Synthetic Antioxidants Research Articles

A preliminary understanding of the relationship between synthetic phenolic antioxidants and early pregnancy loss: Uncovering the potential molecular mechanisms

Mounting evidence suggests that environmental pollutants may affect reproductive health, potentially leading to adverse outcomes like pregnancy loss. However, it remains unclear whether exposure to synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) correlates with early pregnancy loss (EPL). This study explores SPA exposure's link to EPL and its potential molecular mechanisms. From 2021 to 2022, 265 early pregnant women (136 serum and 129 villus samples) with and without EPL were enrolled. We quantified 17 SPAs in serum and chorionic villus, with AO1010, AO3114, BHT, AO2246, and BHT-Q frequently being detected, suggesting their ability to cross the placental barrier. AO1135 showed a positive relationship with EPL in sera, indicating a significant monotonic dose-response relationship (p-trend <0.001). BHT-Q exhibited a similar relationship with EPL in villi. Inhibitory effects of BHT-Q on estradiol (E2) were observed. Molecular docking revealed SPA-protein interactions involved in E2 synthesis. SPA-induced EPL might occur with specific serum levels of AO1135 and certain villus levels of AO1010, BHT-Q, and AO2246. BHT-Q emerges as a potential biomarker for assessing EPL risk. This study provides insights into understanding of the exposure to SPAs and potential adverse outcomes in pregnant women.

Stability study and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative analysis of polyphenols in fish feed ingredients

The perception of polyphenols as a safe, healthy, and sustainable solution for replacing synthetic antioxidants has been an important factor for their rapid growing in the global food market. Therefore, it is essential to use reliable methods for their quantification in commercial products intended for animal or human consumption. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of some solvents used for the extraction of selected polyphenols, explore their stability under different experimental conditions, and validate a liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method for their quantification in commercial fish feed ingredients by using the standard addition method. The regression models for gallic acid, hydroxytyrosol, catechin, oleuropein, carnosol and carnosic acid were linear in the range 0–30 μg/mL, limit of detection and quantification around 0.03 and 0.1 μg/mL, respectively, and accuracy within ± 15 % of the nominal concentrations. The method was successfully applied to the determination of specific polyphenols in commercial fish feed ingredients supplemented with polyphenols from olive and rosemary extracts.

Exploring the antioxidant potential of nekemias species extracts on edible oils: In vitro assessment and lipid oxidation inhibition

Synthetic antioxidants have long been used to protect edible oils from oxidation. However, concerns about their potential health risks and environmental impact have led to a growing interest in natural antioxidants. In this study, we explore the antioxidant properties of extracts from four Nekemias plant species: Nekemias grossedentata (AGR), Nekemias megalophylla (AME), Nekemias chaffanjonii (ACH), and Nekemias cantoniensis (ACA) by obtaining the values for different tests. We investigate their bioactive compound content and evaluate their antioxidant capabilities on six edible oils categorized into three lipid systems based on their fatty acid compositions: oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. Our findings demonstrate that AGR and AME extracts, rich in bioactive compounds, exhibit strong antioxidant activities in vitro, effectively inhibiting lipid oxidation, especially in oleic acid-rich oils like camellia oil. The antioxidant effects of these extracts are comparable to synthetic antioxidants such as TBHQ and superior to natural antioxidant Tea Polyphenols (TP). While the extracts also show antioxidant potential in linoleic and linolenic acid systems, the stability of their effects in these oils is lower than in oleic acid system. These results suggest that Nekemias species extracts have the potential to serve as natural additives for extending the shelf life of edible oils, contributing to the exploration of natural antioxidants.

Yungas propolis in the scavenging of vitamin B2-photogenerated ROS

This study focused on the scavenging action and antioxidant activity of propolis from Trancas (ProTr) as a promoter and scavenger of Riboflavin (Rf)-photogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS), widely used in traditional medicine as an antioxidant. A thorough examination of the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract (EE) was made possible by a kinetic and mechanistic study of the total polyphenol contents in the extract using stationary photolysis and time-resolved photochemical methods.Under aerobic visible-light-irradiation conditions, with Rf as the only light-absorber molecule, a complex frame of competitive interactions takes place, with the triplet excited states of Rf being quenched by ProTr. Rf triplet excited states can interact with ProTr or produce singlet oxygen and superoxide radical anions. The results indicated ProTr to be an efficient ROS scavenger. The antioxidant behavior of ProTr is similar to that of Trolox, a well-known antioxidant. Propolis is slightly photodegraded by interaction with the mentioned ROS, highlighting the crucial role of ProTr and its potential in mitigating oxidative stress-induced damage in biological systems. These findings suggest that ProTr could be a promising natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants for combating oxidative stress.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacity of 3,3-Disubstituted-3H-benzofuran-2-one Derivatives in a Cellular Model of Neurodegeneration.

Oxidative stress represents a hallmark for many degenerative pathologies of the Central Nervous System. Throughout life, the constant pressure of noxious stimuli and/or episodes of traumatic events may expose the brain to a microenvironment where the non-balanced reactive oxygen species inevitably lead to neuronal loss and cognitive decline. HO-1, a 32 kDa heat-shock protein catalyzing the degradation of heme into carbon monoxide (CO), iron and biliverdin/bilirubin is considered one of the main antioxidant defense mechanisms playing pivotal roles in neuroprotection. Restoring the redox homeostasis is the goal of many natural or synthetic antioxidant molecules pursuing beneficial effects on brain functions. Here, we investigated the antioxidant capacity of four selected benzofuran-2-one derivatives in a cellular model of neurodegeneration represented by differentiated SH-SY5Y cells exposed to catechol-induced oxidative stress. Our main results highlight how all the molecules have antioxidant properties, especially compound 9, showing great abilities in reducing intracellular ROS levels and protecting differentiated SH-SY5Y cells from catechol-induced death. This compound above all seems to boost HO-1 mRNA and perinuclear HO-1 protein isoform expression when cells are exposed to the oxidative insult. Our findings open the way to consider benzofuran-2-ones as a novel and promising adjuvant antioxidant strategy for many neurodegenerative disorders.

Effect of Antioxidant Treatment on the Quality of Traditional Air-dried Beef

Antioxidant treatment is not entirely without negative effects, as some antioxidants may have certain effects on human health, especially at high doses. At present, there are a series of problems in the use of antioxidants in air-dried beef, such as chemical synthetic antioxidants and natural antioxidants. Therefore, this paper mainly analyzes the effect of antioxidant treatment on the quality of traditional air-dried beef, and puts forward some personal views for reference.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Sesquiterpenes-Rich Essential Oil of Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn) J.J. De Wilde of Root Bark

Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn) J.J. De Wilde (Meliaceae) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of ulcers, cough and inflammatory disorders such as arthritis. In this present study, the essential oil of T. monadelpha root bark was obtained by hydrodistillation using an all-glass Clevenger apparatus. The identification and characterisation were done using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. We also, aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against ten micro-organisms using the Agar diffusion method and the free radical scavenging capacity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) methods. Twenty (20) different compounds made up the hydrodistilled essential oil, which made up 99.0% of the entire oil content. Sesquiterpene compounds made up about 73.3% of the essential oil from the root bark of T. monadelpha, which was described as sesquiterpenes-rich. Sesquiterpenes' most abundant constituents include (E)-Longipinene (18%), 10s,11s-Himachala-3-(12),4-diene (15.26%), Aromadendrene (11.12%), Alloaromadendrene oxide-(1) (8.82%), and β-Caryophyllene (5.92%). The essential oil inhibited growth against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aerugunosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Klebsiella Pneumonia and Salmonella typhi at concentrations of 200 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL with an inhibitory zone of 20 – 10 mm while the antioxidant analysis of the essential oil revealed low scavenging activity which reveals that the synthetic antioxidants were more effective with an Ascorbic acid; IC50 value of 1.47 mgmL-1, Butyl hydroxyanisole; 1.88 mgmL-1, α-Tocopherol; 4.83 mgmL-1 followed by the essential oil with an IC50 value of 9.95 mgmL-1. T. monadelpha root bark essential oil contains notable chemical compounds that are responsible for its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

The Potential of Acorn Extract Treatment on PUFAs Oxidative Stability: A Case Study on Fish Cooking Wastewater.

Fish byproducts are valuable sources of Ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Their valorization potentially alleviates pressure on this sector. This study uses a circular economy approach to investigate the oil fraction from sardine cooking wastewater (SCW). Analysis of its fatty acid (FA) profile revealed promising PUFA levels. However, PUFAs are highly susceptible to oxidation, prompting the exploration of effective and natural strategies to replace synthetic antioxidants and mitigate their associated risks and concerns. An antioxidant extract from acorn shells was developed and evaluated for its efficacy in preventing oxidative degradation. The extract exhibited significant levels of total phenolic compounds (TPC: 49.94 and 22.99 mg TAE or GAE/g DW) and antioxidant activities (ABTS: 72.46; ORAC: 59.60; DPPH: 248.24 mg TE/g DW), with tannins comprising a significant portion of phenolics (20.61 mg TAE/g DW). LC-ESI-UHR-QqTOF-MS identified ellagic acid, epicatechin, procyanidin B2 and azelaic acid as the predominant phenolic compounds. The extract demonstrated the ability to significantly reduce the peroxide index and inhibit PUFA oxidation, including linoleic acid (LA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This approach holds promise for developing stable, functional ingredients rich in PUFAs. Future research will focus on refining oil extraction procedures and conducting stability tests towards the development of specific applications.

Hydrothermal extraction of antioxidants from Camellia sinensis fruit husks: Experimental design in the development of enriched gels

The phenolic and saccharidic fractions from Camellia sinensis seed husks were extracted under selected conditions of hydrothermal treatment and further concentrated with membranes and nonionic polymeric resins. The fraction extracted heating up to 160 °C contained 30 % oligomers, being concentrated by ultrafiltration up to 1.4 times. The waste solids were further processed up to 220 °C to extract an additional phenolic fraction. Both the permeate from ultrafiltration membranes and the extract obtained in the second hydrothermal stage were concentrated by nanofiltration and by resin adsorption (SP-700). The refined extracts after elution in ethanol contained 75 % and 50 % phenolics, respectively and exhibited antiradical properties comparable to synthetic antioxidants. The xylooligosaccharide (XOS) and the phenolic (Ph) containing fractions were used to formulate starch-based hydrogels and a Box-Behnken experimental design was used to optimize the relative content of each fraction and the gelling temperature to maximize the rheological and color parameters of the hydrogels. Evaluating the multiple response of the effect of the formulation conditions on the viscoelastic behavior through tan δ and the luminosity of the gels through L*, the maximum values were observed for gels prepared in the absence of XOS and 29.8% of E160 at 63.5 °C.

Exploring the influence of sweet potato powder on the physicochemical characteristics, oxidative potential and sensory perception of mayonnaise

SummaryReduced fat mayonnaise was prepared by substituting oil with sweet potato powder at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%. The changes in physicochemical, oxidative, rheological, microbial and organoleptic properties of functional reduced fat mayonnaise were investigated. The results revealed that sweet potato powder significantly improved the antioxidant activity (2.63–31.6%), rheological attributes, nutritional content and shelf life stability of mayonnaise during the storage time of 21 days. Rheological evaluation illustrated the stabilisation of samples with the addition of sweet potato powder, with a significant reduction in oil droplet size (6.78–2.16 μm) and an increase in firmness (0.941–1.84 N) and adhesiveness (41.21–76.78 × 10−3 Nm). Emulsion stability (93.3–99.2%) was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) enhanced by supplementation with sweet potato powder. The presence of carotenoids in sweet potato improved colour and increased the L* (73.4%) and b* (31.4%) values. Preliminary sensory evaluation demonstrated that taste, texture, mouthfeel and overall acceptability were perceived better in the samples supplemented with sweet potato powder. Our findings suggest that sweet potato powder can be a nutrient enhancer and a considerable alternative to synthetic antioxidants and stabilisers for oil‐in‐water food emulsions.

HAuCl4-mediated green synthesis of highly stable Au NPs from natural active polysaccharides: Synthetic mechanism and antioxidant property

Polysaccharide-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Polysaccharide-Au NPs) with high stability were successfully prepared by a straightforward method. Notably, the Au (III) ion acts as a strong Lewis acid to facilitate glycosidic bond breaking. Subsequently, the polysaccharide conformation was transformed to an open-chain form, exposing highly reduced aldehyde or ketone groups that reduce Au (III) to Au (0) crystal species, further growing into Au NPs. As-prepared Au NPs displayed excellent stability over a longer storage period (more than 70 days), a wide range of temperatures (25–60 °C), and pH range (3−11), varying concentrations (0–200 mM) and types of salt ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), and glutathione solutions (5 mM). More interestingly, polysaccharide-Au NPs retained the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and reduced oxidative damage at the cellular level through decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The intracellular levels of ROS pretreated with polysaccharide and polysaccharide-Au NPs were decreased 53.12–75.85 % compared to the H2O2 group, respectively. Therefore, the green synthesized Au NPs from natural active polysaccharides exhibit potential applications in biomedical fields.

Evaluation of synthetic and bio-based additives on the oxidation stability of palm biodiesel: Parametric, kinetics and thermodynamics studies

This study evaluated the effects of additives on the oxidation stability of palm biodiesel (PBD) and appraised their oxidation kinetics cum thermodynamics. The results of Rancimat induction period (IP) and effectiveness factor, as well as acid value (AV) and iodine value (IV) indicated that tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) was the most effective antioxidant. Notably, the reverse IP ranking of TBHQ under PetroOXY was likely caused by its degradation. Pyrogallol (PY), propyl gallate (PG), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) and quercetin demonstrated mid-range to high effectiveness in terms of IP. Nevertheless, PY, quercetin and curcumin had partial solubility in PBD. While α-tocopherol (α-T) had the least effects on IP and effectiveness factor, it still met the EN14214:2012 limit. The IP, AV, IV and kinematic viscosity except AV for 1000 ppm of PG met the limits. Correlations between the Rancimat and PetroOXY IP values were developed. The oxidation kinetics adhered to the first order kinetic model. By appraising the k values, TBHQ and BHA were clearly the most effective and this concurred with the IP values. The oxidation reactions were endothermic, non-spontaneous and endergonic in nature. Overall, TBHQ and BHA were the most effective synthetic antioxidants while α-T was the best bio-based additive.

Ameliorative effect of Ononis natrix against chronic lead poisoning in mice: neurobehavioral, biochemical, and histological study.

Lead (Pb) is one of the most common heavy metals with toxicological effects on many tissues in humans as well as animals. In order to counteract the toxic effects of this metal, the administration of synthetic or natural antioxidants is thus required. The aim of this study was to examine the beneficial effect of the aqueous extract of Ononis natrix (AEON) against lead acetate-induced damage from a behavioral, biochemical, and histological point of view. Forty-eight male mice were divided into four equal groups: Ctr (control); Pb (lead acetate 1g/l); Pb + On 100 mg/kg (lead acetate 1 g/l + AEON 100 mg/kg); Pb + On 500 mg/kg (lead acetate 1 g/l + AEON 500 mg/kg). AEON was administered orally from day 21 after the start of lead exposure up to the end of the experiment. The results revealed that lead induced behavioral disorders, increased serum levels of liver markers (AST, ALT, and bilirubin), as well as kidney markers (urea and creatinine). At the same time, levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) increased significantly. Moreover, Pb caused structural changes in the liver and kidneys of Pb-exposed mice. However, AEON administration significantly improved all lead-induced brain, liver, and kidney dysfunctions. Our results suggest that AEON could be a source of molecules with therapeutic potential against brain, liver, and kidney abnormalities caused by lead exposure.

Assessing developmental neurotoxicity of emerging environmental chemicals using multiple in vitro models: A comparative analysis

Newly synthesized chemicals are being introduced into the environment without undergoing proper toxicological evaluation, particularly in terms of their effects on the vulnerable neurodevelopment. Thus, it is important to carefully assess the developmental neurotoxicity of these novel environmental contaminants using methods that are closely relevant to human physiology. This study comparatively evaluated the potential developmental neurotoxicity of 19 prevalent environmental chemicals including neonicotinoids (NEOs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) at environment-relevant doses (100 nM and 1 μM), using three commonly employed in vitro neurotoxicity models: human neural stem cells (NSCs), as well as the SK-N-SH and PC12 cell lines. Our results showed that NSCs were more sensitive than SK-N-SH and PC12 cell lines. Among all the chemicals tested, the two NEOs imidaclothiz (IMZ) and cycloxaprid (CYC), as well as the OPE tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), generated the most noticeable perturbation by impairing NSC maintenance and neuronal differentiation, as well as promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, likely via activating NF-κB signaling. Our data indicate that novel NEOs and OPEs, particularly IMZ, CYC, and TDCIPP, may not be safe alternatives as they can affect NSC maintenance and differentiation, potentially leading to neural tube defects and neuronal differentiation dysplasia in fetuses.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of natural extract as a substituent for synthetic preservatives and antioxidants in pharmaceutical preparations

BackgroundDespite the fact that synthetic preservatives and antioxidants have strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity, they are frequently associated with negative health consequences. Currently, there is an increasing interest in pharmaceutical products that are excellent in quality and free of synthetic preservatives. MethodsAs a result, the purpose of this research is to assess the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of olive leaf extract, oleuropein, and thymol in various pharmaceutical products. Furthermore, the efficacy of these natural extracts to substitute synthetic preservatives (methyl-propylparaben and benzalkonium chloride) and antioxidants (butylhydroxytoluene) will be investigated. ResultsThe results revealed that oleuropein, olive leaf extract, and a blend of oleuropein and thyme oil may be utilized as preservatives at concentrations of (0.6 % w/v), (0.4 % w/v), and (0.4 %/0.1 % v/v), respectively. The results demonstrated that thyme oil and oleuropein have synergistic efficacy against the studied microorganisms. By assessing antibacterial activity, and physical properties, the results demonstrated that pharmaceutical formulations containing natural preservatives were stable and effective for three months under accelerated settings (40 °C/75 % RH). ConclusionNatural compounds such as oleuropein, olive leaf extract, and thyme oil have shown antibacterial effectiveness equivalent to synthetic preservatives in selected pharmaceutical products. Furthermore, there was synergy in antimicrobial activity between thyme oil and oleuropein and this facilitates the use of these compounds at different levels.

The effect of nano/microparticles of bee pollen on the shelf life of high-fat cooked sausage during refrigerated storage.

Sausage is susceptible to oxidative changes in lipids and microbial spoilage due to the presence of water, fat, protein, and vitamins. Bee pollen (BP) as a source of potential antioxidants and antibacterial compounds can effectively prevent lipid peroxidation and microbial spoilage in meat products. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of BP and the effects of nano/microparticles of bee pollen extract (n/m BP) at a concentration of 125 and 250 mg/100 g meat on the oxidative stability and microbial growth of high-fat sausage during 30 days of storage at 4°C. The formation of BP particles in the nano/micro range was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. High concentrations of total phenolic compounds (28.26 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g BP) with antioxidant activity (EC50 = 5.4 ± 0.07 mg/mL) were detected in BP. Based on the microdilution assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration of n/m BP for all test bacteria was 1000 (μg/mL) and the minimum bactericidal concentration of n/m BP was 2000 (μg/mL) for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus and 4000 (μg/mL) for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The n/m BP treatment (250 mg/100 g meat) showed a higher pH value (p < .05) and lower TBARS values (p < .05) than the ascorbic acid treatment (100 mg/100 g meat) and the control during the storage period. The microbial analysis showed that the addition of n/m BP led to a significant decrease (p < .05) in the total bacterial count, coliforms, S. aureus, and fungal population compared to the other samples. The results show that the addition of n/m BP (125 mg/100 g) can improve the texture, taste, and overall acceptability of the sausage compared to the control sample. In conclusion, this study suggests that BP can replace synthetic antioxidants in high-fat sausages at the nano/microparticle level.

The Effects of Sunflower and Maize Crop Residue Extracts as a New Ingredient on the Quality Properties of Pork Liver Pâtés.

The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extracts from post-harvest sunflower and maize stalk residues, and their impact on the chemical composition, physicochemical parameters, lipid oxidative stability, microbiological properties, and sensory characteristics of pork liver pâtés over a 90-day storage period. Four formulations were prepared: a control group (CON), a batch with butylated hydroxytoluene as a synthetic antioxidant (BHT), 1% ethanolic extract from sunflower residues (SSRE), and 1% ethanolic extract from maize residues (MSRE). The MSRE had a higher total phenol content and showed better antioxidant activity relative to the SSRE (p < 0.01). The addition of SSRE decreased the lightness and increased the redness in the pork liver pâtés, with these pâtés showing the highest total color difference compared to the control (p < 0.01). The crop extracts increased the n-6 and total PUFA contents in pâtés and improved the PUFA/SFA ratio (p < 0.01). Formulations containing crop residue extracts showed higher TBARs and POV values than the control and BHT group (p < 0.01), indicating a pro-oxidant effect and accelerated lipid oxidation in pâtés during storage. As far as microbiological quality, the presence of crop residue extracts decreased the total viable count, lactic acid bacteria, and psychotropic aerobic bacteria (p < 0.01). The incorporation of crop extracts in the pork pâtés impaired their sensory quality, particularly color, odor, aroma, and flavor, and decreased their overall acceptability. These results indicated that, while the crop residue extracts were not as effective as synthetic antioxidants in preserving the lipid stability of pâtés, they demonstrated potential for enhancing the microbial quality of this type of meat product.

Melatonin and Related Compounds as Antioxidants.

Oxidative stress has been reported to be involved in the onset and development of several diseases, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, some types of cancer, and diabetes. Therefore, finding strategies to detoxify free radicals is an active area of research. One of these strategies is the use of natural or synthetic antioxidants. In this context, melatonin (MLT) has been proven to possess most of the required characteristics of an efficient antioxidant. In addition, its protection against oxidative stress continues after being metabolized, since its metabolites also exhibit antioxidant capacity. Based on the appealing properties of MLT and its metabolites, various synthetic analogues have been developed to obtain compounds with higher activity and lower side effects. This review addresses recent studies with MLT and related compounds as potential antioxidants.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Anacyclus Valentinus L. Essential Oil and its Oxygenated Fraction.

Synthetic antioxidants and anti-inflammatories are widely used by the food and pharmaceutical industries. Like any synthetic product, these are toxic and represent a significant health risk. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of Anacyclus valentinus essential oil and its oxygenated fraction, as well as their in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The essential oil was hydrodistilled using a Clevenger-type device and the oxygenated fraction was obtained by column chromatography using diethyl ether. The essential oil and its oxygenated fraction were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The antioxidant activities were performed using three different methods Radical scavenging activity (DPPH), β-carotene bleaching test, and the Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), using BHT as a positive control. The activity of antiinflammatory of essential oil and its oxygenated fraction was assessed by the protein denaturation method using the diclofenac sodium as a positive control. The essential oil of Anacyclus valentinus was represented mainly by oxygenated sesquiterpene compounds (37.7%), hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (14.7%), oxygenated monoterpenes (18.4%) and non-terpenic compounds (15.6%). The oxygenated fraction was composed mainly of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (40.6%), oxygenated monoterpenes (38.5%), and non-terpene compounds (19.4%). Essential oil and oxygenated fraction showed antioxidant activity. The most potent activity was observed by the oxygenated fraction in the DPPH (IC50 = 8.2 mL/L) and β - carotene bleaching (IC50 = 5.6 mL/L) tests. While the essential oil of A. valentinus showed very good anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 of 0.3 g/L higher than that of diclofenac (IC50= 0.53 g/L). The results showed that the essential oil and the oxygenated fraction of A. valentinus are rich in sesquiterpene compounds and possess interesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, other studies are necessary to be able to offer these extracts to the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Apiaceae Family Plants

The importance of antioxidants has gained much attention due to the increase in the prevalence of various non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, which occur due to excess reactive species. The widespread use of synthetic antioxidants in the food industry has raised concerns about their potential harmful effects on health. As a result, the utilization of natural antioxidants to preserve food and as a source of dietary antioxidants has gained attention. Essential oils extracted from Apiaceae family plants are an excellent source of antioxidants. In this review, research findings regarding the antioxidant activity of selected Apiaceae family members and their applications are discussed.