Synthesis Of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol as potential drug carriers for cancer treatment

Current cancer treatments are not selective in delivering drugs to cancer cells, affecting healthy tissues and especially rapidly dividing cells. This work describes the development of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery through green synthesis, mediated by Musa paradisiaca peel extract as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The nanoparticles’ structural, morphological, magnetic and chemical properties were evaluated. The XRDs showed a cubic crystal structure with the space group of Fd3m (No. 227), typical of magnetite. Through SEM and TEM, it was determined that the mean size of the nanoparticles was 11.61 nm. FTIR and EDS confirmed the successful synthesis of Fe3O4 nuclei, covered with polyethylene glycol and loaded with doxorubicin. The magnetic properties of the nanocomposites obtained were measured using VSM, evidencing a superparamagnetic behaviour with a Ms = 72.75 emu/g. Finally, MTT assays on the HeLa tumour line showed a 45.5% decrease in cell viability. The determined properties allow the application of the nanocomposite produced as a potential candidate for cancer treatment.Graphical

Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinyl pyridine) nanocomposites for column adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of para nitrophenol from water

AbstractStyrene (St), 1,4 vinyl pyridine (4VP) monomers and divinyl benzene (DVB) monomer‐cum‐crosslinker at different molar ratios were subjected to emulsion polymerization in the presence of FeCl2, 6H2O/FeCl3⋅4H2O followed by the treatment with an aqueous ammonia solution to produce several iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) impregnated crosslinked copolymer composites. The resulting polymer metal nanocomposites (PMNCs) were characterized by FTIR, proton and 13C NMR, UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, XPS, DLS, magnetic properties, SEM and TEM. The PMNCs were used for batch and column adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of p‐nitrophenol (PNP) from water. The PMNC4 composite prepared with an styrene:4VP molar ratio of 5:1 (16.7 mol% 4VP), 4 wt.% DVB crosslinker and 0.025/0.05 molar ratios of Fe(II)/Fe(III) salts leads to an optimum batch equilibrium adsorption (qe, mg/g)/removal% of 496.36/99.3 PNP from aqueous PNP of concentration 100 mg/L. The same composite showed an equilibrium PNP adsorption (qe) of 114.2 mg/g polymer and a removal% of 26.8 for an inlet feed concentration (Ci, mg/L)/flow rate (Qt, mL/min)/bed height (h, mm) of 100/30/30 in a fixed bed. The PMNC4 polymer showed a photodegradation efficiency of 98% with a 1st order rate constant of 0.029 min−1 after 70 min of degradation of 100 mg/L PNP in solar light.Highlights Copolymer network of styrene, 4 vinyl pyridine and DVB were synthesized. Iron oxide nanoparticles were introduced into the network in‐situ during synthesis. The metal polymer nanocomposites (PMNCs) were characterized. Synthesis parameters were optimized with respect to batch adsorption of PNP. PMNCs showed excellent fixed bed adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of PNP.

Biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and experimental modeling studies on the removal of heavy metals from wastewater

Water pollution is a major global challenge due to the fast expansion of industrial activities and the increasing human population. Certain heavy metals can be exceedingly hazardous and contribute significantly to water contamination. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized using cyanobacteria extract to remove heavy metals (Cd and Pb) from the wastewater. To characterize the IONPs, several analytical techniques were employed such as Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy revealed a SPR (surface plasmon resonance) peak at 348 nm and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectral analysis showed the OH, C–H and S=O functional groups which confirmed the biomolecules responsible for the biogenic synthesis and stability. The surface morphology of the biogenic IONPs was investigated using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) which reveled their nearly spherical or cubic shape. Additionally, XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis confirmed the crystallinity of IONPs, with a crystalline size measuring 18.21 nm. Effects of contact time, pH, initial metal ions concentrations, and IONPs dosage were studied on the adsorption of Cd and Pb ions. Different adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were applied to the experimental data. Pseudo second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models were well fitted to the adsorption of Cd and Pb onto the IONPs. Higher correlation coefficients (R2) values of Langmuir isotherm (R2: 0.990 for Cd and Pb adsorption) and Pseudo second-order kinetic (R2: 0.998 and 0.999 for Cd and Pb adsorption, respectively) were found, which indicated the favorable interaction between the metal ions and adsorbent. Langmuir isotherm calculated maximal adsorption capacities of 105.932 and 118.764 mg/g for Cd and Pb, respectively. Recyclability of IONPs was conducted and after five adsorption/desorption cycles, IONPs retained their adsorption efficiency with negligible decline. After five cycles, IONPs removal efficiency was up to 80.41 and 88.35 % for Cd and Pb, respectively. Results of this study indicate that cyanobacteria-mediated IONPs were efficient adsorbent for Pb and Cd removal from contaminated aqueous solution.

Plant Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Removal of Emerging Contaminant

Plant Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Removal of Emerging Contaminant

Modification of the Codeposition Method for the Synthesis of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles with a High Magnetization Value and a Controlled Reaction Yield

Modification of the Codeposition Method for the Synthesis of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles with a High Magnetization Value and a Controlled Reaction Yield

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. plant extracts for targeted lung cancer A549 cell therapy

The present study evaluated the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. plant extracts, and the effects of plant based iron oxide nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells were investigated to elucidate their impact on cellular morphology, mitochondrial function, and apoptotic pathways. Spermacoce ocymoides plant based iron oxide nanoparticles were characterised by X-ray diffraction, Atomic force microscopy, FTIR, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Iron oxide nanoparticle treatment caused considerable morphological alterations in A549 cells, including cell shrinkage, detachment, membrane blabbing, and distorted shape, consistent with cellular stress and potential apoptotic events. MMP analysis revealed a dose-dependent decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, implying that nanoparticles have an effect on mitochondrial function. The presence of reactive oxygen species suggested that oxidative stress was involved in the cellular response to iron oxide nanoparticles. Additionally, DNA fragmentation analysis confirmed the activation of apoptotic pathways, with the nanoparticles themselves serving as a positive control for inducing apoptosis. The observed morphological changes, altered mitochondrial function, ROS production, and DNA fragmentation collectively point towards apoptotic cell death pathways being triggered by the nanoparticles.
 KEY WORDS: Spermacoce ocymoides, Iron oxide nanoparticles, A549 cells, Apoptotic
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 123-134. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.10

Insights on the synthesis of iron-oxide nanoparticles and the detection of iron-reducing genes from soil microbes

This study explores the potential of some soil bacteria in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), highlighting their advantages in terms of iron uptake and tolerance capacity. Soil samples collected from a metal fabricating workshop were successively screened in nutrient broth containing 1% iron salts (Fe2O3, FeCl3, and FeSO4) following a standard microbiological sampling technique. The recovered bacterial isolates (persister cells) were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Ten bacterial isolates identified as Sporosarcina luteola, Bacillus badius (2), Bacillus subtilis (2), Bacillus tropicus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae and Klebsiella africana were recovered. The method reports that six of the bacterial isolates extracellularly synthesize IONPs and the result from the energy dispersion x-ray (EDX) spectral analysis indicated varying weight percentages of bio-reduced iron by Bacillus subtilis-A12 (48.59%), Klebsiella quasipneumoniae (39.99%), Bacillus subtilis-B1 (39.97%), Bacillus cereus (38.62%), Bacillus badius (33.79%) and Klebsiella africana (32.61%). The IONPs exhibited absorbance peaks in the range of 250–350 nm, with a mean area size estimated between 31–72 nm using ImageJ software. Additionally, the presence of iron reductase (fhu) and cysteine desulfurase (suf) genes were detected in the recovered Bacillus and Klebsiella species through PCR analysis. This study has provided valuable insights into the physiology and genomic functions essential for microbial synthesis of IONPs and their relevance to nano-bioremediation.

Sal (Shorea robusta) seed deoiled cake-based synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the decolorization of acid fuchsin dye: a sustainable cleaner environmental approach

Sal (Shorea robusta) seed deoiled cake-based synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the decolorization of acid fuchsin dye: a sustainable cleaner environmental approach

Unveiling the effect of gibberellin-induced iron oxide nanoparticles on bud dormancy release in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Hydrogen cyanide has been extensively used worldwide for bud dormancy break in fruit trees, consequently enhancing fruit production via expedited cultivation, especially in areas with controlled environments or warmer regions. A novel and safety nanotechnology was developed since the hazard of hydrogen cyanide for the operators and environments, there is an urgent need for the development of novel and safety approaches to replace it to break bud dormancy for fruit trees. In current study, we have systematically explored the potential of iron oxide nanoparticles, specifically α-Fe2O3, to modulate bud dormancy in sweet cherry (Prunus avium). The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles underwent meticulous characterization and assessment using various techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet–visible infrared (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. Remarkably, when applied at a concentration of 10 mg L−1 alongside gibberellin (GA4+7), these iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited a substantial 57% enhancement in bud dormancy release compared to control groups, all achieved within a remarkably short time span of 4 days. Our RNA-seq analyses further unveiled that 2757 genes within the sweet cherry buds were significantly up-regulated when treated with 10 mg L−1 α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles in combination with GA, while 4748 genes related to dormancy regulation were downregulated in comparison to the control. Moreover, we discovered an array of 58 transcription factor families among the crucial differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Through hormonal quantification, we established that the increased bud burst was accompanied by a reduced concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) at 761.3 ng/g fresh weight in the iron oxide treatment group, coupled with higher levels of gibberellins (GAs) in comparison to the control. Comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses unveiled significant alterations in hormone contents and gene expression during the bud dormancy-breaking process when α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were combined with GA. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable insights into the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of iron oxide nanoparticles on achieving uniform bud dormancy break in sweet cherry trees.

Dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with protocatechuic acid as multifunctional therapeutic agents

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in multifunctional therapeutic agents as valuable tools to improve and expand the applicability field of traditional bioactive compounds. In this context, the synthesis and main characteristics of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP-Dex) loaded with both an antioxidant, protocatechuic acid (PCA), and an antibiotic, ceftazidime (CAZ) or levofloxacin (LEV) are herein reported for the first time, with emphasis on the potentiation effect of PCA on drugs activity. All nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic light scattering. As evidenced by DPPH method, IONP-Dex loaded with PCA and LEV had similar antioxidant activity like those with PCA only, but higher than PCA and CAZ loaded ones. A synergy of action between PCA and each antibiotic co-loaded on IONP-Dex has been highlighted by an enhanced activity against reference bacterial strains, such as S. aureus and E. coli after 40 min of incubation. It was concluded that PCA, which is the main cause of the antioxidative properties of loaded nanoparticles, further improves the antimicrobial activity of IONP-Dex nanoparticles when was co-loaded with CAZ or LEV antibiotics. All constructs also showed a good biocompatibility with normal human dermal fibroblasts.

Escherichia coli-assisted synthesis of AgFeO2 nanoparticles for antimicrobial, photocatalytic and hydrogen generation applications

The nanoparticles produced by physical and chemical methods are toxic in one or other way. Green chemistry is an emerging, stable and eco-friendly approach for biological production of nanomaterials. In the present study, Escherichia coli bacterium was utilized for the synthesis of silver iron oxide (AgFeO2) nanoparticles by using precursors of two different salts; iron nitrate (Fe(No3)3 and silver nitrate (AgNO3). Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by EDX, XRD and SEM. AgFeO2 nanoparticles, members of delafossite family were appraised for bacterial inactivation, photocatalytic degradation of toxic dyes and hydrogen generation through methanolysis. Delafossites are chemically stable compounds with high conductivity and decomposition temperatures (800–925 °C). The antimicrobial activity of AgFeO2 nanoparticles was checked by well diffusion method against ATTC cultures of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Synthesized AgFeO2 nanoparticles were employed for the degradation of Cango red and maximum degradation of 87 % was accomplished with 20 ppm (50 mL) solution of Cango red and 0.10 g AgFeO2 as catalyst and reasonable hydrogen generating potential was also exhibited by the synthesized nanoparticles. As model fungi, Aspergillus niger and Mucor piriformis, are both significantly inhibited by AgFeO2 NPs, while M. piriformis is the target of the compound's greater antifungal action.

Isolation and characterization of quercetin from Prunus Serrulata leaf extract in the synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Flavonoids and their derivatives have been known as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of nanoparticles. These flavonoids are effective in the green synthesis of nanoparticles due to their environmentally friendly nature, low cost, and energy and time-saving assets. Generally, it is ignored which type of flavonoids were utilized in the synthesis of nanoparticles. This study presents the isolation and characterization of quercetin from Prunus Serrulata (P. Serrulata) leaf extract for the first time as the responsible reducing and capping agent in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs). The morphological characterization of the nanoparticles was performed by utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses, whereas flavonoid characterization was completed through Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). By using optimized conditions as 3:1 (Fe+3 solution: Prunus serrulata leaf extract) mixing ratio, 10 mM Fe+3 precursor, pH 6, and 25 °C reaction temperature, the average particle sizes of synthesized Fe3O4 NPs were ∼ 40 nm with the spherical shape. R2. Some quantitative results need to be added in the abstract.

Green synthesis of Iron oxide and Iron dioxide nanoparticles using Euphorbia tirucalli: characterization and antiproliferative evaluation against three breast cancer cell lines

Researchers have become increasingly interested in nanoparticles made from plants because of their stability and large surface area. In the current study, iron oxide and iron dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized using aerial parts of the E. tirucalli as a reducing agent. The nanoparticles were analyzed using various techniques, including Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, Scanning electron Microscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The nanoparticles were then investigated for their antiproliferative effect against MCF-7, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB231, and Vero cell lines. The results confirmed the formation of FeO and FeO2 nanoparticles by color change and a UV absorbance peak between 220–390 nm. EDS analysis showed traces of Fe and O, while TEM confirmed the nanoparticle size of 100 nm. FTIR showed a peak at 514 nm. The FeO-RT NPs demonstrated over 80% antiproliferative activity against the MCF-7 cell line at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. while doxorubicin, FeO-RT NPs, and DCM extract showed similar activity against the MDA-MB231 cell line at 10 and 1 g/mL concentrations. However, Vero and SK-BR-3 cell lines showed decreased antiproliferative activity. This study highlights the environmentally friendly use and safe application of iron oxide NPs in cancer therapy.

Role of green synthesized nano iron oxide in alleviating the cadmium toxicity in Brassica oleracea var. italica seedlings

This work accounts for the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The preliminary confirmation of synthesized Fe3O4NPs was done by UV–visible spectroscopy in the wavelength range of 190–900 nm. The crystalline nature of Fe3O4 NPs was established via X-ray diffraction analysis. FT-IR studies reveal the bioactive phytochemicals present in the Moringa leaf extract based Fe3O4 NPs. A DLS particle size analyser was used to determine the size of green synthesized Fe3O4 NPs and its spherical morphology was determined by using SEM and TEM techniques. The growth of Brassica oleracea var. italica seedlings was measured by analysing biophysical and biochemical parameters in two concentrations of Fe3O4 NPs i.e. 15 mg/L and 30 mg/L alone and in combination with cadmium. Treatments were designated as control C, NP1, NP2, Cd+NP1, Cd+NP2, and Cd. Fe3O4 NPs treated broccoli seedlings showed noteworthy improvement in shoot length, root length, plant biomass, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, total soluble sugars, protein content, and nitrate reductase activity, while decline in electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, proline content, superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity was reported as compared to control. Exposure of iron oxide nano-treatments was found efficacious in reducing cadmium accumulation at a concentration of 30 mg/L. The seedlings exposed to NP2 (30 mg/L) concentration of green synthesized nano iron oxide increased nutrient uptake and thus stimulating plant growth, and also improved morphological and physiological characteristics of Brassica oleracea seedlings. Therefore, the present study reported that bio-based iron oxide nanoparticles were significantly useful for plant growth, by enhancing the plant defense mechanism in response to cadmium induced toxicity.

Green and sustainable synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for synergetic removal of melanoidin from ethanol distillery simulated model wastewater

This study investigates a novel approach for removal of melanoidin using Fenton oxidation process. Melanoidins are the biproducts of Maillard’s reaction involving polysaccharides and amino acids. Wastewater generated by ethanol distilleries utilize molasses, a common ingredient containing melanoidin, which is also toxic and imparts a dark color. Various wastewater treatments techniques are present, among which advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), particularly Fenton oxidation, have proven effective in eliminating melanoidins from wastewater. The novelty in this study is that green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) are used in replacement of ferric salts to enhance the Fenton oxidation process for efficient melanoidin removal. The green synthesis provides stability to FeO NPs. FeO NPs were extensively characterized using techniques like FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX analyses. The analyses confirmed that the FeO NPs exhibited a crystalline structure, with an average size of 21.5 nm. The crucial element of this study is to deploy the FeO NPs to power the Fenton oxidation reaction for melanoidin removal.

Biogenic Synthesis and Characterization of Biocompatible Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: In Vitro Study of Selective Antiproliferative Efficacy Against MCF-7 Cells and Antibacterial Potential

The accelerating fatality rate of breast cancer patients has led to the idea of unconventional therapeutic approach in this work. Here, we report the facile, eco-benign and economically advantageous route for producing iron oxide nanoparticles employing triphala extract (TR-IONPs). MTT assay was used to assess the in-vitro anticancer effectiveness of TR-IONPs against the multi-drug-resistant breast malignant cell (MCF-7). TR-IONPs revealed a concentration-dependent effect on MCF-7 viability, with an IC[Formula: see text] value of 6.8[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL for a 24-h treatment. Thus, the cytotoxic ability was established at a much lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration. As the TR-IONPs did not show remarkable toxicity toward L929 fibroblast cells, they can be trusted as a biocompatible material for real-time biomedical applications. Apoptotic death of MCF-7 cells caused by the release of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) was affirmed by DCFH-DA staining, DNA fragmentation assay and cell cycle analysis. Through Kirby–Bauer Disk Diffusion assay, TR-IONPs were found to hold potent antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacterial pathogens. With the demonstrated favorable results, TR-IONPs may serve as a reliable multi-functional material in the field of nanobiotechnology.

Implication of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized using Fruit Peel Extract as Antioxidant Agent and Catalytic Degradation

Herein, quasi-spherical iron oxide nanoparticles with characteristic catalytic and antioxidant properties are synthesized using fruit peel extracts as an alternative, effective, affordable, and environmentally friendly way via the green chemistry method. UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy with selected electron area diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) are used to analyse the synthesised iron oxide nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering and Zeta potential are also used to find the average particle size and their stability. Further iron oxide nanoparticles are used in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate test for antioxidant activity and for the degradation of Methylene Blue dye.

Laser Pyrolysis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and the Influence of Laser Power.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles under two different conditions, namely high and low gas flow rates, using laser pyrolysis and to examine the influence of laser power. The attained nanoparticles have been characterised regarding their stability and hydrodynamic dimensions by dispersive light scattering analysis (DLS), structure-X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental composition-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and morpho-structural characterisation achieved by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). For a better understanding of the laser power influence, the residence time was also calculated.

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Pterolobium hexapetalum (roth) santapau & wagh leaves extract and their biological applications

Plants produce several secondary metabolites, which have a variety of therapeutic applications. In this study, green synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO-NPs) utilized Pterolobium hexapetalum aqueous leaf extract (Ph-ALE). The UV, XRD, IR, FE-SEM-EDAX, and HR-TEM with SAED patterns were characterized by Ph-FeO-NPs. In UV–visible spectra, Ph-FeO-NPs had an absorbance peak at 290 nm. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed their crystalline nature of Ph-FeO-NPs. The FT-IR spectrum of the synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs revealed the presence of various functional groups such as, Alcohols & Phenols, Aldehyde, Alkene, Carboxylic acids, Chloride and Bromide & Iodide. The FE-SEM and HR-TEM image of Ph-FeO-NPs shows a spherical shape with a size ranging from 20 to 28 nm. The EDaX study displayed the presence of Fe signals of Ph-FeO-NPs. Further, the green synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, with the maximum zone of inhibition was noticed in S. typhi at 50 μg. The antioxidant study of the synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs displayed remarkable activity against DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging assays with an IC50 value of 134.42; 367.39 μg/mL respectively. In moreover, the synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs exhibited strong anticancer activity against the A549 cell line with an IC50 value of 54.32 μg/mL. In addition, the synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs demonstrated potential larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae with an LC50 & LC90 values of 2.437; 10.639 mg/mL, respectively. As a result, the synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs displayed exceptional clinical performance and serve as a source of medication as well as a platform for the development of novel drugs.

Biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Spilanthes acmella: antioxidation potential and adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions.

The sequestration of contaminants from wastewater, such as heavy metals, has become a major global issue. Multiple technologies have been developed to address this issue. Nanotechnology is attracting significant interest as a new technology, and numerous nanomaterials have been produced for sequestrating heavy metals from polluted water due to their superior properties arising from the nanoscale effect. This study reports biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPs) and their applications for adsorptive sequestration of various metal ions from aqueous solutions. Biosynthesis of IO-NPs has been carried out by using leaf extract of Spilanthes acmella, a medicinal plant. FTIR analysis of the leaf extract and biosynthesized IO-NPs marked the role of various functional groups in biosynthesis of IO-NPs. FESEM analysis revealed the average size range of IO-NPs as 50 to 80nm, while polydisperse nature was confirmed by DLS analysis. EDX analysis revealed the presence of Fe, O, and C atoms in the elemental composition of the NPs. The antioxidant potential of the biosynthesized IO-NPs (IC50 = 136.84µg/mL) was confirmed by DPPH assay. IO-NPs were also used for the adsorptive removal of As3+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions with process optimization at an optimized pH (7.0) using dosage of IO-NPs as 0.6g/L (As3+ and Co2+) and 0.8g/L (Cd2+ and Cu2+). Adsorption isotherm analysis revealed the maximum adsorption efficiency for As3+ (21.83mg/g) followed by Co2+ (20.43mg/g), Cu2+ (15.29mg/g), and Cd2+ (13.54mg/g) using Langmuir isotherm model. The biosynthesized IO-NPs were equally efficient in the simultaneous sequestration of these heavy metal ions signifying their potential as effective nanoadsorbents.