (62%) after 72 h at neutral pH (7.0± 2) by Pseudomonas sp YLW-7. Thus the Pseudomonas sp YLW-7 may use the contaminants as nutrients source and might be used in the remediation of phosphate contaminated environments.

Biological Role of Synthetic Octacalcium Phosphate in Bone Formation and Mineralization

Biological Role of Synthetic Octacalcium Phosphate in Bone Formation and Mineralization