Synthesis Of Iron Nanoparticles Research Articles

Essential oil analysis of Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo, and its application in green synthesis of iron nanoparticles to remove Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solutions

Acroptilon repens is a widespread weed in Asia, and has a complicated taxonomy. Recent taxonomical treatment explored that Acroptilon species must be classified in the genus Rhaponticum. Therefore, the scientific name of this species has been converted into Rhaponticum repens. In the current study, essential oil composition, and its ability to green synthesis of iron nanoparticles for future use to adsorb Cr (VI) ions pollution of aquatic solution were evaluated for the first time. The GC-MS analysis revealed oxygenated monoterpenes constituted great proportion of the essential oil, with 1,8-cineole and camphor as the main essential oil components. Several appropriate methods, including UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, DLS, and VSM revealed the green synthesis of a mixture of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles by the extracted essential oil. Sizes of the produced nanoparticles were not equal and detected in the range of 3 to 50 nm, with an average size of 31.5 nm and the magnetic property of 15 emu/g. The green-synthesized nanoparticles could adsorb Cr (VI) ions pollution from aquatic solutions. However, under an optimum condition, the Cr (VI) ions adsorption capacity and removal were 167.6 mg/g and 91%, respectively. Findings revealed the major essential oil composition highly differed from those reported in the previous phytochemical studies. Although the synthesized nanoparticles were not uniform, they could remove Cr (VI) ions pollution.

The Antibacterial Activity of Ginkgo Biloba Extract and Its Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles

Background: The ancient plant species ginkgo biloba is thought to provide numerous health benefits to all living creatures. This plant is very bioactive and has a wide range of chemical constituents. There are several proven pharmacological and therapeutic benefits of G. biloba. Objective: The objectives of the present study were to produce iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), isolate a natural compound from Ginkgo biloba leaves, and evaluate the antibacterial properties of the resultant nanoparticles (NPs). Materials and Methods: Five extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves were produced through various methods: cold water extraction, hot water extraction, cold alcoholic extraction, hot alcoholic extraction, and 70% alcoholic extraction. FeNPs biosynthesis occurred by reacting these Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts with iron sulfate Fe2 (SO4)3. Analysis techniques employed included GC/MS, SEM, XRD, and UV-Vis analysis. Results: The iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) utilized in this using scanning electronic microscopy measurement and UV-VIS spectroscopy, which has a characteristic peak at 217nm, it was possible to detect irregular structures with dimensions of no more than 41 nm. AFM was also used in this study to examine the NPs-Fe's size and morphology. The FTIR measurement also revealed the principal iron oxide bands at 685 and 596cm-1, which are caused by Fe-O vibrational stretching. Bioactivity was also carried out against certain bacteria. Conclusions: Antimicrobial activity showed an inhibiting effect on a variety of harmful bacteria. Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans.

Fabrication of iron nanoparticles using different bioactive precursors, their characterization and bioactivity evaluation

This study deals with the green synthesis of Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using plant extracts of Polygonum plebeium (Knotweed) and Camellia sinensis (Green tea), focusing on their antibacterial potential, biocatalytic action as well as prospective applications as nanofertilizers. Plant materials underwent a thorough cleaning and were processed into aqueous extracts. The synthesis of FeNPs involved blending these extracts with ferric chloride solution, resulting in a versatile nanomaterial that was subjected to various characterization techniques, such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and DLS-Zeta unveiling critical nanoparticle attributes of the synthesized nanoparticles, including the size, crystallinity, morphology, stability, and elemental composition. The synthesized FeNPs exhibited substantial antibacterial activities, against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the biocatalytic properties of the synthesized FeNPs were investigated through dye degradation. These nanoparticles further, were demonstrated for their potential as nanofertilizers, enhancing the germination and growth of tomato and radish seeds. The merging of nanotechnology and plant-based synthesis represents a promising intersection with the capacity to revolutionize diverse fields.

A novel approach for the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using marigold extract, black liquor, and nanocellulose: Effect on marigold growth parameters

This study aimed to investigate a novel method for the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using marigold extract (Calendula officinalis L), kraft pulping black liquor, and nanocellulose. Then, the efficacy of FeNPs as a direct nanofertilizer on the growth parameters of marigold was investigated. Characterization techniques including FESEM, EDX, VSM, and FTIR were used to confirm the successful synthesis of FeNPs. The characterization results confirmed the formation and presence of FeNPs in the 20–100 nm range. FeNPs synthesized with nanocellulose notably enhanced marigold growth parameters compared to other materials. However, all nanoparticle variants, including those from marigold extract and black liquor, improved germination, plant height, root length, and plant dry weight compared to the control. Moreover, treatments exhibited higher available iron and total plant iron levels than the control. Thus, employing 10 mg FeNPs (prepared with 5.0 % nanocellulose) appears optimal for enhancing marigold growth and yield.

Potential Toxicity of <i>Indigofera tinctoria</i> Synthesized Iron Nanoparticles against <i>Aedes aegypti</i>

Mosquitoes are the most important single category of insects, killing millions of people worldwide each year by spreading a variety of diseases. The principal dengue vector Aedes aegypti, is expected to infect 2.5 billion people worldwide, or more than 40% of the world’s population. According to a WHO survey, 50-100 million cases are reported globally each year. Extensive fumigation of synthetic pesticides to control the mosquito vector in Pakistan during each post-monsoon season greatly increased environmental contamination and the loss of beneficial insects from urban environments. This study looked into the larvicidal and pupicidal efficiency of green synthesized iron nanoparticles against Ae. aegypti. Nanoparticles were subjected to several analyses, including UV-Vis, FTIR, FESEM, EDAX, XRD, Zeta Potential, and DLS. Ae. aegypti, the predominant dengue mosquito, was studied for its larvicidal and pupicidal activities. Indigofera tinctoria produced iron nanoparticles with LC50 values ranging from 4.468 ppm (I instar larvae) to 7.952 ppm (pupae). Laboratory experimental studies on larval body tissues, particularly fat cells, fingernail skin and midgut have been carried out. It has been determined the plant synthesis of iron nanoparticles are harmful to Ae. aegypti larval.

Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Pistacia-atlantica leaf extract for enhanced removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution

The discharge of chromium-containing wastewater from various industries into aqueous environments is regarded as an important and challengeable matter due to its high toxicity. The application of conventional methods for eliminating this pollutant are often very expensive and difficult. Therefore, the adsorption process has been introduced as a desirable and effective method for removing chromium ions from aqueous media. In this research, iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) were synthesized using Pistacia-atlantica leaf extract as a reducing agent, then they were characterized by DLS, XRD, FT-IR, FESEM/EDS, and TEM techniques and its effectiveness to eliminate hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) from aqueous solutions was carried out. The capability of the batch adsorption procedure was assessed under different operational factors, such as initial pH, adsorbent dose and initial Cr (VI) concentration. Optimum adsorption conditions were determined at initial pH of 2, Cr (VI) concentration of 25 mg L−1 and adsorbent dose of 0.24 g L−1. Based on the obtained results, the highest removal efficiency (99.9%) by the adsorption process was occurred at pH of 2, concentration of 5 mg L−1 and 30 min of operational time. On the other hand, the results showed that the percentage of the pollutant elevated by increasing the contact time and amount of adsorbent dose, whereas that of was declined by increasing the initial concentration of Cr (VI). Besides, the experimental equilibrium data was evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models, and the outcomes revealed conformity with the Langmuir isotherm model. The Cr (VI) adsorption utilizing Fe-NPs adhered to a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Eventually, thermodynamic studies demonstrated that the adsorption of Cr (VI) onto the surface of the Fe-NPs is endothermic and spontaneous.

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticle, their Characterization Using Melia Azedrach Leaves Extract and its Phytochemical Analysis

The research aimed to create eco-friendly, affordable, and stable Iron Nanoparticles using Melia Azedarach plant extract and FeCl3 salt. The process involved extracting methanol, creating a solution, and combining it with FeCl3 salt. The nanoparticles were analyzed using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The study confirmed the synthesis of nanoparticles through visual examination and UV-Vis analysis, revealing a color shift from green to dark brownish-blackish and a high absorption peak at 430nm.FT-IR data showed a peak in iron nanoparticle samples, indicating O-H stretching in the phenolic group and C=O stretching in the carbonyl group. Phytochemical results showed cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, and steroids in Melia Azedarach plant extract. This research concluded that the Melia Azedarach plant leaf extract has the potential to create easy, affordable, environmentally stable, and biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticles.

An approach for cationic dyes removal from wastewater: Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Prunus avium stems extracts

Metallic nanoparticles with optical, electrical, catalytic, magnetic, and biological properties are structures that can be used in environmental pollution. The use of iron nanoparticles in environmental rehabilitaion is gaining interest due to their large surface area to volume ratio. The aim of this study is to synthesize and characterize iron oxide nanoparticles by using cherry plant extracts through a green synthesis approach, and to evaluate the use of cherry plant extracts as an adsorbent of methylene blue in wastewater. The physicochemical characterization of nanoparticles was performed with UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD spectroscopies, SEM microscopy and Zetasizer particle size analysis. As a result of the experiments, the adsorption percentage increased depending on the time and 67.34% methylene blue removal was achieved at the 150th minute. This study highlights the importance of innovative approaches and the increasing use of biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and economical green materials in applications.

Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles from the baru (Dipteryx alata) endocarp extract for the efficient removal of rhodamine B and caffeine from water through the heterogeneous Fenton process

Abstract This study presents the first-time synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using an aqueous extract from the baru fruit endocarp (Dipteryx alata). Characterization through scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering revealed spherical shapes with an average diameter of 419.2 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified phytochemicals from the baru fruit extract, acting as both reducing and stabilizing agents. X-ray diffraction confirmed the amorphous nature of the FeNPs. The Fenton-like catalytic efficiency of FeNPs was investigated for degrading rhodamine B (RhB) and caffeine. The impact of crucial parameters such as pH, H2O2 dosage, nanoparticles concentration, and temperature on the degradation process was assessed. At pH 3.0, with 1.0 g L−1 of FeNPs, 1% H2O2, and 45 °C, RhB and caffeine degradation reached 99.14 and 92.01%, respectively. The catalytic reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model for caffeine and a pseudo-second-order model for RhB. Phytotoxicity studies on Cucumis sativus confirmed the non-toxic nature of the degraded products of RhB and caffeine. These findings highlight the potential of FeNPs synthesized from the baru endocarp extract as a catalyst for removing organic pollutants, suggesting promising applications in environmental remediation and related fields.

One-step aerosol synthesis of iron nanoparticles coated single-walled carbon nanotubes (Fe@SWCNT) for multifunctional composite textiles with electromagnetic interference shielding properties

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) based nanocomposites demonstrate remarkable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding potential. However, the efficient and rapid fabrication of SWCNT-based nanocomposite remains a technical challenge. This study successfully one-step synthesizes iron (Fe) nanoparticle-enriched SWCNTs (Fe@SWCNT) using the floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) method in the aerosol phase. The aerosol-synthesized Fe@SWCNTs were directly integrated with carbon cloth (CC) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to develop a compelling nanocomposite film for multifunctional EMI shielding. The composite film exhibits exceptional shielding effectiveness of 50.2 dB in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) with absolute shielding effectiveness (SSEt) of 3279.3 dB cm²/g. Notably, the film also displays rapid and uniform electrical heating at low voltages, reaching a temperature of 110.4 °C under a 1.0 V. Overall, this study reveals the potential applications of multifunctional textiles in fields such as EMI shielding, hydrophobicity, and thermal management.

Silver nanoparticles green-formulated by a medicinal plant for the treatment of pancreatic, colorectal, and gastric cancers

Pancreatic, colorectal, and gastric cancers are common cancers with severe clinical signs. Finding a new anticancer supplement or drug inside of the chemotherapeutic drug is valuable. We synthesized iron nanoparticles containing pomegranate fruit aqueous extract for investigating anti-pancreatic cancer, anti-colorectal cancer, and anti-gastric cancer, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant effects. The AgNPs synthesized using green formulation underwent characterization through FT-IR, UV–Vis, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. The UV–Vis spectroscopy analysis revealed that the nanoparticles displayed peak absorption at around 442 nm. The peaks at 77.105, 64.205, 44.180, and 37.835 corresponding to silver nanoparticles (311), (220), (200), and (111) diffraction planes, indicate the AgNPs formation. The signals at energy of 2.64 and 3.02 keV are assigned for Ag Lα and Ag Lβ. The signals 0.27 (for C Lα) and 0.52 (O Lα) prove the secondary metabolites linkage of extract to the synthetic silver nanoparticles surface. In vitro experiments, after 3–4 passages, the cancer cells (colorectal carcinoma (Ramos.2G6.4C10 and HT-29), gastric cancer (KATO III and MKN45), and pancreatic cancer (MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1)) and normal cell (HUVEC) were prepared in number and morphology terms. After separating the cells from the flask surface using trypsin-EDTA, the viability and count of the cells were evaluated. Subsequently, a total of 3 × 103 cells were cultured, with the option of including or excluding nanoparticles. IC50 of silver nanoparticles was 183, 209, 203, 218, 228, and 157 on Ramos.2G6.4C10, HT-29, KATO III, MKN45, MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1 cancer cells. In this research, the maximum antioxidant effectiveness against DPPH was documented to be around 100 % when tested 1000 μg/ml.

Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using mulberry leaf extract: characterization, identification of active biomolecules, and catalytic activity.

The synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles (Fe NPs) using traditional preparation methods suffered from the disadvantages of high cost, environmental harm, and easy agglomeration. In this study, a novel eco-friendly method was proposed for the synthesis of iron nanomaterials (ML-Fe NPs): using antioxidant components extracted from mulberry leaf to reduce divalent iron (II). The preparation conditions of ML-Fe NPs were optimized by orthogonal tests. The prepared ML-Fe NPs exhibited an amorphous core-shell structure, displaying excellent dispersion and stability. During the synthesis process of ML-Fe NPs, the polyphenol molecules in mulberry leaf extract played a dominant role. A possible synthetic mechanism involving complexation, reduction, and encapsulation was proposed. Furthermore, the ML-Fe NPs were utilized to construct an ML-Fe NPs/peroxymonosulfate catalytic system for the degradation of Rhodamine B dye wastewater. The ML-Fe NPs demonstrated remarkable catalytic potential, achieving a 99% degradation efficiency for Rhodamine B within a span of 40min.

Optimization and chemical free fabrication of green synthesized iron nanoparticles as potential MRI contrast agent.

The current research article has investigated the synthesis and characterization of novel iron nanoparticles (INPs) from neem and betel leaves extract combination using response surface methodology-central composite design and coated with chitosan-curcumin (CCINPs) as a biocompatible and contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The coating of INPs with chitosan and curcumin (CCINPs) was carried out using a simple, easy, chemical-free ultrasonication method and characteristics were confirmed by UV-visible (Vis) spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The biocompatibility of the particles was ensured by conducting hemolytic and cell viability assays. The nanoparticle was found to be nonhemolytic (<5%) up to 150μg/mL for both INPs and CCINPs. The cell viability was stable (peripheral blood mononuclear cells-PBMCs) till 48h at 150μg/mL of INPs and CCINPs. Both the test results produced were found to be biocompatible and additionally, an in vitro MRI study of INPs and CCINPs demonstrated the efficiency of the nanoparticle as a negative contrast agent with enhanced contrast nature in CCINPs. Thus, overall results indicate that the green synthesized chemical-free novel CCINPs could be a potential candidate for a wide range of applications such as MRI, drug delivery, and in magnetic fluid hyperthermia.

Synthesis of Green Iron Nanoparticles Using Henna Plant Extract for Seed Germination and Vegetative Growth of Trigonella foenum-graecumL

This paper presents the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs). Iron sulfate served as the substrate and henna extract as the reducing agent in the synthesis of FeNPs. FeNPs were analyzed using a variety of techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, nano zeta-sizer analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). By using UV-visible spectroscopy, the electron transition band of iron oxide, or the peak at 291 nm, was found to be the source of the FeNPs. The characteristic bands of iron oxide were detected at 790 by FTIR. These bands are associated with the stretching vibration of Fe-O at 1022 and 1516 cm-1. to determine how applying different combinations of nano-fertilizers affects the growth and yield of fenugreek. The experiment consisted of nine treatments. The results demonstrated that T8 performed better than the other treatments in terms of all elements of vegetative development and yield contents. The T8 yields plant height of 43.12 cm, fresh weight of 30.41g, dry weight of 2.44g, seed weight of 5.09g, and pod weight of 7.39g with an increase rate of (55.56, 82.97, 162.36, 105.24, and 122.59)%.

Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Syzygium aromaticum extracts and their applications: Nitrate removal, malachite green degradation and antibacterial activity

In recent years, the use of green synthesized nanoparticles has emerged as a promising approach to address the challenges associated with environmental pollution. The contamination of water resources, particularly the rise in nitrate and textile dye concentrations poses serious risks to both human health and aquatic ecosystems, promoting eutrophication. In this regard, the current study aimed to synthesize iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) from Syzygium aromaticum extract and characterize their physicochemical properties using various analytical techniques, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV–Visible (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The synthesized nanomaterials were then tested for their efficiency in removing nitrate and degrading the malachite green (MG) in aquatic systems. The batch experiments demonstrated that the green synthesized zero-valent iron particles (SA-FeNPs) and magnetite particles (SA-MNPs), using clove extract, removed 43 % and 36 % of nitrate, respectively, and degraded 29 % and 63 % of MG. These results suggest the feasibility of using green synthesized nanoparticles as a potential remediation strategy for addressing the issue of water pollution. Moreover, the nitrate removal and MG degradation by SA-FeNPs and SA-MNPs followed the pseudo-second-order adsorption model (∼R2 = 0.99) in the kinetic study. The findings of the study demonstrate the potential of green synthesized FeNPs for their effectiveness in removing nitrate and degrading MG in aquatic systems. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized FeNPs was evaluated against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The green synthesized FeNPs demonstrated good antibacterial activity, suggesting their potential to be used as an alternative material for developing effective antimicrobial agents. The results highlight the importance of green synthesis of FeNPs using Syzygium aromaticum extract as a sustainable approach for nitrate removal, MG degradation, and antibacterial activity in aquatic systems.

Mycogenic synthesis of iron nanoparticles using thermophilic mould Myceliophthora thermophila and their applicability in environmental remediation

Culture extract of thermophilic mould Myceliophthora thermophila BJTLRMDU7 played important role in the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). The mould was grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) at 45 °C and 200 rpm for 72 h. A colour change from transparent to reddish brown showed the synthesis of FeNPs due to the surface plasmon resonance by the fungal culture extract. The process for the synthesis of nanoparticles was optimized using different reaction conditions. Biogenic iron nanoparticles were synthesized maximally at 50 °C and pH 5.0 after 24 h using 2 mM salt solution and one ml culture extract. Furthermore, formation of iron nanoparticles was significantly accelerated in the presence of light. The absorption peak was maximum around 250–350 nm in UV–vis spectrum. The absorption peaks of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at 619.99 cm−1, 793.57 cm−1, 882.32 cm−1, 1121.46 cm−1, 1627.71 cm−1, 2923.17 cm−1 and 3430.70 cm−1, indicated functional groups of active biomolecules involved in the synthesis of FeNPs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of green synthesized iron nanoparticles indicated the average size of 80 nm, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed the crystalline nature of FeNPs. These FeNPs efficiently reduced p-nitrophenol (PNP) into p-aminophenol (PAP), which was further confirmed by thin layer chromatography. Biogenic FeNPs showed 96 and 35 % decolourization of bromphenol blue and malachite green, respectively. Further, addition of H2O2 enhanced the decolourization of malachite green up to 96 %. Biogenic FeNPs synthesized from culture extract of a thermophilic mould have been found effective in remediation of environmental pollutants released from various industries.

Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Mangifera indica leaves extract: phytochemical analysis and characterizations, for environmental remediation of pollution

Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Mangifera indica leaves extract: phytochemical analysis and characterizations, for environmental remediation of pollution

Integrated approach of nano assisted biodegradation of anthracene by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and iron oxide nanoparticles

Poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered as hazardous compounds which causes serious threat to the environment dua to their more carcinogenic and mutagenic impacts. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PP4 strain and synthesized iron nanoparticles were used to evaluate the biodegradation efficiency (BE %) of residual anthracene. The BE (%) of mixed degradation system (Anthracene + PP4+ FeNPs) was obtained about 67 %. The FTIR spectra result revealed the presence of functional groups (C–H, –CH3, CC, =C–H) in the residual anthracene. The FESEM and TEM techniques were used to determine the surface analysis of the synthesized FeNPs and the average size was observed by TEM around 5–50 nm. The crystalline nature of the synthesized iron nanoparticles was confirmed by the observed different respective peaks of XRD pattern. The various functional constituents (OH, C–H, amide I, CH3) were identified in the synthesized iron nanoparticles by FTIR spectrum. In conclusion, this integrated nano-bioremediation approach could be an promising and effective way for many environmental fields like cleanup of hydrocarbon rich environment.

Continuous gas-phase synthesis of iron nanoparticles at ambient conditions with controllable size and polydispersity

HypothesisBy altering aerosol growth dynamics with unipolar charges, one can obtain aerosols with narrow particles size distributions, a highly desirable feature in applications of functional nanoparticles. ExperimentsUnlike liquid colloid systems, aerosol particles in the free molecular regime undergo coarsening due to Brownian coagulation and will eventually attain a self-preserving size distribution with a typical geometric standard deviation of 1.46 - 1.48. We developed a novel continuous one-step aerosol synthesis reactor that produces iron nanoparticles from ferrocene at ambient conditions, which confines the site of precursor breakdown and particle formation in the downstream vicinity of a positive corona discharge. FindingsWe demonstrated that the particle size could be controlled within 3 - 10 nm with a suppressed geometric standard deviation (1.15 - 1.35). The as-produced iron nanoparticles were successfully used as catalyst for the growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes with a narrow diameter range. With a transient aerosol dynamics model, we showed that a fraction (as small as 0.1%) of unipolar-charged particles could have a significant impact on the aerosol growth dynamics, which eventually results in a narrower particle size distribution with smaller size and higher number concentrations.

Degradation of Malachite Green using Green Synthesized Iron Nanoparticles by &lt;em&gt;Coffea arabica&lt;/em&gt; Leaf Extracts and its Antibacterial Activity

The synthesis of biocompatible nanomaterials using bio-renewable plant extract has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional methods in recent years due to its cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility. In this research paper, we demonstrate using Coffea arabica leaf extract to synthesize zero-valent iron nanoparticles (GC-FeNPs). This study suggests that this method is efficient and environmentally friendly, making it a promising approach for developing biocompatible nanomaterials. The synthesized GC-FeNPs were characterized using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and UV–Vis spectroscopy techniques. According to the analysis of data, polyphenolic/caffeine compounds in the coffee leaf extract act as reducing/capping agents by converting the Fe2+ to Fe0, and minimizing the aggregation. The FT-IR and XRD data confirm the encapsulation of the GC-FeNPs by the polyphenolic/caffeine compounds in the coffee leaf extract. The GC-FeNPs have a quasi-spherical shape morphology with a particle size of about 80 – 100 nm. Further, dye degrading ability, and the antibacterial activity of the GC-FeNPs were investigated using malachite green (MG) and gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens. Experimental data revealed that GC-FeNPs (~ 20 ± 1 mg) showed degradation activity against MG up to 55 % upon the 120-minute incubation. Furthermore, the kinetic analysis of GC-FeNPs on MG degradation was in accordance with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9922). In addition, GC-FeNPs showed an antibacterial activity against gram-negative (E. coli, and S. enterica), and gram-positive (S. aureus) pathogens. The E. coli growth was highly inhibited by the GC-FeNPs compared to other strains. Overall, GC-FeNPs facilitate an alternative approach to degrade MG from textile effluents and industrial wastewater and treat the pathogen-contaminated water.