Synthesis Of Serum Proteins Research Articles

The effect of sodium sulphate and methionine on the utilisation of non‐protein nitrogen by laying hens

1. The response of layers to adding diammonium citrate (DAC), sodium sulphate or methionine to a basal diet containing 136–3 g protein/kg was determined. 2. Supplementing the diet with DAC equivalent to 25 g protein/kg did not improve egg production, the efficiency of food utilisation, egg weight, nitrogen retention or the apparent absorption of lysine and methionine; increases in food intake and in the concentration of methionine in the serum and liver were observed. 3. Adding sodium sulphate, alone or with DAC, did not affect the variables noted above. 4. Supplementation of the basal diet with methionine increased egg production, egg weight, food intake and the concentrations of lysine in the serum and liver. 5. It is concluded that the supplemental NPN was used only in serum protein synthesis.

The evaluation of synthetic oxygen carriers by perfusion of isolated rat liver.

The perfluorochemical FC-80 emulsion was added as oxygen carrier to a synthetic medium used for perfusion of isolated rat liver. The oxygen carrying function of FC-80 was evaluated from measurements of serum albumin synthesis and incorporation of 14C-lysine into the proteins in the medium. The effect of changes in flow rate of the medium on the evaluation of FC-80 was investigated. The results show that there is a correlation between the serum protein synthesis and the oxygen supply only when the liver is hypoxic. In hypoxic liver both the addition of FC-80 and the increase of the flow rate improve the oxygen supply which is indicated by increased serum protein synthesis. The effect of FC-80 on serum protein synthesis is different at different flow rates. For the evaluation of the oxygen carrying function of FC emulsions from the metabolic function of the liver such a flow rate and affluent PO2 are optimal in which the FC is a limiting factor for sufficient oxygen supply.

Serum protein synthesis in the early chick embryo

Isolated yolk-sacs of chick embryos secreted serum proteins when incubated in buffered chick Ringer's solution. The presence of serum transferrin, two embryo-specific α-globulins, and a prealbumin were demonstrated by acrylamide gel analysis. Yolk-sacs from embryos explanted at 11–13 somites (40 hr preincubation) and cultured for 48 hr secreted in addition a protein with the mobility of serum albumin. Incubation of yolk-sacs in the presence of radioactive valine indicated that serum proteins were synthesized as early as the primitive streak stage. By incubating isolated yolk-sacs and embryos from 48-hr explants in the presence of radioactive valine, the synthesis of serum proteins was found to be restricted to the yolk-sac at this stage of development. Culturing explants on various nutrient proteins as well as protein starvation medium altered the relative synthesis of several serum proteins. We have proposed that morphological and biochemical changes in embryos resulting from altered nutrition may be mediated by the proteins of the serum.

Protein metabolism in burned rats.

Incorporation of [2-14C]glycine was used to estimate serum protein synthesis in four groups of rats. These were the control (group C); 20% body surface burn (group B); 20% burn, seeded with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (group BI); and burned-infected treated topically with mafenide (alpha-amino-p-toluenesulfonamide) acetate (group BIS), a treatment which controls P, aeruginosa burn-wound infection in humans. On the 6th day postburn the relative specific activities of all fractions were increased in the order BI greater than BIS greater than B greater than C, as were the concentrations of the globulins; Serum albumin concentration fell, being lowest in BI. Tissue albumin contents, measured by radioimmunoassay, of eviscerated blood-free bodies of rats were (mg/100 g rat wt): C, 207; B, 294; BI, 256. Analyses of individual tissues showed that the difference was due to increased albumin content in the burn-wound area. The tissue albumin was of normal molecular size and was immunologically reactive. We conclude that the prolonged hypoalbuminemia following burn injury is not a consequence of impaired albumin synthesis, but a result of altered compartmentation.

Stimulation of serum protein synthesis in ginsenoside treated rat.

Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc purified from the ethanol extract of a root of Panax ginseng were administered into rats at the dose of 5 mg/100 g of body weight. After 3 hours of the administration, biosynthesis of rat serum protein was stimulated at 2 times and more than the control, in 1 hour 14C-amino acid incorporation experiment. From the analyses of serum proteins by salting-out, electrophoresis and NaBr flotation, apoproteins of chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein showed mostly stimulated synthesis by the treatment with ginsenosides. This coincided with the stimulation of cholesterol synthesis reported previously, and a possible relationship between the synthesis of lipids and that of apo-lipo-proteins was discussed.

The control of serum protein synthesis in hepatoma-fibroblast hybrids

Hybrids between mouse hepatoma cells (which secrete several serum proteins) and mouse or rat fibroblasts (which do not secrete these proteins) produce transferrin and the third component of complement (C3) like the parental hepatoma cells, while they do not secrete either albumin or α-fetoprotein (AFP). This lack of albumin and AFP secretion is probably due to a lack of synthesis, rather than to a simple detect in secretion. The cessation of albumin and AFP production is not dependent upon the parental fibroblast nor upon the selection conditions; it is best explained by a shut-off of synthesis and could thus reflect the existence of a regulatory mechanism. This would imply a difference between the control of albumin and AFP synthesis and that of transferrin and C3 synthesis. On the other hand, in agreement with Peterson and Weiss (1972), hybrids between rat hepatoma cells and mouse fibroblasts continue to produce rat albumin. This suggests that the mouse hepatoma cells differ from the rat hepatoma cells in the way they control albumin production.

Induced metabolic sequelae of tularemia in the rat: correlation with tissue damage.

Serum and liver zinc concentration, amino acid uptake by liver, seromucoid content, and alpha2-macrofetoprotein production were measured in vaccinated as well as nonimmune rats exposed to either virulent (SCHU S4) or attenuated (LVS) strains of Francisella tularensi. It appears that liver damage (pyogranulomatous lesions) must occur before there is any alteration in the above variables. The presence of bacteria in the liver is not of itself sufficient to lead to the onset of systemic, induced metabolic sequelae (IMS). The occurrence of zinc redistribution in all instances of increased serum protein synthesis may imply a necessary relationship between these two sequelae. Amino acid redistribution does not appear to be linked to serum protein synthesis. An endogenous mediator of systemic IMS can be detected in tularemic rats by injection of the serum of these animals into healthy recipients. The occurrence of zinc redistribution and increased serum protein synthesis in some groups of rats in the absence of amino acids uptake by liver, as well as the apparent differential dose responsiveness of these responses, are suggestive of a multiplicity of endogenous mediators.

Characteristics of human embryonic hepatocytes cultivated in vitro

A simple and reproducible method for cultivation of human embryo (7--12-week) hepatocytes in a monolayer is presented. The culture showed the capacity for limited growth, displayed a viability for 4 to 6 weeks without being subcultured, and retained some specific characteristics: synthesis of serum protein (albumin and alpha-fetoprotein), a significant amount of glycogen, a high activity of monaminooxidase, and a characteristics response to a high concentration of glucocorticoids. These properties are useful as markers for genetic experiments or for selection.

Metabolic response to infection.

A generalized infectious process leads to a broad and complex array of metabolic responses within the host. Certain of these responses have a direct causal relationship to the interactions of body cells with invading microorganisms or their products, or to specific host defensive mechanisms. Other host metabolic responses have less clearly defined roles although they involve many tissues and seem to be initiated and regulated by certain hormones-like endogenous mediators. These latter responses contribute to the maintenance of body homeostasis, the provision of metabolizable energy to meet increased body needs, and the synthesis of the acute phase reactant serum proteins.

Role of synthesis of nucleic acids and protein in adaptation to the external environment.

articleRole of synthesis of nucleic acids and protein in adaptation to the external environmentF. Z. MeersonF. Z. MeersonPublished Online:01 Jan 1975https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1975.55.1.79MoreSectionsPDF (6 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByMechanism of general adaptationMedical Hypotheses, Vol. 38, No. 4Predictable adaptations by skeletal muscle mitochondria to different exercise training workloadsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 88, No. 1A Guideline for cardiopulmonary conditioning in the middle-aged recreational athlete23 April 2016 | The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 12, No. 4Positron Emission Tomography the Technique and Its Applications to the Study of the Cardiovascular SystemCardiology Clinics, Vol. 1, No. 3Thermal injury response of rat liver nucleiInternational Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 15, No. 2The effects of repeated thermal injury on rat liver and serum protein synthesis ratesComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 73, No. 2Possible role of neurohormones in the process of acclimatization and acclimation in Morimus funereus (insecta)—II. Changes in the haemolymph free amino acid content and digestive enzyme activityComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 71, No. 4Adaptation to prolonged beta-blockade of rabbit atrial, purkinje, and ventricular potentials, and of papillary muscle contraction. Time-course of development of and recovery from adaptation.Circulation Research, Vol. 48, No. 6Possible role of neurohormones in the process of acclimatization and acclimation in Morimus funereus larvae (insecta)-I. changes in the neuroendocrine system and target organs (midgut, haemolymph) during the annual cycleComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 63, No. 1RNA and DNA synthesis in developing rat brain: hormonal influencesPsychoneuroendocrinology, Vol. 3, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 55Issue 1January 1975Pages 79-123 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1975 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1975.55.1.79PubMed1088993History Published online 1 January 1975 Published in print 1 January 1975 Metrics

Amino acid flux and protein synthesis after exposure of rats to either Diplococcus pneumoniae or Salmonella typhimurium.

At 26 h after inoculation of rats with Diplococcus pneumoniae, the serum concentrations of 10 and 20 individual amino acids were lower than corresponding values observed in pair-fed controls. In contrast, only 2 of 20 serum amino acids were similarly decreased in rats inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium. Despite these serum differences, a greater accumulation of labeled non-metabolizable amino acids occurred in the livers of rats infected with S. typhimurium. These data suggested a greater increase in the flux of amino acids from muscle to liver in the rats infected with S. typhimurium as compared to those infected with D. pneumoniae. A similar increase in serum protein synthesis was observed in rats infected with D. pneumoniae or S. typhimurium. However, with the latter infection, a larger percentage of the amino acids appeared to be utilized as a source of energy in addition to their role as precursors of proteins.

Fluorescence studies of drug and cation interactions with microsomal membranes

The value of non-covalently bound fluorescent molecules as extrinsic probes of membrane structure and function is now well established [l] . In the case of the inner mitochondrial membrane, analysis of the responses of fluorescent probes to changes in the state of the membrane [ 21 has led to some understanding of the physical changes accompanying energy transduction [3-61. A similar analysis has been applied to chromatophore membranes [7]. In many other systems, such as the erythrocyte membrane [8] , sarcoplasmic reticulum [9] , brain microsomes [lo] and numerous artificial membranes, the binding of the most popular probe ANS (1 -aniline-naphthalene-8-sulphonate) has been studied; in general, these studies have not been particularly revealing about the major functions of the membrane systems. Microsomal membranes of mammalian liver are complex systems whose major biological functions include i) the metabolism of drugs and other foreign compounds and ii) the binding of ribosomes and organisation of the synthesis of serum proteins. We have attempted to use a fluorescent probe to investigate these functions; it was found that the increase in probe fluorescence produced by certain drugs is a function of the ionisation state of the drugs and not a specific property of the drug-microsome interaction, and that fluorescent probes cannot detect differences in cation affinity between smooth microsomes and degranulated rough microsomes which might account for their different abilities to bind ribosomes.

Synthesis of serum proteins by a clonal strain of rat hepatoma cells.

Abstract The production of rat serum proteins by a clonal strain of rat hepatoma cells (MH1C1) has been investigated by growing the cells in a serum-free medium. By immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiography we have demonstrated that the cells produce and secrete at least 12 rat serum proteins.

In vitro synthesis of rat serum lipoproteins and proteins by Morris hepatoma 7777

In vitro synthesis of rat serum lipoproteins and proteins by Morris hepatoma 7777

Nitrogen metabolism and protein synthesis during pneumococcal sepsis in rats.

Markedly increased synthesis of alpha(2) and beta globulins and alpha(1), alpha(2), and beta glycoglobulins occurs during pneumococcal sepsis in the rat simultaneously with decreased albumin formation, diminished tritiated leucine incorporation into muscle protein, and enhanced excretion of nitrogen. This augmented synthesis of specific serum proteins does not become evident until fever and bacteremia develop, and it appears to be a fundamental aspect of host response to a proliferating bacterial infection in that it occurs even in rats fed a protein-deficient (6% protein) diet after weaning and before exposure to Diplococcus pneumoniae. Although amino acid catabolism, in general, appears to be increased during infection, tryptophan degradation via the kynurenine pathway, as assessed by measuring diazotizable urinary metabolites, changes little or is, at times, significantly less than in control animals. Coincidentally, functional tryptophan oxygenase activity decreases at 16 hr after exposure. Total tryptophan oxygenase activity, however, is unchanged.

Effect of radix ginseng extract on serum protein synthesis.

Intraperitoneal administration of ginseng extract (fraction 3 or 4) to rat was found to increase the rate of synthesis of serum proteins such as albumin and γ-globulin. The incorporation rate of 3H-leucine into serum proteins was significantly increased 4 hr after the injection of fraction 3. The increased rate of protein synthesis reached a maximum about 8-12 hr after the administration and 46-49% increase in the rate of serum protein synthesis was observed. It was confirmed by immunochemical precipitation reaction that the increase in serum protein synthesis was due to the stimulation of albumin and γ-globulin synthesis. The rate declined to the control level at 20 hr following ginseng extract treatment. These observations are similar to the effect of cortisone on the liver. Although the mechanism of this increase in the rate of serum protein synthesis by ginseng extract is not known, some differences were observed in effects between fraction 4 and cortisone as follows. Induction of tryptophan pyrrolase and tyrosine transaminase, which is observed with cortisone, did not occur by fraction 4 administration. These results suggest that the observed effect of ginseng extract would not be due to the elevated concentration of adrenocortical steroids. From this point of view, this stimulating factor, which we term prostisol(protein synthesis stimulating factor), is active to RNA and protein syntheses when administered in vivo.

Induction of hepatic synthesis of serum proteins in response to stimulation of olfactory bulbs.

Induction of hepatic synthesis of serum proteins in response to stimulation of olfactory bulbs.

Tissue amino acid flux after exposure of rats to Diplococcus pneumoniae.

The concentration of 21 individual free amino acids in serum, liver, and skeletal muscle was determined in rats during the incubation, acute illness, and terminal stages of experimental infection with Diplococcus pneumoniae. By 4 hr after subcutaneous inoculation with bacteria, the concentration of total and many individual free amino acids in serum, liver, and muscle was significantly decreased in comparison to findings in noninfected, pair-fed control rats. By use of a nonmetabolizable amino acid analogue (cycloleucine), it was possible to detect a flux of amino acids from muscle to liver in the infected rat. The endogenous amino acids which moved to the liver were rapidly utilized for the synthesis of serum proteins.

The kinetics of transfer of plasma amino acids to tissues, and the turnover rates of liver and muscle proteins: The use of continuous infusion technique

1. 1. Under conditions of intravenous infusion, the plasma amino acid specific activity is maintained constant after a period of about 1 h ( J. C. Gan and H. Jeffay, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 148 (1967) 448). From the value of the plateau of specific activity, it is possible to calculate the amino acid flux into or out of plasma. The turnover or flux rate of lysine and tyrosine is 155 μmoles and 125 μmoles/h per 250 g rat, respectively. 2. 2. There is a very rapid turnover of liver amino acid, with a turnover timeof 0.5–1 h, and a somewhat slower but still fast turnover of muscle amino acid, (turnover time, 4–7 h). 3. 3. The rate of liver and serum protein synthesis may be more rapid ( t 1 2 = 3 days than the previously reported value, ( t 1 2 = 5–7 days ). 4. 4. The low incorporation of amino acid into muscle protein is caused in part by the slow rate of penetration of amino acid into muscle cell as well as the slow rate of protein synthesis. 5. 5. From the kinetic data, it is calculated that protein catabolism in the normal fed rats contributes approx. 50% of the liver and 30% of the muscle intracellular free amino acid pool.

Transitory cell antigens of rat liver. I. The secretion and synthesis of fetospecific serum proteins during hepatic development and regeneration

Transitory cell antigens of rat liver. I. The secretion and synthesis of fetospecific serum proteins during hepatic development and regenerationChanges in the serum concentration of albumin and α‐fetoprotein (αFP) from rat fetuses and newborns were followed by a quantitative immunoprecipitation method, using specific antisera. The concentration curves of the two proteins intersected between 1 and 2 weeks after birth. On the 32nd day, when the albumin concentration was almost at the adult level, no traces of αFP were detectable. Similarly, data have been obtained for the αFP concentration in amniotic fluid and sera from pregnant rats.Radioimmunodiffusion techniques were used to show the incorporation of radiolabelled compounds into several fetospecific and adult serum proteins during normal development as well as during compensatory regeneration after acute poisoning of the liver.When newborn rats and rats aged between 30 and 50 days are subjected to a series of injections of CCl4, one or several waves of αFP secretion are observed. The reappearance of αFP cannot be provoked by CCl4in rats older than 7 weeks. These facts suggest that the resurgence of αFP in hepatic injury of newborn rats and young rats is a consequence of the enhanced activity of some incompletely differentiated cell clones.