Synthesis Of SnO Research Articles

Preparation of SnO2/TiO2 composite photocatalysts using yeast and their catalytic performance

Constructing coupled semiconductor photocatalysts is an important approach to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO[Formula: see text]. Herein, SnO[Formula: see text]/TiO[Formula: see text] composite photocatalysts were successfully synthesized through a hydrothermal method using yeast as a biological template. The as-obtained products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible spectra and nitrogen adsorption/desorption testing methods. Results showed that the nano-sized SnO[Formula: see text] particles could be solvothermally synthesized at 150–180[Formula: see text]C, and the C=O and C–O groups in the yeast were the main capping ligands of the SnO[Formula: see text] particles, playing a key role in the synthesis of SnO[Formula: see text]. SEM demonstrated that the SnO[Formula: see text]/TiO[Formula: see text] composites possessed very loose structures and good uniformity. Finally, the application experiment showed that the as-obtained SnO[Formula: see text]/TiO[Formula: see text] composites exhibited exceptional effectiveness in degrading Rhodamine B.

Green Synthesis of Au-Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Using Teucrium Polium Extract with Potential Applications in Photodynamic Therapy.

Objective: The green synthesis of Tin(IV) oxide (SnO2): Gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) using Teucrium polium medicinal plant extract was investigated, and the NPs were characterized and tested as photosensitizers to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Methods: The cytotoxic effect on C26 cells was investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) technique. The results showed their toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The green synthesis of SnO2:Au NPs was achieved for the first time using an extract of T. polium medicinal plant as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The produced NPs were examined for their application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. Results: Methylene blue and anthracene were used to confirm that the photosensitizer could produce ROS when excited with UVA radiation. The anticancer activity of SnO2:Au was investigated in vitro using the C26 cell line and an MTT assay, showing that PDT with SnO2:Au NPs could inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Conclusions: The significant afterglow of the SnO2:Au NPs could cause the generation of ROS to continue several minutes after switching off the light source.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of SnO2 with Different Morphologies as Sensing Materials for HCHO Detection.

Morphology regulation is an effective strategy for improving the sensor sensitivity of transition metal oxide nanostructures. In this work, SnO2 with three different morphologies (nanorods, nanoparticles, and nanopillars) has been synthesized by a simple one-step solvothermal process with the addition of various solute ratios at 180 °C for 6 h for detecting formaldehyde (HCHO) at the optimum working temperature of 320 °C. Compared to nanorods and nanopillars, the created SnO2 nanoparticles exhibit a much faster response time and sensitivity than other samples, showing the fastest recovery time (18 s) with the highest sensitivity of 6-100 ppm of the HCHO gas. The sensing mechanism of the sensors is investigated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) methods and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, revealing that the pore size distribution and amount of OV and OC improve the charge transfer and HCHO adsorption of nanoparticle sensors. Such an effect of morphology control on sensing performance paves an idea for the development of different structure-based HCHO sensors.

Facile green synthesis of SnO2:Zn@g-C3N4 heterojunction nanocomposite using Murraya paniculata leaves extract for effective photocatalytic degradation of organic dye malachite green by sunlight illumination

In this work nanocomposite heterojunction of SnO2:Zn conjugated with g-C3N4 was successfully synthesized by a green synthesis method using Murraya paniculata leaves extract. Materials were characterized by XPS, FTIR, XRD, BET, HRTEM, FESEM, EDAX, and UV–visible spectrophotometer. XRD and HRTEM results revealed the formation of highly crystalline and small sized particles having mean grain size of 4.4 and 4.9 nm for SnO2:Zn and SnO2:Zn@g-C3N4, respectively and interplanar spacing of 0.333 nm. The 2-D sheeted structure of g-C3N4 acts as a translucent layer that captures and provide a considerable extent of self-agglomeration on the underlying sphere shaped SnO2:Zn NPs which results in excellent charge flow which eventually results in enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance of the synthesized heterojunction. The XPS analysis verifies the presence of Sn, Zn, O, C, and N in the synthesized heterojunction SnO2:Zn@g-C3N4. The UV–Visible and photoluminescence spectra helped to demonstrate the effective inhibition of excitons annihilation within the heterojunction nanocomposite. The heterojunction shows an excellent photodegradation efficiency of 93.84 % in the process of photodegradation of dye Malachite green (MG). Effect of pH, catalyst dose on photodegradation and the recyclability were also investigated. The kinetic plots were used to calculate the rate constant which shows the nature of a pseudo first order reaction with a rate constant of 0.299 min−1. Trap experiments were conducted to confirm the role of h+ and O2.− as active species.

Effectiveness of Diethanolamine (DEA) Addition on Band Gap Value of SnO2 by Using Sol-Gel Methods

The need for electrical energy is increasing with the increase in the economy and population in Indonesia. Fossil energy sources are used as fuel to produce electrical energy and will run out if used continuously. Fossil energy sources can be replaced by using New Renewable Energy (NRE) to meet national electrical energy needs. The purpose of adding additives in this study is to observe the effectiveness of the addition of DEA on the band gap value, crystal phase, and surface morphology on SnO2. In this study using the sol-gel method for the synthesis of SnO2. The sol-gel method is the conversion of monomers into colloidal solutions (sol) which serve as precursors for integrated networks (gels) either discrete particles or network polymers. SnO2 nanomaterials will be characterized by UV-DRS Spectrophotometer. The results of characterization of SnO2 nanomaterials with the addition of Diethanolamine additives as much as 1.5 mL have obtained a band gap value of 3.60 eV.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of SnO2:ZnO nanocomposites for photocatalytic, antimicrobial and electrochemical urea detection applications

In this work, we have synthesized SnO2:ZnO nanocomposites (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 M ZnO) by employing an efficient microwave-assisted synthesis method. The synthesized nanocomposite's structural, morphological, and optical characteristics are examined using different physicochemical techniques. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the SnO2 and ZnO nanoparticles crystallize in tetragonal and hexagonal crystal systems, respectively. This observation is further substantiated by the results obtained in the Raman analysis. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope study of SnO2:ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) reveals a few rod-shaped nanoparticles as well as big, irregularly shaped particles of reduced size. Additionally, the absorption edge of diffuse reflectance UV–visible spectra exhibits a red shift, and the band gap value of SnO2:ZnO NCs at equal proportion is determined to be 3.3 eV. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the synthesized nanocomposites is investigated for different dyes. With a degradation efficiency of 98 %, the nanocomposites tend to be more reactive towards crystal violet dye (20 ppm) than the other dyes while adding 20 mg of synthesized SnO2:ZnO NCs in equal proportions. The impact of pH and reactive oxygen species involved in the degradation process is also tested. SnO2:ZnO material showed nearly similar degradation efficiency even after six recycles. The study of electrochemical detection of urea employing SnO2:ZnO NCs showed a two-fold increase in peak current value with a detection limit between 0.05 and 4 mM urea. In addition, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis strains were used to test the nanocomposite's antibacterial capabilities, which showed promise as potential antimicrobial agents.

Synthesis of SnO2 for Thermoelectric Applications Using the Hydrothermal, Co-precipitation, and Co-Precipitation Sonication Methods

Tin oxide (SnO2) holds promise in thermoelectric applications. The paper explores the preparation of SnO2 nanoparticles by employing various methods. Synthesis of SnO2 material is carried out using a comparison of several methods, including the hydrothermal method, co-precipitation method, and co- precipitation sonication. This comparison aims to identify the most efficient method for SnO2 synthesis with the best performance in thermoelectric applications. Characterization techniques such as SEM-EDX, XRD, and thermoelectric properties, electrical resistivity, electrical conductivity were utilized. Results obtained in the thermoelectric performance test, specifically electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity, showed a decrease in resistivity with increasing temperature for all three methods. In the hydrothermal method, excessively high temperatures led to difficulties in accurately measuring electrical resistivity. The co- precipitation method proved to be the most effective for SnO2 synthesis.

Improved performance in asymmetric supercapacitors using SnO2–MoS2 composite microspheres

This paper reported the facile synthesis of SnO2, MoS2, and SnO2−MoS2 composite material via sol-gel method with ex-situ hydrothermal method and utilized for supercapacitor applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the structural and morphological features. At the same time, the electrochemical performance was analyzed by CV, CD, and well-known impedance analysis via a Nyquist plot in three-electrode assembly in KOH solution. The outcomes from the three-electrode assembly demonstrated that the SnO2−MoS2 composite material yields a high capacitance value of 415 F/g than pure SnO2 and MoS2 electrodes with the lowest resistance values, indicating the fast transportation of ions during the electrochemical process. Inspired by the optimized performance of SnO2−MoS2 composite material, an asymmetric supercapacitor was further developed with GO (graphene oxide) severed as the negative electrode and symbolized as “SnO2−MoS2||GO–KOH asymmetric supercapacitor” in aqueous solution as the electrolyte. Remarkably, a high output voltage of 1.6 V was realized coupled with a high capacitance of 102 F/g, which can be attributed to the combined energy storage performance of pseudocapacitive, and double-layer capacitance arises from SnO2−MoS2 and graphene oxide (GO), respectively. Moreover, a high specific energy of 32 Wh/kg at a maximum specific power of 5520 W/kg was achieved at excellent cycling stability of 92.2 % capacitance retention after 5000 cycles at 10 A/g. Therefore, we summarize that metal oxide can composite with metal oxide, and graphene oxide (GO) collectively boosts the overall performance of high-performance supercapacitors.

Facile synthesis of SnO2– CuSe nanocomposites with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance

Wastewater treatment is currently one of the key topics addressing environmental-related challenges for the betterment of our lives. We report a comparative study on the photocatalytic properties of SnO2–CuSe nanocomposites with varying amounts of CuSe. The samples were prepared by simple and cost-effective hydrothermal and chemical methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis confirmed the successful fabrication of the samples without any impurities. The average crystallite sizes were respectively determined to be around 23 and 26 nm for SnO2 and CuSe respectively. For the SnO2–CuSe nanocomposites, the crystallite sizes were calculated to be in the range of 20–28 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images revealed a flower-like morphology for the SnO2, whilst the shape of pure CuSe is found to be of irregular plates. Similarly, the SnO2–CuSe nanocomposites exhibited coexisting flower-plates-like morphology dependent on the CuSe content. Electron Resonance Spectroscopy (ESR) also revealed paramagnetic defects in the prepared samples. UV–visible absorption measurements showed a red shift in the bandgap energy with increasing the CuSe content in the nanocomposite samples. The photocatalytic performance of the fabricated samples was determined by taking Rhodamine B (RhB) as a model dye. The nanocomposite sample with the composition of SnO2-32% CuSe showed the best photocatalytic performance. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was applied to determine the apparent rate constants.

Green synthesis of SnO2 nanorods and Mo– SnO2 nanocomposite for efficient sunlight driven organic dye photodegradation in aqueous solution

Green synthesis methodology was employed for the synthesis of SnO2 and SnO2/MoO3 composite. The leaf extract of Magnifera indica which is rich in polyphenols was used for reducing the precursor metal salt into the corresponding oxides as nanomaterial. The optimum yield of nanomaterials was obtained in 120 min at 70 °C using leaf extract of the Magnifera indica. The structure, morphology, and composition, of the synthesized nanomaterials was studied by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. It was found that the materials were successfully synthesized with rod shape morphology. The catalytic ability of these synthesized materials was evaluated by degradation of Methylene blue in aqueous solution. The crystallite size, bandgap and nanostructure growth with specific shape contributed towards the enhanced photodegradation performance of SnO2/MoO3. There appears a change in bandgap energy from 3.60 eV of SnO2 to 3.36 eV of SnO2/MoO3. The photocatalytic efficiency of nanocomposite SnO2/MoO3 is enhanced to (73.0%) as compared to that of the pure SnO2 (69.0%). The most important being that minimum amount (1 mg) of the nanocomposite has been utilized during these photocatalytic experiments.

Synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles coated ZnO–g–C3N4 composite nanostructures with novel antibacterial activity

Abstract In this work, composite nanostructures (CNs) of SnO2–ZnO–g–C3N4 have been prepared by a soft chemical method and investigated for their potential application in photocatalytic remediation of organics in water and antibacterial agents. Structural study revealed the presence of three phases related to hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO, tetragonal phase of SnO2 and monoclinic phase of g–C3N4 having nanocrystalline nature which confirms the formation of CNs. Formation of nanoscale morphology along with elemental composition of the CNs have been validated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The presence of only A 1g mode of SnO2 in Raman spectrum of ternary CNs suggested that SnO2 nanoparticles have been coated on the surfaces of ZnO and g–C3N4 which is also evident from SEM results. SnO2–ZnO–g–C3N4 CNs have shown much higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency and produced 7 mm greater zone of inhibition (ZOI) against Gram-positive S. Aureus bacteria as compared to pure ZnO which is quite significant result when compared to previously reported results for SnO2–ZnO CNs. These synthesized CNs may have potential uses in healthcare technology and treatment of organics in water.

Low‐Temperature Synthesis of SnO2 Nanocrystals as Electron Transport Layers for High‐Efficiency CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently become a hot topic in photovoltaics due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low‐cost processing. As a key component of PSCs, electron transport layers (ETLs) that play a vital role in efficient PSCs generally require high charge extraction ability, mobility, and easy fabrication. Herein, a simple route to obtain dispersion of tin oxide nanocrystals (SnO2 NCs) with uniform diameters and high stability as efficient ETLs for CsPbI2Br solar cells is demonstrated. The champion device achieves a remarkable PCE of 16.22% with an open‐circuit voltage of 1.30 V. This work offers a facile and effective way to fabricate high‐performance ETL nanocrystals in PSCs.

Temperature-dependent synthesis of SnO2 or Sn embedded in hollow porous carbon nanofibers toward customized lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used as grid-level energy storage systems to power electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices. However, it is a big challenge to develop high-capacity electrode materials with large energy storage and ultrafast charging capability simultaneously due to the sluggish charge carrier transport in bulk materials and fragments of active materials. To address this issue, composite electrodes of SnO2 nanodots and Sn nanoclusters embedded in hollow porous carbon nanofibers (denoted as SnO2@HPCNFs and Sn@HPCNFs) were respectively constructed programmatically for customized LIBs. Highly interconnected carbon nanofiber networks served as fast electron transport pathways. Additionally, the hierarchical hollow and porous structure facilitated rapid Li-ion diffusion and alleviated the volume expansion of Sn and SnO2. SnO2@HPCNFs delivered a remarkably high capacity of 899.3 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 due to enhanced Li adsorption and high ionic diffusivity. Meanwhile, Sn@HPCNFs displayed fast charging capability and superior high rate performance of 238.8 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1 (∼10 C) due to the synergetic effect of enhanced Li-ion storage in the bulk pores of Sn and improved electronic conductivity. The investigation of the electrochemical behaviors of SnO2 and Sn by tailoring the carbonization temperature provides new insight into constructing high-capacity anode materials for high-performance energy storage devices.

Cocrystallization Enabled Spatial Self‐Confinement Approach to Synthesize Crystalline Porous Metal Oxide Nanosheets for Gas Sensing

AbstractCrystalline metal oxide nanosheets show exceptional catalytic performance owing to the large surface‐to‐volume ratio and quantum confinement effect. However, it is still a challenge to develop a facile and general method to synthesize metal oxide nanosheets. Herein, we report a cocrystallization induced spatial self‐confinement approach to synthesize metal oxide nanosheets. Taking the synthesis of SnO2 as an example, the solvent evaporation from KCl and SnCl2 solution induces the cocrystallization of KCl and K2SnCl6, and the obtained composite with encapsulated K2SnCl6 can be in situ converted into SnO2 nanosheets confined in KCl matrix, after water washing to remove KCl, porous SnO2 nanosheets can be obtained. Notably, a series of metal oxide nanosheets can be obtained through this general and efficient green route. In particular, porous CeO2/SnO2 nanosheets with improved surface O− species and abundant oxygen vacancies exhibit superior gas sensing performance to 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone.

Cocrystallization Enabled Spatial Self-Confinement Approach to Synthesize Crystalline Porous Metal Oxide Nanosheets for Gas Sensing.

Crystalline metal oxide nanosheets show exceptional catalytic performance owing to the large surface-to-volume ratio and quantum confinement effect. However, it is still a challenge to develop a facile and general method to synthesize metal oxide nanosheets. Herein, we report a cocrystallization induced spatial self-confinement approach to synthesize metal oxide nanosheets. Taking the synthesis of SnO2 as an example, the solvent evaporation from KCl and SnCl2 solution induces the cocrystallization of KCl and K2 SnCl6 , and the obtained composite with encapsulated K2 SnCl6 can be in situ converted into SnO2 nanosheets confined in KCl matrix, after water washing to remove KCl, porous SnO2 nanosheets can be obtained. Notably, a series of metal oxide nanosheets can be obtained through this general and efficient green route. In particular, porous CeO2 /SnO2 nanosheets with improved surface O- species and abundant oxygen vacancies exhibit superior gas sensing performance to 3-hydroxy-2-butanone.

SILAR synthesis of SnO2–ZnO nanocomposite sensor for selective ethanol gas

SILAR synthesis of SnO2–ZnO nanocomposite sensor for selective ethanol gas

SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposites for the photodegradation of the Congo red dye

Synthesis of SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposites was conducted. The purpose of this study was to obtain the SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposites, the effectiveness of photodegradation Congo red by SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposites and determine the kinetics of photodegradation. The XRD analysis showed that the SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposite best mass ratio was 1:1 based on the highest intensity of characteristic angle (2θ), which is 26.54° and had the smallest crystal size, which is 9.662 nm. Based on the UV-Vis DRS result, the SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposites bandgap value was 2.3 eV. The magnetization saturation value of SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposites was 64.96 emu/g. The morphology of SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposites showed by the TEM image, where the dark spots spread in the lighter areas. The surface of SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposites characterized by SEM with the result was bumpy surface and many pores. The EDS result of SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposites confirmed the presence of Fe, Sn, and O elements. The functional group of SnO2–Fe3O4 nanocomposites showed by FTIR data, the stretch band of Sn–O characteristics showed at wavenumber 590 cm−1, and the stretch band of Fe–O showed at wavenumber 563 cm−1. The optimum condition of nanocomposites at a contact time of 90 min and the optimum concentration of 18 mg/L showed that the percent of photodegradation was 50.76%. The photodegradation rate of SnO2–Fe3O4 was fitted to Pseudo-second-order.

Solid-State Synthesis of SnO2–Zn2SnO4 Nanocomposite and Its Application for Electrochemical Detection of Cabergoline as Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Solid-State Synthesis of SnO2–Zn2SnO4 Nanocomposite and Its Application for Electrochemical Detection of Cabergoline as Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Synthesis of SnO2 Using Hydrothermal Method and Its Application as Catalyst in Esterification of Oleic Acid

Biodiesel is currently getting great attention because it can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 78.5% compared to petroleum-based diesel. The reaction that can produce biodiesel is the esterification reaction with the addition of a heterogeneous catalyst, one of which is SnO2 which can be used as Lewis acid for the esterification reaction. In our study, SnO2 has been successfully synthesized and then succeeded in reducing the level of oleic acid FFA (Free Fatty Acid) through an esterification reaction. SnO2 was synthesized from SnCl2.2H2O using the hydrothermal method with the addition of CTAB (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide) as a capping agent which was then analyzed using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The catalytic activity of the SnO2 sample was carried out through the esterification reaction of oleic acid in ethanol at 65 °C for 6 hours with variations in catalyst weight and variations in the ethanol mole ratio. From XRD analysis, SnO2 sample consists of cassiterite minerals and has typical peaks at 2θ = 26.56°; 33.84°; 37.92°; 38.90°; 42.53°; 51.64°; 54.66°; 57.76°; 61.68°; 62.34°; 64.60°; and 65.88° with the highest intensity at 2θ = 33.84°. During condition optimization of esterification reaction of oleic acid, variations in the weight of SnO2 catalyst resulting from the optimum FFA level could be reduced by 75.05%, whereas to variations in the mole ratio of ethanol, the optimum FFA level could be reduced by 85.53%. In our study, SnO2 has been successfully synthesized and then succeeded in reducing the level of oleic acid FFA through esterification reaction until 85.53%.

Synthesis of pure and doped SnO2 and NiO nanoparticles and evaluation of their photocatalytic activity

This paper presents a comparative experimental study between sol-gel and sonochemical approaches for the synthesis of SnO2 and NiO nanoparticles. In addition, the doping effect on the structural, optical properties and the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized oxides was studied. The XRD results revealed the high purity of the prepared oxides and the well incorporation of the dopant elements into the host structure. Morphological characterization by HR-TEM showed ultrafine nanoparticles with an average size <10 nm for the oxides calcined at 250 °C. The particle size increased upon calcination reaching about 30–40 nm for the samples calcined at 750 °C. The EDX results of the doped samples ensured the existence of the dopant elements without any impurities. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy UV-DR results of the doubly doped tin oxide Sn0.094Ti0.03Ni0.03O2 and nickel oxide Ni0.094Ti0.03Sn0.03O exhibited lower band gap energies 3.24 eV and 3.27 eV, respectively, than that of their corresponding pure oxides. The fluorescence probe method and the photodegradation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye R (CBBR) showed higher photodegradation rate constants over the oxides prepared by sonochemical than sol-gel routes. The photocatalytic activity process using five real industrial wastewater samples was explored and the results revealed that these oxides could be feasible candidates for the photodegradation of organic pollutants.