Synthesis Of Systems Research Articles

Assessment of a new binary geothermal based methanol synthesis plant with power, hydrogen and freshwater

The development of an integrated binary geothermal energy production system for the synthesis of green methanol with electricity and freshwater is achieved in this study along with its thermodynamic analysis and assessment through the applications of energy and exergy methodologies. Further to being among the most promising solutions for the future, clean energy sources provide a wide range of energy carriers that may be utilized by communities as well as individuals. Among these energy carriers, hydrogen has attracted considerable attention as a realistic long-term carbon-free energy route. Moreover, methanol and ethanol are proposed as alternative energy carriers synthesized by clean hydrogen. In this regard, the developed system includes a double flash binary geothermal system, an organic Rankine cycle, a multi-effect desalination system, an alkaline electrolyzer, and a methanol synthesis system. In this system, an alkaline electrolyzer is utilized to perform hydrogen production, and then the produced hydrogen is employed for green (clean) methanol production. The performance-related parameters for the overall system and its subsystems are all thermodynamically evaluated with the Engineering Equation Solver software. The developed system utilizes geothermal energy as a renewable energy source and results confirm that the developed system produces a capacity of 0.019 kg/s of green methanol. The parametric studies are further performed to demonstrate the effects of various first flashing pressures on the qualities of steam, mass flow rates of high pressure turbine, and energy and exergy efficiencies. Moreover, the effects of geothermal well temperature on energy and exergy efficiencies are considered. The effects of electrolyzer power usage and general efficiency on the methanol production rate are alsoexamined. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the system are determined as 36.96% and 39.31%, respectively.

Synthesis and Morphological Control of Fe Metal Particles By Controlling the Metal Complex Condition in Basic Solution

Coronavirus outbreaks have recently necessitated rapid virus recovery and vaccine developments. Magnetic beads are essential components to recover virus in an immunoprecipitation process. Pure iron particles with a diameter of 1 µm can be used as core materials of high-performance magnetic beads.Thus, the development of effective and green synthesis method of Fe nanoparticles is important. However, Fe nanoparticles were synthesized only in acidic solution by using strong reducing reagent, such as NaBH4, while it cannot be achieved in the basic solution since iron hydroxide, which is easily formed in this condition, cannot be reduced into metals. However, former is not suitable for commercial synthesis method because of its intense reducing process. Thus, the reducing rout of Fe species under basic condition should be developed.Here, until now, we tried to synthesis the various metal/alloy nanoparticles, such as Pd20Te7 nanoparticles and uniform Cu-In (CI) alloy nanoparticles, by utilizing the restrict metallic complexes controlling method in an aqueous solution under room temperature. In this method, reduction potential of the metal species can be controlled under the room temperature, consequently metal/alloy nanomaterials with uniform and well crystallized structure can be successfully synthesized.So, in this study, we proposed the synthesis method of iron particles under basic conditions, and morphological conditions control of iron particles by utilizing the “gel-sol” method using gel networks, which is a safe and simple approach to suppress the chain crystallization.Calculation results indicated that Fe complex can be restricted into one species as the function of pH, complexing reagent species and/also concentration. For example, Fe complex can be restricted into single complex in the basic condition (for example 8<pH<11).By using this homogeneous condition, metal Fe nanoparticles were successfully synthesized. The addition of gel networks into the synthesis system can effectively suppress the chain crystallization of iron particles. Furthermore, in order to obtain iron particles with organic-free surface, we proposed a novel method to decompose and remove the gel networks.Other results will present in our presentation. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 21H03628 and DOWA holdings.[1] H. Takahashi et.,al, Applied Catalysis A: General 392 (2011) 80–85

Electrochemical Cycloaddition Reactions of Alkene Radical Cations – a Route Towards Cyclopropanes and Cyclobutanes

New methods to promote single-electron transfer reactions play an increasingly important role in driving modern organic chemistry. Significant advances have been made in the field of photoredox catalysis1 and synthetic organic electrochemistry2 to expand the utility of radicals in organic synthesis.3 While the initial developments in synthetic organic electrochemistry date as far back as the early 19th century, only recently has it undergone an explosive revival and it is now an important part of synthetic organic chemistry.4 Undeniably, it provides a green alternative to known and new reactive intermediates by the promotion of organic reactions under mild conditions without the necessity for excessive amounts of hazardous and wasteful oxidants and reductants, metals4 or catalysts, making chemical synthesis highly atom economical.5 Our work describes mild and efficient electrochemical methods for [2+1] and [2+2] cycloaddition reactions of alkene radical cations. Anodic oxidation of olefins produces electrophilic alkene radical cations, which further react with nucleophilic diazo compounds in a formal [2+1] cycloaddition towards cyclopropane synthesis. This methodology is also applicable for [2+2] cycloadditions with styrene derivatives, validating this efficient electrochemical system for both cyclopropane and cyclobutane ring synthesis. The advantages of this methods include the mild, metal and catalyst free conditions, simple setup, and scalability of the procedure, as well as its potential use for industrial applications since the method requires non-expensive graphite electrodes.

Design and Performance Analysis of the Dynamic Reduction of Intrinsic Interference Suppression and BER using QAM-based FBMC for MU-MIMO Communications

The present research work is focused on the study of co-channel interface with its minimization techniques without influencing its performance, in turn, which is desired to achieve the minimized complexity of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)-based Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) to minimize the interference and increase the spectral features with consideration of intrinsic features extractions for the ML (Maximum Likelihood) synthesis systems. The valid measures are given various concerns under consideration, to start with the consideration of the evaluation of the Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFD performance metrics along with the FBMC/QAM in signal transmission in a dedicated fading channel for the evaluation of the modulation order and BER as a required trade-off for quality assessments. From the results, it can be noted that the proposed FBMC QAM has performed better when compared with conventional FBMC systems. The present research also includes considering and calculating the efficiency of nonlinear channels with the Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output (MU-MIMO) and FBMC/QAM techniques. In continuation, the obtained results are dominating significantly to access the possible solution to meet the efficiency of the proposed system. In the next part of the research, it is considered with implementation of the sub-detector during the downlink of the system with the technique of threshold-driven strategy for better accuracy and minimization of the complexity in terms of ML detection in terms of order of its modulation. The calculations of the proposed technique with better BER are done on the recent MATLAB platform with its simulation demonstration for its detailed observation.

Exploring a Complex Interplay: Kidney-Gut Axis in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease.

The human intestinal microbiota is a highly intricate structure with a crucial role in promoting health and preventing disease. It consists of diverse microbial communities that inhabit the gut and contribute to essential functions such as food digestion, nutrient synthesis, and immune system development. The composition and function of the gut microbiota are influenced by a variety of factors, including diet, host genetics, and environmental features. In pediatric patients, the gut microbiota is particularly dynamic and vulnerable to disruption from endogenous and exogenous factors. Recent research has focused on understanding the interaction between the gut and kidneys. In individuals with chronic kidney disease, there is often a significant disturbance in the gut microbiota. This imbalance can be attributed to factors like increased levels of harmful toxins from the gut entering the bloodstream, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This review looks at what is known about the link between a child's gut-kidney axis, how dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the microbiome, affects chronic kidney disease, and what treatments, both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical, are available for this condition.

Zinc Iodide-Metal Chloride-Organic Base: An Efficient Catalytic System for Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides under Ambient Conditions

Development of an effective catalytic system for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to epoxides for the preparation of cyclic carbonates under mild conditions is of great importance. Herein, a mixture of zinc iodide, metal chlorides, and strong organic bases is demonstrated to be a useful catalytic system that works at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. The most efficient combination, zinc iodide-niobium chloride-7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (1.2-0.3-3.0 mol%), gave styrene carbonate (95%) from styrene oxide and CO2 (balloon) at 25 °C for 24 h. Another combination, zinc iodide-zinc chloride-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (1.2-0.8-4.0 mol%), kept the catalytic activity for the preparation of propylene carbonate until the fourth run. Therefore, the reaction system was operationally simple, highly efficient, and proceeded under ambient conditions. The catalyst is composed of readily available reagents and is reusable. Thus, the method presented is a powerful tool for utilizing CO2 as the starting material for the production of valuable chemicals.

Efficient biosynthesis of Vibegron intermediate using a novel carbonyl reductase based on molecular modification of hydrogen bonding network regulation

Vibegron is a novel, potent, highly selective β3-adrenergic receptor agonist for the treatment of overactive bladder with higher therapeutic capacity and lower side effects. Methyl(2S,3R)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate ((2S,3R)-aminohydroxy ester) is a key chiral intermediate for the synthesis of Vibegron. A novel carbonyl reductase from Exiguobacterium sp. s126 (EaSDR6) was isolated using data mining technology from GenBank database with preferable catalytic activity. Hydrogen bond network regulation was performed using site-directed saturation mutagenesis and combination mutagenesis. The mutant EaSDR6A138L/S193A was obtained with the activity improvement by 4.58 folds compared with the wild type EaSDR6. The Km of EaSDR6A138L/S193A was decreased from 1.57 mM to 0.67 mM, kcat was increased by 2.17 folds, and the overall catalytic efficiency kcat/Km was increased by 5.07 folds. The organic-aqueous biphasic bioreaction system for the asymmetric synthesis of (2S,3R)-aminohydroxy ester was constructed for the first time. Under the substrate concentration of 150 g/L, the yield of (2S,3R)-aminohydroxy ester was > 99.99%, the e.e. was > 99.99%, and the spatiotemporal yield was 1.55 g/(L·h·g DCW) after 12 h reaction. While the substrate concentration was increased to 200 g/L and the reaction lasted for 36 h, the yield of (2S,3R)-aminohydroxy ester was > 99.99%, the e.e. was > 99.99% and the spatiotemporal yield was 1.05 g/(L·h·g DCW). The substrate concentration and spatiotemporal yield were higher than ever reported.

Capture of small clusters by ligand-solvent interaction.

Clusters are considered to become increasingly significant for elaborating the nanocrystal's formation mechanism. However, capturing the clusters with high chemical potential is challenging because of the lack of effective strategies. In this work, the key role of ligand-solvent interaction has been revealed for the stabilization of clusters in silver telluride synthesis. The Flory interaction coefficient that comprehensively regards the temperature and dispersion, polarity, and hydrogen bonding of the solvent has been used to evaluate the ligand-solvent interaction and thus assist in the design of synthetic systems. Small silver telluride clusters have been successfully captured, and the composition of the smallest cluster is determined as Ag7Te8(SCy)2 (SCy represents the ligand). This work provides new insights into the design of cluster/nanocrystal synthesis systems and paves the way to revealing the mechanism of precursor-cluster-nanocrystal conversion.

Transient modeling of a green ammonia production system to support sustainable development

Wind power intermittency makes it imperative to conduct transient modeling to highlight and address the challenges related to longer-term dynamics prior to demonstration projects. This paper presents the transient modeling and simulation of offshore wind energy integrated with a “green hydrogen” and “green ammonia” synthesis system. Since the transmission of electricity produced from far offshore sites to onshore points is challenging and submarine power cables are a significant cost, a fully off-grid offshore location is proposed for green ammonia production (power-to-ammonia) in contrast to previous studies that have examined grid-tied approaches. This approach can utilize the massive unexploited potential of remote offshore locations where wind velocities and capacity factors are comparatively higher, with produced green ammonia transported to onshore demand points via pipelines or ships. The offshore wind energy can directly be converted into ammonia using water and air as input materials, starting with the generated wind power used in the water electrolysis system to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen is separated by an air separation unit and mixed with the hydrogen to produce ammonia through an all-electric ammonia synthesis system. The transient analysis results include ammonia production at each hour of the year and an integrated hydrogen storage system to buffer production for nominally steady ammonia ouput throughout the year. An economic analysis is also conducted that reveals offshore wind and electrolysis as the leading cost drivers.

Developing an artificial intelligence-based clinical decision-support system for chest tube management: user evaluations &amp; patient perspectives of the Chest Tube Learning Synthesis and Evaluation Assistant (CheLSEA) system

Developing an artificial intelligence-based clinical decision-support system for chest tube management: user evaluations &amp; patient perspectives of the Chest Tube Learning Synthesis and Evaluation Assistant (CheLSEA) system

Free-HeadGAN: Neural Talking Head Synthesis With Explicit Gaze Control

We present Free-HeadGAN, a person-generic neural talking head synthesis system. We show that modeling faces with sparse 3D facial landmarks is sufficient for achieving state-of-the-art generative performance, without relying on strong statistical priors of the face, such as 3D Morphable Models. Apart from 3D pose and facial expressions, our method is capable of fully transferring the eye gaze, from a driving actor to a source identity. Our complete pipeline consists of three components: a canonical 3D key-point estimator that regresses 3D pose and expression-related deformations, a gaze estimation network and a generator that is built upon the architecture of HeadGAN. We further experiment with an extension of our generator to accommodate few-shot learning using an attention mechanism, in case multiple source images are available. Compared to recent methods for reenactment and motion transfer, our system achieves higher photo-realism combined with superior identity preservation, while offering explicit gaze control.

In-vitro anticancer and antibacterial activities and comparative of eco-friendly synthesized silver nanoparticles using hull of Pistacia vera and rhizome of Sambucus ebulus extracts

The biogenic method of synthesizing nanoparticles offers an effective alternative to traditional chemical synthesis systems. Additionally, the rapid development of eco-friendly techniques for producing metallic nanoparticles is driven by their extensive applications in various scientific fields. The present study investigated the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using hull of Pistacia vera (PV-AgNPs) and rhizomes of Sambucus ebulus (SE-AgNPs) extracts. The eco-friendly synthesis of Ag nanoparticles was carried out by optimizing three physicochemical parameters, including silver salt concentration, temperature, and pH. Biogenic silver nanoparticles were characterized using several analytical techniques, including FESEM, EDS, XRD, TEM and UV-Vis. The average sizes of PV-AgNPs and SE-AgNPs were determined to be 19.32 nm and 15.63 nm, respectively, using X-ray diffraction patterns. These findings were consistent with the results obtained from scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs was evaluated against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. AgNPs exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 12.5 µg/ml for PV-AgNPs. Additionally, for SE-AgNPs, the MIC value against S. aureus was found to be 2 µg/ml, indicating a potent antibacterial effect. Moreover, the anticancer potential of AgNPs was assessed using the MTT assay on MCF-7 (breast cancer) and AGS (human gastric carcinoma) cell lines as representative cancer cell models. The IC50 value of SE-AgNPs on MCF-7 and AGS was found to be 24.3 and 32.5 μg/ml, respectively. Hence, the present study indicates that biologically synthesized AgNPs have significant potential for exploitation in various biological applications.

Speaker anonymization using generative adversarial networks

The advent use of smart devices has enabled the emergence of many applications that facilitate user interaction through speech. However, speech reveals private and sensitive information about the user’s identity, posing several security risks. For example, a speaker’s speech can be acquired and used in speech synthesis systems to generate fake speech recordings that can be used to attack that speaker’s verification system. One solution is to anonymize the speaker’s identity from speech before using it. Existing anonymization schemes rely on using a pool of real speakers’ identities for anonymization, which may result in associating a speaker’s speech with an existing speaker. Hence, this paper investigates the use of Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) to generate a pool of fake identities that are used for anonymization. Several GAN types were considered for this purpose, and the Conditional Tabular GAN (CTGAN) showed the best performance among all GAN types according to different metrics that measure the naturalness of the anonymized speech and its linguistic content.

Enhancing Audio Signal Quality and Learning Experience with Integrated Covariance Weiner Filtering in College Music Education

In recent years, computer music technology has become increasingly prevalent in college music education, offering new possibilities for creative expression and pedagogical approaches. This paper concentrated on the music education in the colleges with the application of integrated time and frequency filtering (ITFF) with Kalman integrated covariance Weiner filtering in college music education. The ITFF technique combines time and frequency domain analysis to enhance the quality and clarity of audio signals. By integrating the Kalman integrated covariance Weiner filtering, the ITFF method provides robust noise reduction and improved signal representation. This integrated approach enables music educators to effectively analyze and manipulate audio signals in real-time, fostering a more immersive and engaging learning environment for students. The findings of this study highlight the benefits and potential applications of ITFF with Kalman-integrated covariance Weiner filtering in college music education, including audio signal enhancement, sound synthesis, and interactive performance systems. The integration of computer music technology with advanced filtering techniques presents new opportunities for exploring sound, composition, and music production within an educational context.

Принципы лексикографического описания терминологии словообразовательного синтеза (на материале глаголов звучания русского языка)

The purpose of this study is to develop the description principles for lexicographic terminology in word-formation (WF) synthesis of Russian verbs. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the terminological system for WF synthesis of verbs is presented as the object of lexicographic description and enhanced with inter-active web-based elements. As a result, it has been proven that this terminological dictionary can serve not only as an informational and methodological instrument, but it also can become an effective teaching tool for studying Russian verb synthesis. The main macro-structure of the designed dictionary features the departure from the traditional alphabetic organization of the material, utilizing instead the principle of zoning by synthesis levels (the root and the word formation levels). Each lexicographic entry is augmented with interactive links to digital Russian explanatory dictionaries and to the Russian National Corpus (RNC) database.

Robotic Modules for the Programmable Chemputation of Molecules and Materials.

Before leveraging big data methods like machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) in chemistry, there is an imperative need for an affordable, universal digitization standard. This mirrors the foundational requisites of the digital revolution, which demanded standard architectures with precise specifications. Recently, we have developed automated platforms tailored for chemical AI-driven exploration, including the synthesis of molecules, materials, nanomaterials, and formulations. Our focus has been on designing and constructing affordable standard hardware and software modules that serve as a blueprint for chemistry digitization across varied fields. Our platforms can be categorized into four types based on their applications: (i) discovery systems for the exploration of chemical space and novel reactivity, (ii) systems for the synthesis and manufacture of fine chemicals, (iii) platforms for formulation discovery and exploration, and (iv) systems for materials discovery and synthesis. We also highlight the convergent evolution of these platforms through shared hardware, firmware, and software alongside the creation of a unique programming language for chemical and material systems. This programming approach is essential for reliable synthesis, designing experiments, discovery, optimization, and establishing new collaboration standards. Furthermore, it is crucial for verifying literature findings, enhancing experimental outcome reliability, and fostering collaboration and sharing of unsuccessful experiments across different research labs.

A chemo-biocatalyst based on glutamate oxidase-integrated biomimetic trimanganese tetraoxide as cascade composite nano-catalyst for synthesis of α‑Ketoglutaric acid

The combination of chemo- and biocatalysts to perform one-pot synthetic route has presented great challenges for decades. Herein, glutamate oxidase (GLOX) and trimanganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) nanocrystals were combined for the first time by one-step biomineralization to construct a mimic multi-enzyme system (GLOX@Mn3O4) for chemoenzymatic synthesis of α‑ketoglutaric acid (α‑KG). Mn3O4 not only served as a support for the enzyme immobilization, but also contributed its catalytic activity to co-operate with natural enzymes for the cascade reactions. The as-synthesized chemo-enzyme catalysts with directly contacted catalytic sites of the enzyme and inorganic catalyst maximizes the substrate channeling effffects for in situ rapid decomposition of the oxidative intermediate, H2O2, during the enzymatic oxidation of sodium glutamate, thus relieving the inhibition of H2O2 accumulation for GLOX. Benefiting from the excellent stability and reusability of GLOX@Mn3O4, a nearly 100% conversion (99.7%) of l-glutamate to α-KG was achieved, over 4.7 times higher than that of the free GLOX system (21.2%). This work provides a feasibility for constructing a high-performance chemo-enzyme catalyst for cascade catalysis, especially for those reactions with toxic intermediates.

An artificial multienzyme cascade for the whole-cell synthesis of rare ketoses from glycerol.

In our previous study, we constructed a one-pot multi-enzyme system for rare ketoses synthesis based on L-rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase (RhaD) from accessible glycerol in vitro. To eliminate tedious purification of enzymes, a facile Escherichia coli whole-cell cascade platform was established in this study. To enhance the conversion rate, the reaction conditions, substrate concentrations and expressions of related enzymes were extensively optimized. The biosynthetic route for the cascade synthesis of rare ketoses in whole cells was successfully constructed and three rare ketoses including D-allulose, D-sorbose and L-fructose were produced using glycerol and D/L-glyceraldehyde (GA). Under optimized conditions, the conversion rates of rare ketoses were 85.0% and 93.0% using D-GA and L-GA as the receptor, respectively. Furthermore, alditol oxidase (AldO) was introduced to the whole-cell system to generate D-GA from glycerol, and the total production yield of D-sorbose and D-allulose was 8.2gl-1 only from the sole carbon source glycerol. This study demonstrates a feasible and cost-efficient method for rare sugars synthesis and can also be applied to the green synthesis of other value-added chemicals from glycerol.

A study on the pesticides-loading capacity of dendritic fibrous nano silica synthesized from 1-pentanol-water microemulsion with a low oil-water ratio.

Dendritic fibrous nano silica (DFNS) represents an optimal carrier material for pesticide constituents, due to its radial accessibility channels and high specific surface area. A low-energy methodology for synthesizing DFNS at a low volume ratio of oil to water is provided by employing 1-pentanol as the oil solvent in the microemulsion synthesis system, renowned for its remarkable stability and exceptional solubility. The DFNS@KM nano-pesticide was fabricated using a diffusion supported loading (DiSupLo) method and kresoxim-methyl (KM) as the template drug. Findings from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, XRD, thermogravimetric, differential thermal analysis, and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller analyzes revealed the physical adsorption of KM onto the synthesized DFNS without any chemical bonding, with KM mainly existing in an amorphous state within the channels. High-performance liquid chromatography measurements demonstrated that only the loading amount of DFNS@KM was primarily dependent on the KM to DFNS ratio, with minimal effects observed from loading temperature and time. The loading amount and encapsulation efficiency of DFNS@KM were found to be 63.09% and 84.12%, respectively. Furthermore, DFNS effectively prolonged the release of KM, with a cumulative release rate of 85.43% over 180 h. The successful loading of pesticide components into DFNS synthesized with a low oil-to-water ratio provides theoretical support for the industrialization of nano-pesticides, with significant implications for enhancing pesticide utilization, reducing pesticide dosage, augmenting agricultural efficiency, and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

Highly efficient electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide through the combination of side aeration and vacuum filtration modified graphite felt

The electrocatalytic activity towards two electron oxygen reduction reaction of graphite felt was advanced by incorporating carbon nitride, carbon nanotubes and polytetrafluoroethylene through vacuum filtration, which prevented the cleavage of O-O bond, facilitated the charge transfer, and established more three-phase active sites. To ameliorate the oxygen transfer process, the configuration of side-aeration was proposed, providing forced convection to reduce the thickness of diffusion layer, and increasing the dissolved oxygen. By simplified combination of refining the orientation of gas flow and modified graphite felt, the dual-chamber configuration rendered a qualitative leap in H2O2 generation capacity to 4.44–6.89 mg h−1 cm−2. The alkaline affinity of developed system was discussed in terms of a beneficial outer-sphere electron transfer pathway, the variation on adsorption strength of oxygenated species and working electrode potential range. Finally, Long-term operation stability and successful application in Electro-Fenton indicated great potential of developed system for H2O2 synthesis and environmental remediation.