Synthesis Of CuO Nanoparticles Research Articles

Improving the in-situ upgrading of extra heavy oil using metal-based oil-soluble catalysts through oxidation process for enhanced oil recovery

AbstractThe demand for fuel from unconventional sources is increasing all over the world, however, there are still special and strict regulations regarding the methods of enhanced oil recovery as well as the content of the oil produced, including the amount of sulfur. In-situ combustion (ISC) is an attractive thermal method to enhance oil recovery and in-situ upgrading process. In this work, copper (II) oleate and copper (II) stearate were used for the oxidation of extra heavy oil with high sulfur content in the ISC process using a self-designed porous medium thermo-effect cell (PMTEC) and visual combustion tube. Using PMTEC the catalytic performances of the synthesized oil-soluble copper (II) oleate and copper (II) stearate and kinetic parameters such as activation energy using Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method were studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the characteristics of in-situ synthesized CuO nanoparticles during oxidation. As shown, the presence of oil-soluble copper (II) stearate and copper (II) oleate reduced oil viscosity from 9964 to 8000 and 6090 mPa˙s, respectively. Following ISC process in porous media in the presence of copper (II) oleate, the high sulfur extra heavy oil upgraded, and its sulfur content decreased from 10.33 to 6.79%. Additionally, SARA analysis revealed that asphaltene and resin content decreased in the presence of oil-soluble catalysts. During the oxidation reaction, homogeneous catalyst decomposed into nanoparticles, and heterogeneous catalyst is distributed uniformly in porous media and played an active role in the catalytic process. It should be noticed that, these kind of oil-soluble catalysts can be novel and highly potential candidates for initiation and oxidation of extra heavy oil in order to decrease the viscosity, enhanced oil recovery and production of the upgraded oil. Graphical abstract

Development of CuO nanoparticles modified electrochemical sensor for detection of salbutamol

Abstract Metal oxide structures are being utilized in an increasing variety of applications. This study used cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry techniques to investigate the possible utilization of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) for the redox reactions of salbutamol (SAL). The electrochemical performance of the SAL analyte in a complex matrix environment in Ventolin was evaluated in order to assess the appropriateness of the proposed sensor in a real sample environment. CuO nanoparticles were produced via a straightforward, cost-effective and efficient sol–gel method, and characterization studies of synthesized CuO nanoparticles were performed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray Diffraction (XRD), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles had a spherical shape and particle size was found to be 74 nm. The crystal size of the CuO particles was calculated to be 21.79 nm using the Debye–Scherrer equation. Under optimal conditions, differential pulse voltammetry demonstrated a linear response in the 50 nM to 100 μM range, with a salbutamol detection limit of 50 nM (S/N = 3). The SAL concentration (R 2 = 0.9971) was found to have a good correlation coefficient. The reproducibility of the biosensor was investigated and evaluated with a relative standard deviation of 3% (n = 8). The storage stability of CuO modified CPE for two weeks was evaluated based on the response of DP current measured at intervals every two days. According to the measurement results, the modified electrode exhibited good stability and reproducibility while maintaining 80% of its stability. It is also a rapid and dependable sensor candidate with a measurement time of approximately 20 s. The developed electrode has been utilized successfully to determine doping material with improved performance.

Vacancy induced enhanced photocatalytic activity of nitrogen doped CuO NPs synthesized by Co-precipitation method

The chemical co-precipitation method, an effective approach in the synthesis of nanomaterials, was used to synthesize CuO nanoparticles (NPs). Structural and morphological modification of undoped and nitrogen (N) doped CuO nanoparticles were studied thoroughly using X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE SEM). Doping effect on defects was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Thus, the effect of doping on crystallinity, crystallite size, strain induced in lattice, defects and electron-hole recombination rate were investigated. Optical band gap was calculated using Kubelka-Munk function from the diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) obtained using ultraviolet visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. Finally, photocatalytic performance was studied from rhodamine B (Rh B) degradation and reaction kinetics were analyzed. Maximum degradation efficiency was obtained for 1.0 mol% N doped CuO NPs which also exhibited minimum band gap and lowest electron-hole recombination rate. For the optimum doping concentration, nitrogen was found to create oxygen vacancies while substituting oxygen in the lattice, and thus reduce electron-hole recombination rate and increase photocatalytic degradation rate effectively.

Photocatalytic activity of the biogenic mediated green synthesized CuO nanoparticles confined into MgAl LDH matrix

The global concern over water pollution caused by organic pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) and other dyes has reached a critical level. Herein, the Allium cepa L. peel extract was utilized to fabricate copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. The CuO was combined with MgAl-layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDHs) via a co-precipitation method with varying weight ratios of the CuO/LDHs. The composite catalysts were characterized and tested for the degradation of MB dye. The CuO/MgAl-LDH (1:2) showed the highest photocatalytic performance and achieved 99.20% MB degradation. However, only 90.03, 85.30, 71.87, and 35.53% MB dye was degraded with CuO/MgAl-LDHs (1:1), CuO/MgAl-LDHs (2:1), CuO, and MgAl-LDHs catalysts, respectively. Furthermore, a pseudo-first-order rate constant of the CuO/MgAl-LDHs (1:2) was 0.03141 min−1 while the rate constants for CuO and MgAl-LDHs were 0.0156 and 0.0052 min−1, respectively. The results demonstrated that the composite catalysts exhibited an improved catalytic performance than the pristine CuO and MgAl-LDHs. The higher photocatalytic performances of composite catalysts may be due to the uniform distribution of CuO nanoparticles into the LDH matrix, the higher surface area, and the lower electron and hole recombination rates. Therefore, the CuO/MgAl-LDHs composite catalyst can be one of the candidates used in environmental remediation.

Is the trend toward a sustainable green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles completely safe for Oreochromis niloticus when compared to chemical ones?: using oxidative stress, bioaccumulation, and histological biomarkers.

Scientists worldwide have noticed that cutting-edge technologies can be used to produce nanoparticles (NPs) in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way, instead of the old methods. However, the effectiveness of this approach for aquatic environments and species still needs to be determined. Therefore, this study aims to compare between the toxicity of green and chemically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (GS and CS) CuO NPs at two different concentrations on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using various biomarkers. CuO NPs' formation was proved, and their different characterizations were recorded. Then, the fish samples were randomly allocated in glass aquaria into five groups: one acted as a control group, and the other groups were exposed to two concentrations (25 and 50mg/L) of GS-CuO NPs and CS-CuO NPs, separately, for 4days. After the experimental time, in all groups that were exposed to two concentrations of both synthesized CuO NPs, the results revealed that glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were elevated in the liver and gills compared to glutathione reduced (GSH) content, which showed a significant decline. Bioaccumulation of Cu was more prevalent in the liver than in the gills, and the highest bioaccumulation capacity was more evident in the groups exposed to CS-CuO NPs. Moreover, the bioaccumulation of Cu caused severe histological changes in the liver and gills. In conclusion, the results suggested that GS-CuO NPs revealed less toxicity than CS-CuO NPs to the examined fish. However, they are still toxic, and their toxic effect cannot be overlooked.

Preparation and Characterization of Copper Oxide CuO (II) nanoparticles Prepared by a Hydrothermal Method and for Solar Cells applications

Metal oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method inside a self-designed stainless steel autoclave, sealed, and heated at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the single-phase structure of CuO nanoparticles with an average grain size of 52.64 nm at temperatures of 100 °C, respectively. The EDX analysis determined that the sample was of high purity and did not contain impurities. Visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy identified a broad absorption band for CuO nanoparticles at a wavelength of 570 nm. Using the Tauc diagram, the bandgap was calculated, as its value was equal to 1.7 eV. The photovoltaic performance values of a solar cell are sensitized to the natural red dye extracted from beetroot. The solar cell produced a conversion efficiency of 2.08. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles could be potential candidates for use in electronic devices.

Camellia sinensis Assisted Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs) and Assessment of Its Antioxidant Activity and Zebrafish Embryonic Toxicology Evaluation.

- Camellia sinensis,or oolong tea, is a partially fermented version of tea used in Asian countries. The remarkable reduction activity of the tea extract can potentially be used for synthesizing nanoparticles. Recently,Camellia sinensishas gained popularity for the formulation of some metal nanoparticles. Aim To formulate green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) mediated byCamellia sinensis(oolong tea) and assess its cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties. Materials & Methods Oolong tea extract is prepared and added to CuSO4 solution to synthesize CuO nanoparticles (CuONPs). The centrifugation pellet of CuONPs is collected and subjected to DPPH (2,2 - diphenyl -1- picrylhydrazyl hydrate)and H2O2 assays. The cytotoxicity screening is performed using zebrafish embryos. Results The reducing activity of oolong tea successfully synthesizes the copper nanoparticles. High values are obtained in DPPH (63% inhibition at 10µL concentration, 73% inhibition at 20µL, 80% at 30µL, 85% at 40µL and 90% at 50µL concentrations) and H2O2 (50% inhibition at 10µL concentration, 65% at 20µL, 68% at 30µL, 75% at 40µL and 80% at 50µL concentrations) assays. There are no morphological deformities in the zebrafish and no loss of cell viability or delayed hatching at low concentrations (below 4-8 µL), as shown by the viable embryos with no morphological deformities. Conclusion The study has evidenced high antioxidant activity and minimal cytotoxicity of CuO nanoparticles produced usingCamellia sinensis, thus proving it to be a good biomaterial for a wide range of biological applications.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles: Characterization and applications for environmental and biomedical fields

AbstractIn recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the development of plant‐based nanoparticles due to their numerous benefits over conventional physio‐chemical methods, including sustainability and environmental safety. Green synthesis, a process that produces safe and sustainable goods without the use of harsh chemicals or other harmful processes, is gaining popularity. The current study focuses on the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Piper nigrum leaf extracts, their characterization, and applications. The synthesis of nanoparticles was confirmed by changes in colour, further endorsed by UV–visible spectroscopy. Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). CuO nanoparticle sizes ranged between 58.23 and 69.89 nm and were spherical in shape. FTIR results indicated a functional group capped on the nanoparticle surface. The antibacterial activity of the copper oxide nanoparticles was tested, and they exhibited the significant decrease in bacterial concentration and the largest zone of inhibition, making them an efficient disinfectant. Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was observed. Furthermore, the synthesized CuO nanoparticles exhibited a high affinity for safranin dyes and demonstrated maximum removal efficiency. This makes them an effective agent for removing dyes in wastewater from industries such as clothing manufacturing. Safranin dye was successfully removed with an efficiency of 78% using nanoparticles. In conclusion, the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts presents an eco‐friendly and sustainable approach for producing nanoparticles with a wide range of potential applications.

Structural, Characterization, And Morphological Properties Of Copper Nanoparticles From Opuntia Ficus Indica Plant

AbstractOne of the most recent areas of interest in current nanotechnologies and nanosciences is the use of biomaterials in the manufacturing of nanoparticles. More and more research is being carried out on environmentally friendly methods to create metal oxide nanoparticles (NP), with the intention of preventing any potential risks associated with harmful substances for a safe and healthy environment. In this study, Copper Oxide (CuO) is synthesized utilizing Opuntia ficus‐indica as the plant extract using a Microwave Combustion Technique (MCM) and its comparison against the Conventional Combustion Method (CCM) are investigated. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles were characterized using X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X‐ray Analysis (EDX) analysis. Photoluminescence spectroscopy was undertaken to acquire emission and absorption spectra and determine defects in the structures of all synthesized nanopowder samples. The antibacterial activity of the CuO nanoparticles was evaluated in‐vitro using gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus). Enhanced anti‐bactericidal activity was shown against Gram‐negative bacteria compared to Gram‐positive bacteria. Through these findings, the use of CuO using Opuntia ficus indica extracts is hereby shown to be a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly alternative and that can be used in a variety of applications.

Electrochemical Sensor Based on CuO Nanoparticles-Modified Graphite Electrode for the Detection of Malachite Green

In this study, the development of a graphite paste electrode (GPE) modified by copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO@GP) to be used as a practical and economical sensor for the electrochemical sensing of malachite green (MG) has been elucidated. The sol–gel technique was applied for the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (NPS) from copper chloride (CuCl[Formula: see text], where the surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (C[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text]NCl) played the role of a capping agent. The synthesized CuO NPS were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A bare GPE was modified using these CuO NPS and thus developed; the new electrode was used as a working electrode (WE) in a 3-electrode system for studying the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) responses of MG. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with a pH value of 6 was used as the optimum buffer. Using DPV, a widely linear operational range of 1–1000 [Formula: see text]M was obtained with a detection limit of 0.18 [Formula: see text]M. This CuO@GP provided excellent repeatability, reproducibility and prolonged stability for the MG molecule. For the selectivity study, various common interfering agents were used to observe MG’s corresponding peak current variation. Moreover, this electrode demonstrated a successful application for detecting MG in pond water and fish flesh. This method is effective for similar other applications.

Optical Conductivity Analysis of Green CuO Nanoparticles Using Plant Leaf Extract

The optical properties of green synthesized CuO nanoparticles such as absorption coefficient, refractive index, band gap, dielectric constant and optical conductivity were analyzed. XRD shows that upon temperature treatment of green CuO nanoparticles, the crystal size increases and thus the crystallinity increases due to the decrease in the number of crystals per unit area. Due to the high crystallinity, the absorption coefficient exhibits a high electronic shift and the refractive index exhibits good polarization of the ions. Thus the dielectric constant of the real and imaginary regions decreases as the photon energy increases. Higher temperatures exhibit higher photon energy levels. Optical conductivity has induced electron annihilation due to the absorption coefficient of increased photo energy light; Hence the optical conductivity analysis of Lantana camara capped CuO nanoparticles indicated the stability of electrical conductivity with increase in photo power.

Green synthesized CuO nanoparticles using macrofungi extracts: Characterization, nanofertilizer and antibacterial effects

In this detailed study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are synthesized using the green synthesis method via the extracts of Rhizopogon roseolus (R) and Coprinus comatus (Co) macrofungi. Additionally, the effect of calcination temperature on the formation of CuO NPs is investigated at different temperatures such as 400, 600, 800 °C during the synthesis process. The structural, optical and morphological characterizations of biosynthesized CuO NPs are performed by XRD, FT-IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy and SEM-EDX analysis, respectively. From the XRD results, it is determined that CuO NPs formed in monoclinic structure in all samples. Also, the optical band gap values in UV–vis spectroscopy are approximately 1.3–1.4 eV for all calcination temperatures. As for SEM measurements, it is clearly seen that the particles have irregular planar morphology in a certain order. Also, the possibilities of using CuO NPs produced at different calcination temperatures as nanofertilizer at different concentrations are determined via analyzing the effects on the growth of Lepidium sativum (cress), Raphanus sativus (radish) and Zea mays (corn) seeds. Besides, it is found that the concentration values of 62.5 (for R) and 125 ppm (for Co) are more effective in the growth and development of all three seeds for all calcination temperatures. Further, the antibacterial effect of CuO NPs is tested against six bacterial strains (Y. enterocolitica, B. cereus, E. faecalis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumanni) by using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique. The results indicate that CuO NPs calcined at 400 °C have the highest antibacterial effect. All in all, the novelty of this study is related with the production of CuO NPs with the aid of the extracts of macrofungi such as R. roseolus and C. comatus.

Synthesis of Cu2O Nanoparticles by Ellipse Curve Micromixer.

Micromixers offer the advantage of rapid and homogeneous mixing compared with conventional macroscale reaction systems, and thus they show great potential for the synthesis of nanoparticles. An ellipse curve serpentine micromixer, which had been proposed in our prior works was employed to synthesize Cu2O nanoparticles. Cu2O are excellent photocatalysts that have been widely utilized in the degradation of organic dyes. Owing to the excellent mixing performance, the reduction of Cu(OH)2 in micromixing synthesis was more sufficient than that in conventional stirring synthesis. The Cu2O nanoparticles synthesized by micromixing had smaller size and narrower size distribution compared with those synthesized by stirring in a beaker. The smallest Cu2O nanoparticles were obtained by micromixing with Re = 100 at T = 60 °C, while the most uniform Cu2O nanoparticles were obtained at T = 80 °C owing to Ostwald ripening. Through the photocatalytic degradation experiments of Rhodamine B, the Cu2O nanoparticles synthesized by micromixing were found to have better photocatalysis than those synthesized by stirring. The research results showed that the micromixing synthesis was a more suitable choice to produce Cu2O nanoparticles with excellent photocatalysis. The ellipse curve micromixer with a simple structure and high mixing performance can be applied in the synthesis of various nanoparticles.

Waste to wastewater treatment: Synthesis of CuO nanoparticles from discarded printed circuit boards for the removal of Methylene Blue under visible light

Owing to the swift advancements in the electronic industry and the increased demand, electronic equipment has a reduced lifespan in both developed and developing country markets, causing the generation of tons of electronic waste. The improper disposal of discarded Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) can pose various environmental risks, despite the fact that they are a valuable source of high-purity copper and precious materials. Consequently, there is a significant demand for the recycling of waste PCBs using environmentally friendly and appropriate sustainable resource utilization methods. In this study the metallic clads separated from downsized PCBs are leached into the solution phase and precipitation with an alkaline medium is done to recover Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). The XRD analysis provided confirmation that the synthesized nanoparticles were monoclinic CuO, free from any impurities. FTIR confirmed that the synthesized product is pure CuO. The surface morphology of the synthesized CuO was revealed through FESEM, which showed irregular morphology. Further confirmation of this was obtained through TEM analysis. Additionally, the direct band gap was measured to be 1.93 eV. The as-synthesized nanoparticles are utilized for the degradation of Methylene Blue when exposed to visible light. Hence e-waste can be useful to produce value-added product to solve environmental problem as well as reducing the problematic e-waste, preserving naturally occurring ores.

Raw fruit juice processing wastewater treatment using electrochemical coagulation followed by synthesis of CuO Nano sorbents using leaf extract

Stainless steel and aluminium electrode was utilized inside batch electro chemicals coagulations (BECCs) using current densities (CD) for the treatment of fruit juice processing wastewater (FJPW). During ECC, ~65-70% color removal and COD removal of ~55-60% was observed for CD 260 A/m2 at 75 min electrolysis time for both 4SS (four stainless steel) and 4Al (four aluminium) electrodes. In general, 4SS and 4Al electrodes had less influence on FJPW for all CDs. Therefore, to improve the quality of treatment of leftover color and COD by BECC treatment, the batch adsorption studies were conducted as secondary treatment by synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Carica papaya, Centella asiatica (CA), Ocimum sanctum and 1:1:1 mixture of leaves. An effect of several operating parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, and contact duration on leftover color and COD removal was studied for optimal conditions to treat FJPW. The results showed that ~70% color and ~65% Chemical Oxygen Demand elimination at an optimal condition for adsorbent dosages 0.60 g/L, at pH 8.0 to 8.5 and contact time 40 min for CA and 1:1:1 mixture of leaves. Altogether, BECC - nanosorption, a dual treatment, effectively treated FJPW wastewater with clean water reclamations of up to 90%.

Opto-structural properties and photocatalytic activities of CuO NPs synthesized by modified sol-gel and Co-precipitation methods: A comparative study

The study presents a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) through two distinct chemical processing methods, namely modified sol-gel and co-precipitation, and delves into the intricate details of the process optimization and explores the opto-structural properties of the synthesized NPs. The crystal structure of the NPs produced following both the routes was monoclinic with high crystallinity as revealed from their X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis. However, the co-precipitation route yields slightly larger crystallite sizes and higher crystallinity for lower annealing temperatures. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) revealed that the NPs obtained from sol-gel route have fused irregular-shaped cluster structure, whereas NPs produced via co-precipitation route exhibit a well-controlled spherical morphology. The study further characterizes the optical properties of the NPs through UV–Vis spectroscopy and demonstrates that both direct and indirect band gap values are higher for NPs produced through the sol-gel method. Moreover, NPs synthesized through co-precipitation exhibit superior photocatalytic activity compared to those produced through sol-gel, attributed to their unique morphological attributes. Photocatalytic properties were investigated from the degradation of rhodamine B under ultra-violet (UV) irradiation.

Black electrochromic ink with a straightforward method using copper oxide nanoparticle suspension

Electrochromic (EC) materials for smart windows must exhibit a dark colour and block visible light (wavelength = 380–780 nm) to reduce environmental impact. In particular, black tones are also desired, and there are many reports of attempts to create these dark tones using organic materials such as polymers. However, their fabrication methods are complicated, expensive, and may even use hazardous substances; moreover, they are often not sufficiently durable, such as upon exposure to ultraviolet light. There are some reported cases of black materials using the CuO system as an inorganic material, but the synthesis method was complicated and the functionality was not stable. We have found a method to synthesize CuO nanoparticles by simply heating basic copper carbonate and adjusting the pH with citric acid to easily obtain a suspension. The formation and functionality of CuO thin films were also demonstrated using the developed suspension. This research will enable the creation of EC smart windows using existing inorganic materials and methods, such as printing technology, and is the first step towards developing environment-friendly, cost-effective, and functional dark inorganic materials.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Tecoma Stans

Aims: An eco-friendly approach utilizing biologically-mediated processes has been developed for the fabrication of CuO nanoparticles using Tecoma stans leaves.
 Methodology: The synthesis of CuO nanoparticles was carried out using an environmentally friendly method, which involved the use of an aqueous solution of copper (II) sulfate and a leaf extract derived from Tecoma stans. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles were characterized using various instruments, including a UV-visible spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray Diffraction Spectrometer, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.
 Results: The UV-Vis spectrum showed a characteristic absorption peak of CuO nanoparticles at 296 nm. The green-synthesized CuO nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, which revealed their morphological and structural characteristics and showed a mean particle size ranging from 20 nm to 200 nm. The FTIR spectrum, ranging from 584.63 cm-1 to 3430.41 cm-1, indicated the presence of various functional groups. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of monoclinic CuO with a crystalline nature, and an average particle size of 27.67 Å.
 Conclusion: The present study reports the development of a simple, low-cost, and biologically-mediated method for synthesizing CuO nanoparticles using an extract obtained from Tecoma stans leaves. The effectiveness of these nanoparticles can be evaluated through various biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic assays.

In vitro analysis of green synthesized CuO nanoparticles using Tanacetum parthenium extract for multifunctional applications.

Tanacetum parthenium L. is a popular traditional medicinal plant that the role of presence of particular phytochemical compounds are still unconsidered particularly in the bio-nano researches. Here, for the first time, the green fabrication of CuO NPs using Tanacetum parthenium L. extract was performed and assessed for the antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and dye degradation activities. Characterization of CuO NPs was done by UV-visible spectra, XRD, FT-IR, TEM, and EDX. The synthesized CuO NPs possess a crystalline nature, a functional group that resembles T. parthenium, with a spherical shape particle with an average size of 28nm. EDX confirmed CuO NPs formation. The CuO NPs showed excellent antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms. The cytotoxicity of CuO NPs was demonstrated the concentration-dependent inhibition of the growth against both cancer and normal cell lines. The results exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of the growth of Hela, A 549, and MCF7 cancer cells (IC50 = 65.0, 57.4, and 71.8µg/mL, respectively), which were statistically significant comparing control cells (IC50 = 226.1µg/mL). Furthermore, we observed that CuO NPs-induced programmed cell death in the cancer cells were mediated with the downregulation of Bcl2 and upregulation of bax, caspase-3. CuO NPs were verified to be a superb catalyst as they had excellent activity for the degradation of 99.6%, 98.7%, 96.6%, and 96.6% of Congo red, methylene blue, methylene orange, and rhodamine B as industrial dyes in 3, 6.5, 6.5, and 6.5min, respectively. Overall, the present study nominates T. parthenium as a proper bio-agent in the biosynthesis of CuO NPs with powerful catalytic and antimicrobial activities as well as a cancer treatment.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/cellulose blend reinforced with copper oxide nanoparticles as moisture barrier film

Bio-based plastics emerged as eco-friendly and resource-efficient substitutes for petroleum-based counterparts. Despite the continuous efforts to develop these alternatives, their inferior performance, most notably mechanical and moisture barrier aspects, limits their application. Material hybridization, like polymer blending and nanocomposite technology, are among the methods employed to improve the properties of bioplastics. This present work focuses on synthesizing bioplastic films with 30/70, 50/50, and 70/30 chitosan to cellulose (CH/CE) percent weight ratios. FTIR analysis of the blend films revealed interaction between NH2 and OH, confirming the compatibility between chitosan and cellulose. Analysis of variance showed increasing cellulose content significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the resistance to swelling. The 30/70-CH/CE film exhibited the least swelling, which is 65.5% lower than the pure chitosan film. Moreover, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were prepared as reinforcement due to its hydrophobicity. Structural and morphological analyses of hydrothermally synthesized CuO nanoparticles confirmed monoclinic and urchin-like structure. Varying amounts of CuO NPs, i.e., 1%, 3%, and 5% w/v were added to the 30/70-CH/CE films to further enhance the moisture barrier properties. The best barrier performance was attained at 5% w/v, indicated by the smallest % swelling (93.25%) and largest contact angle measurement (89.32°). This could be related to the morphological change from fibrous to smoother film surface with increasing amount of CuO NPs. Results suggest the potential of the chitosan/cellulose polymer blend and the copper oxide nanoparticle-reinforced films for moisture barrier applications.