Synthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Physicochemical Investigations of Magnetite Persulfate Ozone Hybrid System for the Removal of Tartrazine Dye from Aqueous Solution

ABSTRACT This study involved the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles by co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were subsequently evaluated for their catalytic efficacy in the degradation and ozonation of tartrazine dye (TTD), employing sodium persulfate as a catalyst both in the presence and absence of ozone. The material characterization revealed that synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were proven to have a crystalline structure by XRD. While spherical agglomerates with a flower-like morphology were revealed by the SEM, similarly FT-IR detected Fe – O – Fe and O – H bond vibrations, boosting surface area and catalytic activity. The degradation of the TTD was assessed in a laboratory-scale reactor, and its progress was monitored using UV-visible spectrophotometry. A comparative analysis of the two methods revealed that the catalytic ozonation demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the catalytic degradation, achieving a maximum degradation of 94.35% within 25 min of contact time. Optimal degradation parameters included a TTD concentration of 50 ppm, magnetite dosage of 0.75 g, persulfate concentration of 8 mm, and ozone inlet concentration of 5 g/L at pH 3. Evaluation of the degradation kinetics indicated the second-order kinetics model as the most appropriate, suggesting a physicochemical nature of the dye removal process. Furthermore, the study demonstrates enhanced efficiency in TTD decomposition compared to conventional methods.

In situ synthesis of nano-CeO2 and chitosan composite

Nanosized cerium oxide (CeO2) particles were prepared by co-precipitation method using chitosan as a template, cerium (III) nitrate and cerium (IV) sulfate as starting materials and aqueous ammonia solution as a precipitating agent. XRD data indicate that cerianite with face-centered cubic phase is formed in the reaction systems. The size of the coherent scattering regions is about 3 nm or less. FTIR spectroscopy data indicate the interaction of polymer molecules with the inorganic component. The shift of absorption bands related to N-H bonds for composites with Ce(III) and Ce(IV) compared to chitosan indicates the interaction of amino groups with CeO2 particles. The application of chitosan as a matrix for the synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles showed that this approach is more economical and easier to produce nanomaterials for various applications.

Synthesis and EMI shielding study of Ni (II) semicarbazone driven nickel nanoparticles

Herein, we report the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs) from Ni (II) complexes of cyclic semicarbazone derivatives and their electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding behaviour. Ni (II) complexes of cyclic semicarbazones were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic tools. It was observed that such complexes are excellent precursors for the synthesis of Ni-NPs when reduced by hydrazine hydrate. It is expected that the reaction kinetics will be ably normalized by the presence of semicarbazone ligand and that upon dissociation and partial consumption during nano-particle formation, will provide an added advantage of mild functionality around the particles. Overall various nickel complexes obtained from cyclic semicarbazones were tested as an effective precursor for the synthesis of Ni-NPs which were characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, and AFM, and their magnetic behaviour was studied by VSM. EMI shielding efficiency of flexible Ni/PVA composite films showed shielding efficiency of about minus (−) 30 dB in X-band (8–12 GHz) for about 25 % loading in the PVA matrix.

Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Noble Metal Nanoparticles and In Situ-Decorated Carbon-Supported Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts Using Hypergolic Reactions

Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Noble Metal Nanoparticles and In Situ-Decorated Carbon-Supported Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts Using Hypergolic Reactions

Ag induced plasmonic TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical under visible light: Insights into mechanism, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity studies

Global concerns include water scarcity and shortage, which are escalated by organic pollutants such as naproxen (NPX) that deteriorate drinking water and taint access to safe drinking water by humans. Moreover, NPX may cause gastrointestinal difficulties, cardiovascular risks, kidney damage, allergic reactions, liver toxicity, bleeding issues and pregnancy risks, hence it is essential to remove it in water. Ag-TiO2 was synthesized by hydrothermal method for NPX degradation. Ag on TiO2 reduced the band gap and surface area of TiO2 and resulted in a plasmonic Ag-TiO2 composite of 0.2 % Ag. The photocatalytic degradation of 0.2 % Ag-TiO2 was 80 % in 180 minutes using a solar simulator during NPX degradation with a first order reaction rate that was 3.6 times faster than that of pure TiO2 and the catalyst showed good stability for four cycles. The dual activity of Ag0 surface plasmon resonance improved light absorption capability and enhanced charge transfer for increased photodegradation rate and stability. The antibacterial studies demonstrated that 0.2 % Ag-TiO2 posted strong antibacterial properties under light irradiation and less in the dark, with a greater effect on gram-negative than gram-positive bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 620, 1250, 2500, 2500 µg/mL were attained against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and S. typhimurium bacteria, respectively. The low cell toxicity of 0.2 % Ag-TiO2 was determined using human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 61.09 ± 0.24 µg/mL under light irradiation. Radical trapping experiments demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals (OH•) played a vital role during the degradation and bactericidal activity of NPX under light irradiation. This work advances new insights on the synthesis of less toxic nanoparticles with high photocatalytic and bactericidal activity for possible applications at industrial scale.

Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles and their promising antimicrobial effects

Silver nanoparticles have garnered significant interest due to their unique properties, such as small size, high specific surface area, and high reactivity, making them valuable in various industries, including medicine, healthcare, consumer products, and food. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been extensively studied, with numerous methods reported, including physical, chemical, and biological routes. These synthesis methods can influence the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles, which is critical in hospital settings where pathogen exposure and antibiotic resistance are prevalent concerns. Notably, hospital environments face high infection risks from pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, necessitating new antibacterial agents. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effects of synthesized silver nanoparticles against the pathogenic microorganisms S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The Silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The nanoparticles had an average size of 52 nm and exhibited an absorption peak at 430 nm. Both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa demonstrated zones of inhibition when exposed to the silver nanoparticles, indicating their potent antibacterial activity. This study highlights the potential of silver nanoparticles as effective antibacterial agents in the healthcare industry, particularly in combating hospital-acquired infections.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lepidium sativum seed mucilage as a bioreductant/capping agent for efficient antibacterial and photocatalytic activities

Contamination of aquatic resources with organic dyes and pathogenic bacteria ranks among the most serious threats to human survival and the environment. The current work investigated L. sativum seed mucilage as a reducing and capping agent for Ag NPs. From UV–vis spectroscopy, the characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak and the band gap energy of as-fabricated NPs were 440 nm and 2.07 eV, respectively. SEM revealed irregular-shaped NPs with an average diameter of 73.85 nm and EDX disclosed Ag along with C, O, and Si from mucilage’s biomolecules. The antibacterial and antibiofilm results showed higher inhibitory effects against the Gram-positive (B. cereus) than the Gram-negative (E. coli, and E. aerogenes) bacteria. The biosynthesized NPs were impressive in degrading methylene blue (MB, 89.45 %) and methyl orange (MO, 84.78 %) under optimized conditions viz., dye solution (20 ppm), photocatalyst dose (5 mg), light intensity (UV index of 10 +), and irradiation time (120 min). The kinetic data strongly supported the pseudo-first order model with maximum adsorption capacities of 787.40 and 724.64 mg/g for MB and MO, respectively as determined through the Langmuir isotherm model. The photocatalyst exhibited sufficient stability even after six repeated cycles, highlighting its suitability for industrial and commercial applications.

Efficacy of zinc and copper oxide nanoparticles as heat and corrosion-resistant pigments in paint formulations

This study focuses on the synthesis of zinc and copper oxide nanoparticles using green methods by plant extracts. The resulting metal oxides were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, TEM, zeta potential and assessed for their efficacy as pigments based on properties such as Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Oil absorption, Moisture Content, Fineness of grinding, Bleeding, and loss on ignition. The results confirmed that the prepared ZnO and CuO nanoparticles exhibited the formation of nanoparticles in the range of 10–40 nm with potential as pigments. Two paint formulations incorporating these nanoparticles and silicon resins as binders were tested for physico-mechanical attributes, chemical resistance, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance of the dry paint films. The study found that the films containing the prepared oxides demonstrated excellent performance, with no damage or color alteration observed after exposure to temperatures up to 500 °C. Moreover, the paint films containing ZnO nanoparticles showed superior efficiency after a 500 h salt spray test compared to those with CuO nanoparticles. These findings suggest that the synthesized mixed oxide nanoparticles are promising candidates for heat-resistant pigment applications.

Electrochemical synthesis of bimetallic Cu-Cd nanoparticles via sequential electrodeposition and co-electrodeposition and involved alloy formation

Electrochemical synthesis of bimetallic Cu-Cd nanoparticles via sequential electrodeposition and co-electrodeposition and involved alloy formation

Optimization of Cassava-Peel Derived Nanostarch Via Sulphuric Acid Hydrolysis Using Taguchi Method

Untreated cassava peel waste generated during harvesting and processing poses significant environmental challenges. Synthesis of starch nanoparticles from cassava peels for various applications offers a sustainable solution to waste reduction and contributes to environmental conservation. The unique characteristics of nanostarch such as thermal stability, high solubility, non-toxicity, and low cost enable its application in the food industry, cosmetics, enhanced oil recovery, and textiles. The current study employed the Taguchi method design to optimize sulphuric acid hydrolysis in synthesizing cassava peel-derived nanostarch. Additionally, the derived cassava peel nanostarch was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Starch was extracted from cassava peels, followed by synthesizing starch nanoparticles via sulphuric acid hydrolysis. Optimization of nanostarch synthesis was based on randomized experimental runs using the Taguchi method generated by the Minitab software, with the experiments conducted in duplicates. The optimum conditions for the experiment were found to be 3 hours, at 25°C using an H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>acid concentration of 2M. These conditions produced a yield of 92.28%. ANOVA analysis identified sulphuric acid concentration as the most significant factor that affected cassava nanostarch yield, with p-values of 0.026 and 0.003 for the signal to noise (S/N) ratios and means, respectively. The least significant factor based on the analysis was the hydrolysis time. However, according to the S/N ratios main effect plot, the most optimum conditions predicted by the Taguchi method design was 9 hours, 25°C using H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>acid concentration of 2M. A confirmation experiment conducted at 25°C, using an H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>acid concentration of 2M for 9 hours gave a nanostarch yield of 97.01%. In conclusion, the Taguchi method design identified sulphuric acid concentration as the most significant factor in synthesizing cassava peel-derived nanostarch via acid hydrolysis.

Facile Synthesis, Sintering, and Optical Properties of Single-Nanometer-Scale SnO2 Particles with a Pyrrolidone Derivative for Photovoltaic Applications

We investigate the preparation of mesoscopic SnO2 nanoparticulate films using a Sn(IV) hydrate salt combined with a liquid pyrrolidone derivative to form a homogeneous precursor mixture for functional SnO2 nanomaterials. We demonstrate that N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) plays a crucial role in forming uniform SnO2 films by both stabilizing the hydrolysis products of Sn(IV) sources and acting as a base liquid during nanoparticle growth. The hydrolysis of Sn(IV) was controlled by adjusting the reaction temperature to as low as 110 °C for 48 h. High-resolution TEM analysis revealed that highly crystalline SnO2 nanoparticles, approximately 3–5 nm in size, were formed. The SnO2 nanoparticles were deposited onto F-doped SnO2 glass and converted into dense particle films through heat treatments at 400 °C and 500 °C. This pyrrolidone-based nanoparticle synthesis enabled the production of not only crystallized SnO2 but also transparent and uniform films, most importantly by controlling the slow hydrolysis of Sn(IV) and polycondensation only with those two chemicals. These findings offer valuable insights for developing stable and uniform electron transport layers of SnO2 in mesoscopic solar cells, such as perovskite solar cells.

Engineered M13-Derived Bacteriophages Capable of Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis and Nanogold Manipulations

For years, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely used in medicine and industry. Although various experimental procedures have been reported for their preparation and manipulation, none of them is optimal for all purposes. In this work, we engineered the N-terminus of the pIII minor coat protein of bacteriophage (phage) M13 to expose a novel HLYLNTASTHLG peptide that effectively and specifically binds gold. In addition to binding gold, this engineered phage could synthesize spherical AuNPs of 20 nm and other sizes depending on the reaction conditions, aggregate them, and precipitate gold from a colloid, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic methods. We demonstrated that the engineered phage exposing a foreign peptide selected from a phage-displayed library may serve as a sustainable molecular factory for both the synthesis of the peptide and the subsequent overnight preparation of AuNPs from gold ions at room temperature and neutral pH in the absence of strong reducing agents, such as commonly used NaBH4. Taken together, the results suggest the potential applicability of the engineered phage and the new, in vitro-identified gold-binding peptide in diverse biomimetic manipulations.

Controlled Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles via QBD for Biomedical Applications

Introduction: Iron oxide nanoparticles have gained significant attention in pharmaceutical applications because of their unique properties. The hydrothermal method is employed for the synthesis of iron nanoparticles [IONPs], which offers advantages such as uniform composition and size distribution. Method: However, the size and properties of IONPs can be influenced by various factors. In this study, we utilized quality by design [QBD] via response surface methodology to investigate the impact of temperature, time, and pH on the size of hydrothermally prepared IONPs. The optimized synthesis conditions were determined, and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as dynamic light scattering [DLS], scanning electron microscopy [SEM], transmission electron microscopy [TEM], vibrating sample magnetometry [VSM], X-ray diffraction [XRD], and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR]. Results: The findings contribute to a better understanding of the controlled synthesis of IONPs and their potential applications in nanomedicine. The XRD characterization revealed that the product was Fe3O4. The FTIR results indicate that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with PEG- 400. The SEM and HRTEM images of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed that they were spherical and had a well-distributed size with an optimized hydrodynamic size of 65 nm. Conclusion: The magnetic properties of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles indicated that they exhibited ferromagnetic properties. These prepared nanoparticles are suitable for biomedical purposes, like serving as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging in different cancers and delivering drugs.

Plant‐Based Biosynthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: An Update on Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity

AbstractNanotechnology has changed and developed all the sectors and working fields. Nanoparticles are one of the important evolutionary materials that have application in almost all the working areas such as catalysis, bioengineering, photoelectricity, antibacterial, anticancer, and medical imaging due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Traditionally used chemical and physical method of synthesis of nanoparticles have several disadvantages like using different chemicals, high cost, and most importantly they are hazardous to the environment. Counter to these disadvantages, a more eco‐friendly, easy, and cost‐effective green synthesis method is widely employed nowadays. Various parts of a plant are used as a fuel for reducing the metal ion salt. Plant extracts act as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents. Besides these advantages, photosynthesized nanoparticles are nontoxic, more stable, and more uniform in size than their counterparts prepared by the traditional method. In this present review, the synthesis of various plant extract‐mediated metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is discussed along with their different applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of key findings in green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and attempts to determine their possible synthesis mechanism. This article also focuses on factors affecting their synthesis, characterization, potential applications, and prospects.

Synthesis of magnetic zirconium oxide-iron oxide nanoparticles composite using chemical precipitation process for Pb (II) adsorption

The exploration and utilization of natural raw zircon minerals in Indonesia, particularly in Central Kalimantan, remain largely untapped in their potential as high-tech and commercially valuable substances with eco-friendly properties, particularly in water and industrial wastewater treatment. The primary objective of this research is to enhance the development and synthesis of natural raw zircon minerals by converting them into zirconium oxide and integrating them with magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticle composite material for zirconium oxide (MNP@ZrO2) was synthesized using the chemical co-precipitation method. Zirconium and its oxides have gained significant application in water and wastewater treatment in recent years. Through chemical co-precipitation processes (MNP@ZrO2), the natural raw zircon minerals were transformed into zirconium oxides and combined with magnetic nanoparticles due to their exceptional potential as effective adsorbents for anions and cations in water and industrial treatment processes. In the utilization of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), magnetic nanoparticles with a diameter of less than 50 nm emerged on the surface of the zirconium crystals within the magnetic nanoparticle composites. X-ray diffraction (X-RD) analysis indicated that the treatment of zirconium minerals resulted in 11.19% decrease in the Crystallinity Index and a significant reduction of 98% in silica content. By maintaining a pH level of approximately 7 ± 0.2 over 360 min with a stirring rate of 150 rpm, and at ambient temperature, the optimal conditions for Pb (II) adsorption were achieved with the adsorption capacity of 68.98 mg/g using MNP@ZrO2 as adsorbent. The successful synthesis of magnetic zirconium oxide-iron oxide nanoparticles at various pH levels using the chemical co-precipitation process has facilitated a comprehensive assessment of their performance in Pb (II) adsorption.

Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Composited with Reduced Graphene Oxide as Fast-Chargeable Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

To address the rapidly growing demand for high performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the development of high-capacity anode materials should focus on the practical perspective of a facile synthetic process. In this work, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) in situ grown on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), denoted as Fe3O4 NPs@rGO, were prepared through a facile one-pot synthesis under the wet-colloidal conditions. The synthesized Fe3O4 NPs showed that uniform Fe3O4 NPs, with a size of around 9 nm, were distributed on the rGO surfaces. When applied as an anode material for LIBs, the Fe3O4 NPs@rGO anode revealed a high reversible capacity of 1191 mAh g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 after 200 cycles. It also exhibited excellent rate performance, achieving 608 mAh g-1 at a current density of 5.0 A g-1 over 500 cycles, with improved electronic and ionic conductivities due to the rGO template. This suggested that practically available anode materials can be developed through our one-pot synthesis by in situ growing the Fe3O4 NPs.

Cu-doped calcium phosphate supraparticles for bone tissue regeneration.

Calcium phosphate (CaP) minerals have shown great promise as bone replacement materials due to their similarity to the mineral phase of natural bone. In addition to biocompatibility and osseointegration, the prevention of infection is crucial, especially due to the high concern of antibiotic resistance. In this context, a controlled drug release as well as biodegradation are important features which depend on the porosity of CaP. An increase in porosity can be achieved by using nanoparticles (NPs), which can be processed to supraparticles, combining the properties of nano- and micromaterials. In this study, Cu-doped CaP supraparticles were prepared to improve the bone substitute properties while providing antibacterial effects. In this context, a modified sol-gel process was used for the synthesis of CaP NPs, where a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.10 resulted in the formation of crystalline β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) after calcination at 1000 °C. In the next step, CaP NPs with Cu2+ (0.5-15.0 wt%) were processed into supraparticles by a spray drying method. Cu release experiments of the different Cu-doped CaP supraparticles demonstrated a long-term sustained release over 14 days. The antibacterial properties of the supraparticles were determined against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, where complete antibacterial inhibition was achieved using a Cu concentration of 5.0 wt%. In addition, cell viability assays of the different CaP supraparticles with human telomerase-immortalized mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC-TERT) exhibited high biocompatibility with particle concentrations of 0.01 mg mL-1 over 72 hours.

A Novel Drug Delivery Platform Against Bacterial Resistance: Synthesis and Characterization of Ciprofloxacin-loaded MCM-41 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle

A Novel Drug Delivery Platform Against Bacterial Resistance: Synthesis and Characterization of Ciprofloxacin-loaded MCM-41 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle

Bioinspired Synthesis of Novel Different Nanoparticles and its Utility in Biodiesel and Animals Applications

Because of its ability to speed up the reaction, the catalyst is critical to its success. Most catalysts are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. It has been shown that utilizing a heterogeneous catalyst, which is easier to remove from the product after the reaction has been finished. Because of the large surface area of the Nano-catalyst results in high catalytic efficiency. To enhance the performance of catalysts a range of various types of support materials have been used. SO42--ZnO and So42-/TiO active acid catalyst was prepared and characterized. ZnO nanoparticles catalyst synthesized by precipitation of zinc nitrate for comparison with supported catalyst. Sulphated zinc oxide (SO42--ZnO) and sulphated titania (SO42-/TiO) catalysts were synthesized using impregnation methods, to test their efficacy in biodiesel production. Various waste oils from different wastes such as mutton or beef tallow, chicken fat, and methanol are preferred to use during the esterification of waste animal fat oils using solid acid catalysts to produce biodiesel. Biodiesel synthesis generates a substantial amount of glycerol as a byproduct. Effect of optimum parameters such as temperature 60 degree centigrade (°C) shown 90% yield, time 1 hour resulted in 85% yield, catalyst dose 2wt% resulted in 80% yield, stirring speed 250rpm resulted in 80% yield, methanol to oil ratio12:1 resulted as 85.5% yield for transesterification of waste fat oil. It is valuable that the supported acid catalysts showed more yield than simply synthesized ZnO nanocatalyst similarly sulphated zinc oxide showed more FAME yield than sulphated titania.

Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of Fatty Acid-Capped ZnO Nanoparticles

In the current study, ZnO nanoparticles were obtained using a chemical process employing zinc acetate as the precursor, followed by thermal processing in air. To prevent agglomeration and increase the stability of ZnO nanoparticles, two unsaturated acids (e.g., elaidic acid and linoleic acid) and two saturated acids (e.g., stearic acid and lauric acid) were selected as capping agents. ZnO nanoparticles were investigated before and after surface modification with different fatty acids. Structural and morphological analyses of the samples were performed using FTIR and RAMAN spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM microscopy, and wetting capacity. Characterization studies revealed that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles present well-defined crystalline structures, with crystallite sizes varying between 26 and 28 nm, and the average particle size was in the range of 10–55 nm (depending on the type of fatty acids used). The goniometric analysis followed the wetting capacity of the sample surface. The study results reveal that the capping agents have a considerable impact on the surface modification of the nanoparticles by increasing the contact angle. By producing nanoparticles with hydrophobic behavior, there is the possibility of opening up future research for their use in various applications across many industrial fields.