Synthesis Of Oleic Acid Research Articles

Synthesis of oleic acid – coated zinc – doped iron boride nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Although various iron-based magnetic materials have been extensively studied in biomedical field for many years, iron boride compounds with interesting chemical and magnetic properties are relatively less explored, and their potential applications are not as widely known. In this study, the synthesis, coating, surface modification, and cytotoxicity tests of the Fe–Zn–B system were presented. Iron boride-based nanoparticles (NPs) containing elemental zinc (Zn) were developed by using a direct chemical synthesis of FeCl3, ZnCl2 and NaBH4, and investigated for potential use in biomedical applications. Powders having the phases of pure FeB with small amount of elemental Zn were obtained with a uniform morphology and an average particle size of 68 nm. The NPs were then coated with oleic acid (OA) and surface modified with sodium tricitrate, to increase their stability and biocompatibility, and well-dispersed NPs were obtained with sizes below 30 nm. TEM investigations revealed the presence of hybrid clusters with nanoparticle – OA structures, indicating that FeB nanoparticles were stabilized by being embedded in OA clusters, forming both agglomerated sub-micron and free nano-sized structures. Obtained NPs showed ferromagnetic property, with a saturation magnetization of 25.9 emu/g and a low coercivity of 90 Oe. As a result of testing different types of healthy and cancer cell lines with NPs, Zn-doped-FeB@OA NPs exhibited a high biocompatibility. Results suggested that highly biocompatible and magnetic OA-coated Zn-doped FeB particles can be potential candidates for biomedical applications such as medical imaging or drug delivery systems.

Silencing the fatty acid elongase gene elovl6 induces reprogramming of nutrient metabolism in male Oreochromis niloticus

Elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 6 (ELOVL6) plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of endogenous fatty acids, influencing energy balance and metabolic diseases. The primary objective of this study was to discover the molecular attributes and regulatory roles of ELOVL6 in male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. The full-length cDNA of elovl6 was cloned from male Nile tilapia, and was determined to be 2255-bp long, including a 5′-untranslated region of 193 bp, a 3′-untranslated region of 1252 bp, and an open reading frame of 810 bp encoding 269 amino acids. The putative protein had typical features of ELOVL proteins. The transcript levels of elovl6 differed among various tissues and among fish fed with different dietary lipid sources. Knockdown of elovl6 in Nile tilapia using antisense RNA technology resulted in significant alterations in hepatic morphology, long-chain fatty acid synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation, and led to increased fat deposition in the liver and disrupted glucose/lipid metabolism. A comparative transcriptomic analysis (elovl6 knockdown vs. the negative control) identified 5877 differentially expressed genes with significant involvement in key signaling pathways including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the insulin signaling pathway, all of which are crucial for lipid and glucose metabolism. qRT-PCR analyses verified the transcript levels of 13 differentially expressed genes within these pathways. Our findings indicate that elovl6 knockdown in male tilapia impedes oleic acid synthesis, culminating in aberrant nutrient metabolism.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase regulates organelle biogenesis and hepatic merozoite formation in Plasmodium berghei.

Plasmodium is an obligate intracellular parasite that requires intense lipid synthesis for membrane biogenesis and survival. One of the principal membrane components is oleic acid, which is needed to maintain the membrane's biophysical properties and fluidity. The malaria parasite can modify fatty acids, and stearoyl-CoA Δ9-desaturase (Scd) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of oleic acid by desaturation of stearic acid. Scd is dispensable in P. falciparum blood stages; however, its role in mosquito and liver stages remains unknown. We show that P. berghei Scd localizes to the ER in the blood and liver stages. Disruption of Scd in the rodent malaria parasite P. berghei did not affect parasite blood stage propagation, mosquito stage development, or early liver-stage development. However, when Scd KO sporozoites were inoculated intravenously or by mosquito bite into mice, they failed to initiate blood-stage infection. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that organelle biogenesis was impaired and merozoite formation was abolished, which initiates blood-stage infections. Genetic complementation of the KO parasites restored merozoite formation to a level similar to that of WT parasites. Mice immunized with Scd KO sporozoites confer long-lasting sterile protection against infectious sporozoite challenge. Thus, the Scd KO parasite is an appealing candidate for inducing protective pre-erythrocytic immunity and hence its utility as a GAP.

Homeostatic control of stearoyl desaturase expression via patched-like receptor PTR-23 ensures the survival of C. elegans during heat stress.

Organismal responses to temperature fluctuations include an evolutionarily conserved cytosolic chaperone machinery as well as adaptive alterations in lipid constituents of cellular membranes. Using C. elegans as a model system, we asked whether adaptable lipid homeostasis is required for survival during physiologically relevant heat stress. By systematic analyses of lipid composition in worms during and before heat stress, we found that unsaturated fatty acids are reduced in heat-stressed animals. This is accompanied by the transcriptional downregulation of fatty acid desaturase enzymes encoded by fat-1, fat-3, fat-4, fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7 genes. Conversely, overexpression of the Δ9 desaturase FAT-7, responsible for the synthesis of PUFA precursor oleic acid, and supplementation of oleic acid causes accelerated death of worms during heat stress. Interestingly, heat stress causes permeability defects in the worm's cuticle. We show that fat-7 expression is reduced in the permeability defective collagen (PDC) mutant, dpy-10, known to have enhanced heat stress resistance (HSR). Further, we show that the HSR of dpy-10 animals is dependent on the upregulation of PTR-23, a patched-like receptor in the epidermis, and that PTR-23 downregulates the expression of fat-7. Consequently, abrogation of ptr-23 in wild type animals affects its survival during heat stress. This study provides evidence for the negative regulation of fatty acid desaturase expression in the soma of C. elegans via the non-canonical role of a patched receptor signaling component. Taken together, this constitutes a skin-gut axis for the regulation of lipid desaturation to promote the survival of worms during heat stress.

Identification of genes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis based on 214 safflower core germplasm

BackgroundSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oilseed crop with substantial medicinal and economic value. However, the methods for constructing safflower core germplasm resources are limited, and the molecular mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis in safflower seeds are not well understood.ResultsIn this study, 11 oil-related quantitative traits and 50 pairs of InDel markers were used to assess the diversity of a collection of 605 safflower germplasms. The original safflower germplasm exhibited rich phenotypic diversity, with high variation for most of the phenotypic traits under investigation. Similarly, high genetic diversity was evaluated in the original germplasm, in which the mean Shannon’s information index (I), observed heterozygosity (H0), and expected heterozygosity (He) were 0.553, 0.182, and 0.374, respectively. Four subgroups with strong genetic structures were identified and a core germplasm of 214 cultivars was constructed, which is well represented in the original germplasm. Meanwhile, differential expression analysis of the transcriptomes of high and low linoleic acid safflower varieties at two stages of seed development identified a total of 47 genes associated with lipid biosynthesis. High expression of the genes KAS II and SAD enhanced the synthesis and accumulation of oleic acid, while FAD genes like FAD2 (Chr8G0104100), FAD3, FAD7 and FAD8 promoted the consumption of oleic acid conversion. The coordinated regulation of these multiple genes ensures the high accumulation of oleic acid in safflower seed oil.ConclusionsBased on these findings, a core germplasm of 214 cultivars was constructed and 47 candidate genes related to unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid accumulation were identified. These results not only provide guidance for further studies to elucidate the molecular basis of oil lipid accumulation in safflower seeds, but also contribute to safflower cultivar improvements.

Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Direct Surface Passivation Employing 2D Perovskites

Surface passivation of 3D perovskites with highly stable 2D perovskite is an effective strategy to improve both performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a new approach has been employed for the synthesis of oleic acid and octylamine‐assisted 2D perovskites TEA2PbX4 (X = I, Br) in antisolvent and directly used them for the surface passivation of MAFAPbI3 (3D) perovskite. The grain boundary and interface are both optimized in 3D/2D perovskite by 2D perovskite to improve surface morphology. It is found that the 2D perovskite effectively suppresses carrier recombination by reducing the defect density and facilitates interfacial charge extraction through better energy‐level alignments. As a result, power conversion efficiency of PSCs is boosted up to 18.56% and 19.87% for passivation with TEA2PbI4 and TEA2PbBr4, respectively. The passivated perovskite devices exhibit good thermal, operational, and long‐term stability in an ambient environment because of the material robustness of 3D/2D hybrid perovskites.

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition.

Different iron oxides (i.e., magnetite, maghemite, goethite, wüstite), particularly nanosized particles, show distinct effects on living organisms. Thus, it is of primary importance for their biomedical applications that the morphology and phase-structural state of these materials are investigated. The aim of this work was to obtain magnetic nanoparticles in a single reactor using Fe(III) acetylacetonate as the initial precursor for the synthesis of Fe(III) oleate or Fe(III) undecylate followed by their thermolysis in situ. We proposed a new approach, according to which the essential magnetite precursor (a complex salt of higher acids - Fe(III) alkanoates) is obtained in a solvent with a high boiling point via displacement reaction of acetylacetone with a higher acid from Fe(III) acetylacetonate during its elimination from the reaction mixture under vacuum conditions. Magnetic nanoparticles (NPM) were characterized in terms of morphology, hydrodynamic diameter, and composition via several techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy/attenuated total reflectance, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The effect of unsaturated oleic (OA) and undecylenic (UA) acids, which are both used as a reagent and as a nanoparticle stabilizer, as well as the influence of their ratio to Fe(III) acetylacetonate on the properties of particles were investigated. Stable dispersions of NPM were obtained in 1-octadecene within the OA or UA ratio from 3.3 mol to 1 mol of acetylacetonate and up to 5.5 mol/mol. Below the mentioned limit, NPM dispersions were colloidally unstable, and at higher ratios no NPM were formed which could be precipitated by an applied magnetic field. Monodisperse nanoparticles of iron oxides were synthesized with a diameter of 8-13 nm and 11-16 nm using OA and UA, respectively. The organic shell that enables the particle to be dispersed in organic media, in the case of oleic acid, covers their inorganic core only with a layer similar to the monomolecular layer, whereas the undecylenic acid forms a thicker layer, which is 65% of the particle mass. The result is a significantly different resistance to oxidation of the nanoparticle inorganic cores. The core of the particles synthesized using oleic acid is composed of more than 90% of maghemite. When undecylenic acid is used for the synthesis, the core is composed of 75% of magnetite.

Effects of overfeeding on liver lipid metabolism in mule ducks based on transcriptomics and metabolomics

ABSTRACT 1. In this study, transcriptomics and metabolomics were used to analyse changes in gene expression and metabolites in the liver of 70-d-old mule ducks after 10 and 20 d of continuous overfeeding. 2. In the free-feeding group, 995 differentially expressed genes and 51 metabolites (VIP >1, P < 0.05) were detected in the early stage, and 3,448 differentially expressed genes and 55 metabolites (VIP >1, P < 0.05) were detected in the later stage. There were 775 differentially expressed genes and 47 metabolites (VIP >1, P < 0.05) detected in the early stage of the overfeeding group, and 6,719 differentially expressed genes and 57 metabolites (VIP >1, P < 0.05) detected in the later stage. 3. There were no significant differences between the early stage in the overfeeding and free-feeding groups at the transcriptional and metabolic levels. Oleic acid and palmitic acid synthesis increased in the early stage of the overfeeding and free-feeding groups, however, these were inhibited in the late stage. Fatty acid oxidation and β-oxidation pathways were inhibited and insulin resistance was enhanced significantly in the late overfeeding stage. 4. In the early stage, the digestion and absorption of fat in the overfeeding and free-feeding groups were enhanced. In the later stage, the ability to store triglyceride in the overfeeding group was greater than in the free-feeding group. 5. The expression of nuclear factor κB (NFκB), a key inflammatory factor, was inhibited in the late stage of overfeeding, while arachidonic acid (AA), a metabolite with anti-inflammatory properties, increased in the late stage of overfeeding to inhibit the inflammatory effects caused by excessive lipid accumulation. These results add to the understanding of the mechanism of production of fatty liver in mule ducks and facilitate the development of treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Metabolomics analysis reveals that MeJA treatment induces postharvest blueberry resistance to Botrytis cinerea

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is a berry with high nutritional and economic value, but it can easily be infected by Botrytis cinerea during postharvest storage. Our previous research has demonstrated that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment can restrain the development of gray mold decay in blueberries. However, the crucial metabolic-product response to MeJA treatment has not yet been elucidated definitely. In this study, metabolomics was used to study the effect of MeJA on the metabolism level of blueberry fruit infected by B. cinerea. A total of 782 differential metabolites were screened, and results of principal component analysis showed that MeJA treatment induced obvious changes in the metabolic profile of blueberry fruit. MeJA treatment activated the phenylpropane metabolic pathway and promoted the accumulation of rutin, quercetin, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, sinapic acid, and hyperin in blueberry fruits. MeJA also enhanced the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids and induced the synthesis of aspartate, phenylalanine, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and γ-linolenic acid. This enhancement may be related to MeJA inducing the glycolysis pathway and TCA cycle in blueberry fruit to provide sufficient energy and carbon skeleton. Overall, this study highlighted the differential metabolites after MeJA treatment during blueberry infection by B. cinerea and provided a basis for the formulation of new control strategies.

P-161 The role that endogenous oleic acid synthesis plays in cell proliferation and expression of folliculogenesis markers in ovarian granulosa cells

Abstract Study question Does a deficiency of endogenous oleic acid synthesis affect cell proliferation and the expression of folliculogenesis markers in the ovarian granulosa cell line COV434? Summary answer Endogenous oleic acid synthesis supports cell proliferation and the expression of folliculogenesis markers, which are possibly linked to oocyte maturation. What is known already The endogenous synthesis of the monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid from saturated fatty acids is catalysed by stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD). Previous studies have suggested that lipid monounsaturation may promote steroidogenesis and oocyte development. However, the potential role of endogenous oleic acid synthesis in folliculogenesis remains virtually unexplored. Autophagy related 14 (ATG14), growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) play essential roles in follicular development via promotion of proliferation and maturation of ovarian granulosa cells. Study design, size, duration Immortalized granulosa cells (COV434) were cultured, treated with a specific SCD inhibitor (SCDi) and supplemented with or without oleic acid for 48 h. The cells were cultured for a further 24 h in normal media. The cell culture medium was then discarded and the cells were washed before a viability assay or RNA extraction was performed. RNA extraction was followed by cDNA synthesis and real-time PCR assessment. All experiments were conducted three times in duplicate. Participants/materials, setting, methods Cell proliferation was determined using a crystal violet viability assay. The expression of the folliculogenesis markers ATG14, GDF9, STAT3 and FOXO1 was analysed using TaqMan real-time PCR. Main results and the role of chance The cell proliferation rate was considerably lower in SCDi-treated cells compared to untreated control cells (-50%, p &amp;lt; 0.01), and the effect was fully recovered by adding oleic acid to the SCDi-conditioned cells. SCDi treatment led to significant decreases in ATG14 (-90%), GDF9 (-86%), STAT3 (-62%) and FOXO1 (-93%) (p &amp;lt; 0.01) compared with the baseline control levels. Oleic acid was found to partially, but significantly, suppress the inhibitory effect of SCDi on the expression of the folliculogenesis markers. The rescue effect of oleic acid was significantly stronger after an extended culture time following SCDi treatment. Limitations, reasons for caution Further studies need to be performed, possibly with primary cell cultures, to confirm these effects. Wider implications of the findings The involvement of the endogenous synthesis of oleic acid in ovarian granulosa cell functionality is relevant to reproductive disorders that affect oogenesis. Trial registration number not applicable

The Sunflower WRINKLED1 Transcription Factor Regulates Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Genes through an AW Box Binding Sequence with a Particular Base Bias.

Sunflower is an important oilseed crop in which the biochemical pathways leading to seed oil synthesis and accumulation have been widely studied. However, how these pathways are regulated is less well understood. The WRINKLED1 (WRI1) transcription factor is considered a key regulator in the control of triacylglycerol biosynthesis, acting through the AW box binding element (CNTNG(N)7CG). Here, we identified the sunflower WRI1 gene and characterized its activity in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. We studied its role as a co-regulator of sunflower genes involved in plastidial fatty acid synthesis. Sunflower WRI1-targets included genes encoding the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the α-CT and BCCP genes, genes encoding ACPs and the fatty acid synthase complex, together with the FATA1 gene. As such, sunflower WRI1 regulates genes involved in seed plastidial fatty acid biosynthesis in a coordinated manner, establishing a WRI1 push and pull strategy that drives oleic acid synthesis for its export into the cytosol. We also determined the base bias at the N positions in the active sunflower AW box motif. The sunflower AW box is sequence-sensitive at the non-conserved positions, enabling WRI1-binding. Moreover, sunflower WRI1 could bind to a non-canonical AW-box motif, opening the possibility of searching for new target genes.

Methane assisted catalyst synthesis and catalytic conversion of oleic acid

CH4-assisted synthesis of ZSM-5 enhances deoxygenation of oleic acid with methane as a co-reactant. Synthesis under CH4 environment produces a potential memory effect, yielding benzylic site and CO2 incorporation of the CH4 species.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals genes related to the rapid accumulation of oleic acid in Camellia chekiangoleosa, an oil tea plant with early maturity and large fruit

Camellia chekiangoleosa has a higher oleic acid content and a shorter reproductive cycle than typical oil tea plants. It was intensively sampled over six C. chekiangoleosa seed development stages. The content of fatty acids determined by GC showed that the accumulation of fatty acids gradually increased from the S1 to S5 stages, and the maximum concentration was reached in S5. Then, fatty acids declined slightly in S6. The main fatty acid component showed the same accumulation trend as the total fatty acids, except linolenic acid, which remained at a low level throughout seed developmental stages. Changes in the expression of fatty acid accumulation-related genes were monitored using second-generation and SMRT full-length transcriptome sequencing. Finally, 18.92 G accurate and reliable data were obtained. Differential expression analysis and weighted coexpression analysis revealed two “gene modules” significantly associated with oleic acid and linoleic acid contents, and the high expression of ENR, KAS I, and KAS II, which accumulate substrates for oleic acid synthesis, was thought to be responsible for the rapid accumulation of fatty acids in the early stage. The rapid increase in fatty acids in the second stage may be closely related to the synergy between the high expression of SAD and low expression of FAD2. In addition, many transcription factors, such as ERF, GRAS, GRF, MADS, MYB and WRKY, may be involved in the fatty acid synthesis. Our data provide a rich resource for further studies on the regulation of fatty acid synthesis in C. chekiangoleosa.

Cloning and characterisation of a Δ9 fatty acyl desaturase-like gene from the red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) and its expression analysis under cold stress.

Desaturase is one of the key enzymes in the unsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway. Δ9 desaturase catalyzes the synthesis of oleic acid from stearic acid by introducing double bonds in the 9th and 10th carbon chains, thereby increasing the content of MUFAs in the body. In order to explore the main function of the Δ9 desaturase gene under low temperature stress, RACE-PCR technology was used in this study to clone the full-length sequence of the CqFAD9-like from the hepatopancreas of red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. The full length of the sequence is 1236 bp, and the open reading frame is 1041 bp, encoding 346amino acid residues. The 5 'UTR is 116 bp, the 3' UTR is 79 bp, and the 3 'UTR contains a PloyA tail. The predicted theoretical isoelectric point and molecular weight are 8.68 and 40.28kDa, respectively. Homology analysis showed that the sequence had the highest similarity with FAD9 from crustaceans. The results of real-time PCR showed that the expression level of this gene was highest in the hepatopancreas, which was significantly higher than other tissues, followed by the ovaries, brain ganglion and stomach. At the same time, the expression of the CqFAD9-like in hepatopancreas of crayfish cultured at 25, 20, 15 and 9°C for four weeks was detected. The results showed that expression of the FAD9 gene increased gradually with decreasing temperature, indicating that metabolic desaturation might play a regulatory role during cold stress.

Azelaic Acid: A Bio-Based Building Block for Biodegradable Polymers.

Azelaic acid is a dicarboxylic acid containing nine C atoms, industrially obtained from oleic acid. Besides its important properties and pharmacological applications, as an individual compound, azelaic acid has proved to be a valuable bio-based monomer for the synthesis of biodegradable and sustainable polymers, plasticizers and lubricants. This review discusses the studies and the state of the art in the field of the production of azelaic acid from oleic acid, the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of bio-based oligo and polyester and their properties, including biodegradability and biocompostability.

Pengaruh Oleamida Terhadap Karakteristik Pematangan Karet Alam Terisi Silika

The purpose of this study was as a feasibility study of the utilization of oleamide as a new additive for natural rubber (NR) filled with silica using the semi-efficient vulcanization system. Silica fillers used as much as 30 parts per hundred parts rubber (phr). Oleamide was obtained from the synthesis of oleic acid with urea. Oleamide was inserted into the silica filled NR compounds with the varied composition of 0.0 phr; 2.0 phr; 4.0 phr; 6.0 phr, and 8.0 phr. The influence of oleamide on the curing characteristic of the silica filled NR compounds was observed. It was obtained that the oleamide functions as a curative and also a plasticizer. The greater the levels of oleamide added, the shorter the scorch time and optimum curing time were. Oleamide also decreased the minimum torque with addition up to 8.0 phr. The greater the levels of oleamide was, the lower the minimum torque was. Oleamide also increased the maximum torque and torque difference of the silica-filled NR composites at the addition of 2.0 phr. The 2.0 phr was the optimum composition of the oleamide.

Synthesis and characterization of palm oleic acid based polyester for bioplastic applications

Oleic acid (OA) is a monounsaturated fatty acid and natural constituent of a number of foods, particularly plant oils. In this work, palm OA epoxidation was performed using formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The epoxidation of OA showed that the relative conversion of oxirane oxygen (RCO) 97.4% with 85.3 % yield. The FTIR spectrum of epoxide oleic acid (EOA) clearly showed the signals at 1701 and 845 cm -1 attributed to C=O (carboxylic acid) and oxirane ring groups, respectively. The 1 H and 13 C NMR analysis showed the chemical shift of (-CH-O-CH-) group at 2.93 and the 54.30-57.40 ppm, respectively, for EOA. The bioplastic polyester was prepared from EOA as monomer through the polycondensation polymerization at 120 °C with different polymerization times (6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 hr). The synthesized bioplastic polyester showed about 97 % yield. The FTIR spectra showed the peaks of C=O and C-O of ester carbonyl group appeared at 1735 cm -1 and 1244 cm -1 respectively. The 1 H NMR showed the proton ester group -COO-CH- an appeared at 4.7 ppm while the 13 C NMR showed C=O ester appeared at 173.79 ppm. The molecular weights of bioplastic polyester were between 1963 g/mol to 5501 g/mol and having a glass transition of -19 °C. The thermal degradations of the bioplastic polyester occurred at temperatures higher than 328 °C. The synthesized bioplastic is plausible to be used as plastic wrapping material.

P–596 Association of oleic acid production in cumulus-granulosa cells with glutathione of in vitro matured oocytes

Abstract Study question Does oleic acid production in cumulus-granulosa cells affect glutathione levels of in vitro matured oocytes? Summary answer Oleic acid availability in cumulus-granulosa cells is associated with a higher glutathione level in in vitro matured oocytes. What is known already The monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid is de novo synthesized by desaturation of stearic acid and can promote steroidogenesis and oocyte development in vitro. The endogenous antioxidant glutathione content in metaphase II oocyte is significantly higher than immature stages and is related to the normal oocyte maturation. Study design, size, duration Mouse germinal vesicles were co-cultured for 24 hours, during in vitro maturation, with granulosa cells treated with a specific inhibitor of oleic acid synthesis alone or in combination with oleic acid. Participants/materials, setting, methods Fluorescence staining was used to assess the glutathione content of mouse metaphase II oocytes following in vitro maturation as an indicator of cytoplasmic maturation. Glutathione was stained using Cell Tracker Blue –CMAC for 30 min at 37 °C. After being washed in fresh media, stained oocytes were photographed by a fluorescence microscope. Cell area and associated fluorescence were quantified in 20 metaphase II mouse oocytes randomly chosen from in vitro matured oocytes for each condition. Main results and the role of chance The intracellular glutathione content was profoundly lower in metaphase II oocytes obtained from co-cultures with inhibitor-treated cumulus-granulosa cells than with the control cumulus cells (–50%, p &amp;lt; 0.01). Oleic acid effectively recovered the negative effect of inhibitor on glutathione level nearly up to the level of the mock-treated cells. Limitations, reasons for caution The findings are limited to metaphase II. Measurement at more advanced stages of oocyte development is of interest. Inhibition of cellular fatty acid synthesis was performed solely with a specific chemical. Wider implications of the findings: Involvement of the oleic acid availability for cumulus-granulosa cells in normal oocyte maturation may be of relevance in reproductive disorders, particularly in the pathological mechanism of impaired oogenesis. Trial registration number 400/3226

Response of qualitative yield and fatty acids combination in groundnut oil to intercropped system with corn and combined application of chemical phosphorus and bio-fertilizers

Background and objectives: Intercropping is a possible pathway for sustainable increases in crop yields (10). Researchers have reported that intercropping system with legumes led to maximum maize gain (24) and biological yield (4). Ghasemi et al. (2011) reported that grain yield in maize was the highest when the combination of chemical and bio-fertilizers were used (8). Materials and Methods: This experiment was performed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design in 2017 and 2018 cropping deasons with three replications in Rasht, Iran. Five rate of phosphorus fertilizer (zero, 50, 100 kg/ha as super phosphate triple, 50 kg/ha as super phosphate triple + 200 g phosphate barvar2 and 100 kg/ha as super phosphate triple + 200 g of phosphate barvar2) and corn and groundnut sol cropping, and mixed cultivation of one row of corn + one row of peanuts (1: 1), two rows of corn + one row of peanut (1: 2), one row of corn + two rows of peanut (2: 1) comprised experimental treatments. Results: In this experiment, phosphorus fertilizer × intercropping system effect on all measured characteristics was significant at 5 % probability level. The greatest grain yield (2360 kg/ha), oil yield (1182 kg/ha), grain protein percentage (27.70 %), protein yield (591 kg/ha) and palmitic acid (10.58 %) were obtained in response to the application of 100 kg/ha super phosphate triple along with 200 g phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer under groundnut sol cropping system. The greatest grain oil percentage (53.45 %) and oleic acid (66.63 %) as the most important unsaturated fatty acid in groundnut oil were obtained in response to the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer as super phosphate triple, under groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 planting rows. But, the highest rate of linoleic acid (32.17 %) was observed in groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:1 planting rows as affected by the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer as super phosphate triple plus 200 g phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer. Conclusion: Results showed that the combined application of chemical phosphorus and bio-fertilizers enhanced groundnut grain yield that could causes by the improvement of yield components, enhancement of plant growth and nutrients absorption and increment of photosynthesis in groundnut plants. Apart application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer increased oleic acid synthesis and quality of groundnut oil. The application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer and groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 improved groundnut oil quality. But, integrated application of chemical phosphorus (super phosphate triple) plus phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer enhanced quantitative yield of groundnut. In this experiment, groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 and integrated application of chemical phosphorus plus phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer could be recommendable to enhance grain yield of groundnut per unit area.

Synthesis and Characterization of Green Biodegradable Palm Oleic Acid Based Polyester

The palm oleic acid-based polyester was prepared from epoxidized oleic acid (EOA) as a monomer through the polycondensation polymerization at 120 °C with different polymerization times (6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 hr), respectively. The synthesized palm oleic acid-based polyester (POABP) showed about 97% yield. The FTIR spectrum showed the peaks of C=O and C-O of the ester carbonyl group appeared at 1735 cm-1 and 1244 cm-1, respectively. The 1H NMR showed the proton ester group -COO-CH- appeared at 4.7 ppm, while the 13C NMR showed C=O ester appeared at 173.79 ppm, respectively. The polyester molecular weights were between 1963 g/mol to 5501 g/mol and having a glass transition temperature of -19°C. The thermal degradations of the polyester occurred at temperatures higher than 328°C. The synthesized palm oleic acid-based polyester may be used as a precursor in the plastic industry.