Synthesis Of TiO2 Nanoparticles Research Articles

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Photocatalytic Activity of Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles via Wet Ball Milling Sol-Gel Method

In this work, TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized with narrow size distribution via a wet ball milling sol-gel method. The effect of calcination temperature on photocatalytic activity was observed from particle size, crystallite size, and phase transition of TiO2 nanoparticles. Increasing calcination temperature increased particle size, crystallite size, and the crystallinity of synthesized TiO2. Phase transition depended on variation in calcination temperatures. A two-phase mixture of anatase and brookite was obtained with lower calcination temperature whereas a three-phase mixture appeared when calcination temperature was 500–600 °C. With higher temperature, the rutile phase kept increasing until it was the only phase observed at 800 °C. Anatase strongly affected the photocatalytic activity from 300 °C to 600 °C while the particle size of TiO2 was found to have a dominant effect on the photocatalytic activity between 600 °C and 700 °C. A mixture of three phases of TiO2-600 exhibited the highest methylene blue degradation with the rate constant of 9.46 × 10−2 h−1 under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.

Influence of 2,4-Diamino-6-Phenyl-1-3-5-triazine on bio synthesized TiO2 dye-sensitized solar cell fabricated using poly (ethylene glycol) polymer electrolyte

An ecofriendly TiO2 from a plant extract of Averrhoa bilimbi with cost effective and non-toxic with cis dithiocynato-N, N-bis(2,2- bipyridyl-4,4-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II) (N3 dye) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) reports better efficiency of 5.2%. The green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles along with 2,4-Diamino-6-Phenyl-1-3-5-Triazine (DPT) doped Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/KI/I2/Pt shows better efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells. The green TiO2 was characterized with XRD, UV, FTIR, SEM, TEM and EDX techniques confirm the band gap of 3.2 eV and 15 nm size for TiO2. The mechanical and electrical properties of DPT doped PEG/KI/I2 polymer electrolyte were characterized with XRD, FTIR, EIS, DSC and TGA and it was confirmed that the DPT well miscible with PEG polymer electrolyte and improves the electrical conductivity and enhances the efficiency of DSSC.

Biomimetic TiO2-chitosan/sodium alginate blended nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

The study is aimed to synthesize potent metal oxide based biomimetic nanocomposites to overcome the risk associated with artificial bone tissue engineering. High purity TiO2 nanoparticles are synthesized via hydrothermal route. A biomimetic nanocomposite scaffolds containing chitosan-sodium alginate (4: 4) blended with three different (0.5, 1, and 1.5wt%) concentrations of hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles are obtained by solvent casting technique. The physico-chemical and thermal degradation properties of as-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles and their nanocomposite scaffolds are analyzed. In-vitro cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of the prepared TiO2 nanoparticles and nanocomposites are tested against human bladder tumor (UC6) and osteosarcoma (MG-63) cell lines. Antibacterial property is tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. These studies reveal that TiO2 nanoparticles and polymeric nanocomposites contain good physico-chemical and mechanical properties for enhanced in-vitro biocompatibility suitable for biomedical applications. Biomimetically prepared chitosan-sodium alginate scaffold containing TiO2 nanoparticles (1wt%) is found to exhibit superior biocompatibility for bone tissue engineering applications.

Transparent and Flexible Cellulose Triacetate–TiO2 Nanoparticles with Conductive and UV-Shielding Properties

Cellulose triacetate (CTA) and sol–gel synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were used to develop and characterize novel nanocomposites modified also with poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene ...

Effects of varying the soaking duration of Eosin Blue sensitized TiO2 photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

In the present work, Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are fabricated using synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles as photoanode and organic synthetic dye (Eosin Blue (EB)) as a sensitizer. The soaking duration of TiO2 photoanodes in EB dye are varied [24 h (S1), 36 h (S2), 48 h (S3), and 60 h (S4)] and the efficiency is calculated. From XRD, the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles show a tetragonal crystal structure with anatase and rutile phase and it is confirmed by micro-Raman analysis. The average crystallite size is found to be ∼8 nm and it is confirmed by TEM. BET analysis shows that the specific surface area of the sample is 147.128 m2 g−1. From FTIR, the strongest peak observed at 460 cm−1 confirms the bending vibrations of Ti-O. The thermal decomposition and the phase transitions of synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles are analyzed by TGA. From UV–vis studies, the optical absorption of EB sensitized TiO2 is red-shifted. From the PL analysis, the excitonic emission band is observed at 376 nm and the oxygen vacancies are observed at 414, 465 and 530 nm. From J-V characteristics, maximum efficiency of 2.3 % is observed for DSSC fabricated with TiO2 photoanode sensitized with EB dye at the soaking duration of 48 h (S3).

Exploration of dye degradation potential of eco-friendly green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles using extract of Acacia nilotica

Nowadays the requirement for clean water in human population is growing day by day. The different factories and industries like pharmaceutical, textile, food processing, leather, printing and chemical industries are the major cause of water contamination by adding an organic dyes. The aim of present study is to synthesize the green nanoparticles for the purification waste water. The TiO 2 nanoparticles were prepared using crude extract of pharmaceutical important local plant Acacia nilotica. The synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles were characterized using different analytical approaches. The TiO 2 nanoparticles initially were confirmed by color change and later by UV-spectroscopy. The Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) were also performed. The size and shape of TiO 2 nanoparticles were assessed by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometric analysis (EDS) was performed to measure the elements concentrations. Dye removing potential of prepared TiO 2 nanoparticles were performed using methylene blue induced dye mixture. The result showed that the synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles were round and spherical in shape ranging from 50-120nm with average of 60nm. EDS confirmed the TiO 2 presence in nanoparticles. The synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles showed 75% dye removing capacity after 2 hours of exposure. In conclusion, our rapidly green synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles were highly effective for removing dye from water, therefore these TiO 2 nanoparticles can be used as best source for waste water treatment with minimum cast for removing dyes from waste water

Apparatus-dependent sol-gel synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cells

Synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) has been done by sol-gel-hydrothermal colloidal route in two different apparatus; one being simple stainless steel (named as TiO2-B) and other being at constant temperature and pressure autoclave (named as TiO2-W). These TiO2 NPs were investigated by various characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and photoluminescence spectrophotometer. Also, it was observed that the quality of the synthesized TiO2-W NPs is comparable with the commercial TiO2 NPs (TiO2-C), whereas the cost of synthesis is almost reduced to half. The synthesized TiO2 NPs are used as the photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). DSSC with TiO2-W showed better power conversion efficiency as compared to DSSC with TiO2-B.

Sol‐gel–mediated synthesis of TiO2 nanocrystals: Structural, optical, and electrochemical properties

AbstractNanoparticles of titanium dioxide were prepared using the sol‐gel method without any impurity. Rietveld refinement of XRD data confirmed the anatase phase of synthesized nanoparticles with space group I41/amd (141). XRD pattern revealed the crystalline nature of synthesized nanopowder. The average crystallite size of synthesized nanoparticles was calculated 7.5 nm. The electrochemical performance of synthesized TiO2 nanopowder was investigated as working electrode. The electrochemical reaction was found diffusion‐controlled as observed from cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies at different scan rates. The diffusion‐controlled charge storage mechanism also confirmed by charge transfer resistance and Warburg impedance, as calculated from the EIS analysis. SEM micrograph showed the plate‐like structure grown in cluster cloud of particles of synthesized TiO2 nanocrystals. Absorbance and optical bandgap were obtained using UV‐Vis spectra. De‐convoluted PL spectra provided the emission pattern from the ultra‐violet region to green region due to the presence of interstitial oxygen vacancies. The tune bandgap with EIS measurements of synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles offers its potential application in energy storage devices and photovoltaic applications.

Coupling photocatalytic degradation using a green TiO2 catalyst to membrane bioreactor for petroleum refinery wastewater reclamation

This work presents an environmentally friendly synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles assisted by microwave, from titanium tetrachloride and water, with potential for the treatment of petroleum refinery effluent. Anatase nanocrystalline particles with a mean crystallite size of 14 nm were obtained according to XRD, TEM and EELS characterization. UF-Permeate from a Membrane Bioreactor treating real refinery effluent was subjected to photodegradation in the presence of the catalyst synthesized under UV-C irradiation. The highest percentages of TOC and TN removals were 32 % and 67 %, respectively, under pH conditions equal to 10 and catalyst concentration of 100 mg L−1 in 90 min of reaction. For this condition electrical energy per order (EE0) calculated were 356.29 KWh m-3 order−1. The catalyst exhibited stability for 4 cycles. The obtained data show that the synthesized catalyst is a promising tool for the removal of residual recalcitrant organic matter of the UF effluent from Membrane Bioreactor contributing to the reduction of fouling in downstream polishing processes as reverse osmosis aiming the industrial water reuse.

WITHDRAWN: Coupling photocatalytic degradation using a green TiO2 catalyst to membrane bioreactor for petroleum refinery wastewater reclamation

This work presents an environmentally friendly synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles assisted by microwave, from titanium tetrachloride and water, with potential for the treatment of petroleum refinery effluent. Anatase nanocrystalline particles with a mean crystallite size of 14 nm were obtained according to XRD, TEM and EELS characterization. UF-Permeate from a Membrane Bioreactor treating real refinery effluent was subjected to photodegradation in the presence of the catalyst synthesized under UV-C irradiation. The highest percentages of TOC and TN removals were 32 % and 67 %, respectively, under pH conditions equal to 10 and catalyst concentration of 100 mg L-1 in 90 min of reaction. For this condition electrical energy per order (EE0) calculated were 356.29 KWh m-3 order-1. The catalyst exhibited stability for 4 cycles. The obtained data show that the synthesized catalyst is a promising tool for the removal of residual recalcitrant organic matter of the UF effluent from Membrane Bioreactor contributing to the reduction of fouling in downstream polishing processes as reverse osmosis aiming the industrial water reuse.

Effect of N-doped graphene on optical, electrical and electrochemical properties of hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 nanocomposite

In this present work, we have synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles by hydrothermal method and study the effect of N-GO doping on TiO2 nanoparticles. In structural characterization, XRD technique has been used to calculate crystallite size and strain of TiO2 and N-GO/TiO2 nanocomposite. The band gap of TiO2 and N-GO/TiO2 nanocomposite is calculated from the absorption spectra. The FTIR technique used to confirm the doping of N-GO. The electrical characterization is done on TiO2 and N-GO/TiO2 thin film, which indicates it’s a promising candidate material for sensing applications.

Carbon coated TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid, gaseous and supercritical CO2

We report on the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using nanosecond pulse laser ablation of titanium in liquid, gaseous and supercritical CO2. The produced particles were observed to be mainly anatase-TiO2 with some rutile-TiO2. In addition, the particles were covered by a carbon layer. Raman and x-ray diffraction data suggested that the rutile content increases with CO2 pressure. The nanoparticle size decreased and size distribution became narrower with the increase in CO2 pressure and temperature, however the variation trend was different for CO2 pressure compared to temperature. Pulsed laser ablation in pressurized CO2 is demonstrated as a single step method for making anatase-TiO2/carbon nanoparticles throughout the pressure and temperature ranges 5–40 MPa and 30 °C–50 °C, respectively.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential of Biosynthesized Plant Leave Extract Mediated Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles using <i>Hypheae Thiebeace</i> and <i>Anannos Seneglensis</i>

The need for new antimicrobial agent has drawn attention on developing new and emerging materials based on nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide. A green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles was done using a plant extract of H. thelbiecea and Ananos seneglensisa The presence of various photochemical like flavonoids, steroids, polyphenols, and terpenoids was investigated by following standard biochemical methods. The titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) synthesized was confirmed by their change of colour to brown and reddish brown due to the phenomenon of surface Plasmon resonance. The characterization studied was done by UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The green synthesized TiO2 NPs excitation was confirmed using UV–Vis spectrophotometer at 270 and 290 nm. SEM revealed that the synthesized TiO2 NPs are spherical and crystalline in nature. The overall sizes are 40 and 50 nm for H. thelbiecea and Ananos respectively. FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of flavonoid, polyphenols and amide groups likely to be responsible for the green synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles using H. thelbiecea and Ananos seneglensis aqueous leaf extracts .The XRD pattern showed the characteristic Bragg peaks of (111), (200), (220) and (311) facets of the anatase titanium oxide nanoparticles and confirmed that these nanoparticles are crystalline and spherical in nature. The two plants used to synthesized titanium oxide nanoparticle (H. thelbiecea and ananos seneglensisa) showed good antimicrobial activity against clinically important pathogens.. The antimicrobial study of TiO2 NPs shows that 20 μg/ml TiO2 NPs is effective for complete inactivation of Gram positive, Gram negative as well as fungal cultures. This effective microbial inactivation is mainly attributed to its ability to cause damage to the cell membrane.Keywords: Titanium oxide, phytochemicals, antimicrobial activity, H. thelbiecea, Ananos seneglensisa

Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Bixa orellana seed extract and its application for solar cells

Mesoporous anatase TiO2 nanoparticles are the best photoanode materials for high performance DSSC. Chemical and physical methods used for the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles suffer with environment related issues e.g. use of toxic solvents, hazardous by-products and consumptions of high energy. We have synthesized mesoporous anatase TiO2 nanoparticles from Titanium (IV) butoxide solution using Bixa orellana seed extract and further used it for making DSSC photoanode. The method offers environment friendly, cheaper and efficient DSSC. Structure, morphology, size and porosity of TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM and N2 sorption measurements. The amount of dye loading by TiO2 was obtained using desorption technique which revealed much higher dye loading for the plant seed grown nanoparticles (G-TNP). TNP and G-TNP demonstrated photovoltaic conversion efficiencies 1.03% and 2.97% respectively. This study therefore demonstrates that the synthesized mesoporous anatase TiO2 naoparticles can serve as promising photoanode materials for DSSC applications.

Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and Induced Asynaptic Mutation: A Meiotic Study

We have synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and studied the cytogenotoxic effect of the synthesized NPs on plants. The synthesized NPs were characterized by XRD, SEM and PSA. The XRD results showed the formation of crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles. The SEM analysis showed that the synthesized nanoparticles range from 60 to 300 nm. The effect of synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles on Vicia faba (2n = 12) was studied. The seeds of Vicia faba were treated with different concentrations (15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 mg/L, or 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0 and 24.0 mg/100 mL) of TiO2 nanoparticles. Seeds treated with the higher concentrations of TiO2 showed a change in the meiotic activity which causes a significant increase of chromosomal abnormalities in the reproductive parts of the plant. Different types of meiotic abnormalities, such as stickiness and the separation of univalent and bivalent chromosomes at metaphase were recorded. It was found that the number of univalent chromosomes ranged from 2 to 12 in 95% of pollen mother cells in diakinesis/metaphase I, and that there was a significant decrease in the number of chiasmata in seeds which were treated with the synthesized nanoparticles as compared to the control.

Study on Photo-Catalytic and Antimicrobial Activity of Green Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles Coated Vitrified Tiles

In the current study, a facile and eco-friendly method has been developed for the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from titanium isopropoxide solution using <i>Datura metel</i> (Vellai Umathai) leaves and orange peel extract. Silver nanoparticles (60 nm) and silver nanoplates (130 nm) have been synthesized and characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The silver nanoparticles are doped with TiO₂ nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of Ag nanoparticles and nanoplates doped TiO₂ nanoparticles coated on vitrified tiles was investigated, wherein, degradation of methylene blue, rapidly on exposure to sunlight was observed. Analysis of the antimicrobial activity measured using colony forming units showed a 4-log reduction in the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria and a 5-log reduction in the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria.<div><br></div>

Syntheses and characterization of Syzygium aromaticum, Elettaria cardamomum and Cinnamomum verum modified TiO2 and their biological applications

Diseases form the major roadblock for the living organism. Many chemicals are isolated to cure diseases. But they are found to have side effects due to allergetic chemicals. NPs are found to be good biological agents. But they are also allergetic in nature. In this study, the properties of TiO2 NPs were modified with bio agents such as Clove, Elachi (Cardamom) and Cinnamon. The anticancer and antibacterial properties were also examined. XRD analysis showed the anatase phase for the pure and modified TiO2 samples. The particle sizes were found to be 7.5 nm for pure, 9.5 nm for Clove modified, 9 nm for Elachi modified and 10.5 nm for Cinnamon modified TiO2 NPs. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were tested against bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans using agar diffusion method for antibacterial studies. KB Oral cancer cell line was used to determine the anticancer activities of the synthesized NPs by MTT assay. The synthesized bio modified NPs exhibit significant results against bacterial strains and cancer cell line when compared with the pure NPs.

Facile and eco-friendly synthesis of TiO2 NPs using extracts of Verbascum thapsus plant: an efficient photocatalyst for reduction of Cr(VI) ions in the aqueous solution

In this study, a fast and green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) is investigated using Verbascum thapsus (V. thapsus) plant aqueous extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent at room temperature. The TiO2 NPs formation and the optical properties were followed by the absorption spectra in ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. This spectrum showed a strong absorption peak of around 356 nm. Moreover, the green synthesized TiO2 NPs were characterized by different techniques, for example, X-ray powder diffraction was used to analyze the phase and crystal structure, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was conducted to know the functional groups involved in the NPs TiO2, and transmission electron microscopy was carried out to determine the morphology and size. The results showed a successful synthesis and anatase phase with spherical shape and smaller than 13 nm and also the presence of a few phytochemicals of the extracts around the synthesized TiO2 NPs, which acted as stabilizing the NPs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was carried out to characterize TiO2 NPs for evaluating the chemical states of the elements. The catalytic activity of the green synthesized TiO2 NPs was examined on photoreduction of Cr(VI) ions in the aqueous solution. The found conditions are as follows: [TiO2 NPs] = 750 mg/L, pH = 3.5, T = 25 °C and after 120 min of reaction photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) ions, 79.6% reduction efficacy (RE) was achieved. It was found that the reduction kinetic fitted the pseudo-first-order model. Finally, the photocatalyst reusability was investigated after five times of recovery; RE was reduced to 78.1%.

Evaluation the anti-corrosion behavior, impact resistance, acids and alkali immovability of nonylphenol ethoxylate/TiO2 hybrid epoxy nanocomposite coating applied on the carbon steel surface

Nanocomposite modifiers reinforce the whole characteristics of epoxy coatings for different steel surface applications. To support this concept, sol-gel synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) were mixed with nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPhE) to form nonylphenol ethoxylate/TiO2 nanocomposite (NPhE/TNC) as a modifier for epoxy coating applied on the C-steel surface. TNPs were characterized by XRD, SEM and HR-TEM techniques. Various modified NPhE/TNC epoxy coating formulations with different loading levels (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5%) by weight were prepared. FT-IR spectra were used for characterizing of the formed nanocomposites. The anti-corrosion behavior of surface-modified NPhE/TNC coated films versus unmodified conventional epoxy was studied by salt spray accelerated corrosion test. The obtained results demonstrated a considerable improvement in the rust grade, blistering size and frequency, and adhesion strength of modified NPhE/TNC epoxy nanocomposite coated films and affirmed by SEM morphology survey. The impact resistances of unmodified and modified NPhE/TNC epoxy coatings were measured where the best impact resistance was recorded for NPhE/TENC-E coated film at 51 J. Acids and alkali chemical immersion test was performed to check the chemical immovability for the surface-modified NPhE/TNC coated films against conventional epoxy where NPhE/TENC-E coating showed the suitable immovability levels.

In-situ synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles in ACF: Photocatalytic degradation under continuous flow

In this work, photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were in-situ synthesized on an activated carbon fiber (ACF) substrate and the prepared material was successfully used for the catalytic degradation of an organic pollutant in water under continuous (dynamic) flow conditions. Briefly, titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) was immobilized within the pores of ACF using wet impregnation method followed by hydrothermal treatment. ACF played the dual role of an adsorbent as well as a support to the TiO2 NPs by preventing the NPs from eluting into the flowing effluent stream. Successful immobilization (31 mg/g) of TiO2 within the pores of ACF was confirmed through different spectroscopic techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the material for methylene blue (MB) was tested under a continuous flow in an especially designed photochemical reactor. The effects of TiO2/ACF dose and inlet concentration of MB on degradation were studied. The data showed the prepared material to be an effective photocatalyst without leaching of the TiO2 NPs. Even at the sparse loading of TiO2 on ACF, the photocatalytic degradation kinetic rate was competitive to that reported in literature for MB degradation on the solid supported and composite catalysts. This is the first study to show an effective approach towards remediation of wastewater contaminated with methylene blue under continuous flow using the ACF-supported TiO2 NPs.