Synthesis Of Composite Materials Research Articles

Synthesis and sorption properties of hybrid composite materials based on saponite and copolymer 5-(4′-nitro)-phenylazo-8-methacryloxyquinoline: MMA

A new polymer–mineral composite was synthesized by adsorption of the copolymer of 5-(4′-nitro)-phenylazo-8-methacryloxyquinoline with methyl methacrylate on the surface of natural saponite clay. Using computer processing of isotherms of low-temperature adsorption–desorption of nitrogen, a decrease in the specific surface area of saponite after fixing this copolymer was recorded. Using the BJH method, it was calculated that after the adsorption of the copolymer, the average pore volume of the surface of the original mineral decreases and the average pore diameter increases. The sorption capacity of the synthesized composite concerning metal ions compared to the original mineral increases.

Wet-spinning of reduced graphene oxide composite fiber by mechanical synergistic effect with graphene scrolling method

Carbon-based fibers have attracted attention in various field owing to their exceptional properties, including high tensile strength, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity. In particular, graphene-based high-strength fibers are promising materials in aerospace, automotive, and marine sectors. Recently, the hybrid fiber, consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene with enhanced toughness was reported by deflecting cracks and enabling high deformation. However, complex synthesis and structural optimization of composite fiber with two different materials make challenge for mass production. Here, we introduce a novel graphene composite fiber, consisting of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and scrolled rGO (SrGO), showing remarkable toughness. A multidimensional-state solution with 2D rGO and 1D SrGO was obtained by using a simple sonication technique. Mass production of high-toughness composite fibers was achieved via wet-spinning, with enhanced toughness attributed to microstructure optimization by controlling the SrGO ratio. Additionally, the use of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the matrix facilitated high deformation, resulting in a remarkable 90.7 % increase in mechanical toughness without complex composite material synthesis.

Advancing thermochemical storage: synthesis and characterization of cement-based composite materials

Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is crucial for sustainability of the energy sector, yet the development of cost-effective, robust materials remains a significant challenge. This study aims at exploring the synthesis and thermal characterization of cement-based composites for seasonal thermochemical energy storage, with the goal to harness the high energy density of hygroscopic salts while mitigating their limitations. We investigate composites with several cement matrices to improve salt-cement compatibility. Furthermore, we investigate the possible incorporation of porous low-cost compounds to enhance porosity and improve economic aspects. As far as the characterization aspects are concerned, we show experimental adsorption isotherms at different temperatures to estimate key material properties like isosteric heat and water uptake, along with the relevant figures of merit such as energy density. Our research leverages on adjustable porosity and affordability of cement as a host matrix for the ‘active phase’. We studied two synthesis approaches: traditional dry impregnation and an in-situ technique suitable for cements. The in-situ method, being straightforward and reproducible, permits greater control over salt content. Preliminary cost analysis positions these composites competitively in the market. Although we are still at sub-optimal stage, potential cost reduction of some less popular cement matrices suggests an opportunity for improvement.

A new green approach to synthesizing MIP-202@porous silica microspheres for positional isomer/enantiomer/hydrophilic separation

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with superior physicochemical properties have great potential for applications in chromatographic separation. However, currently popular methods for the synthesis of MOF-based silica composite materials usually require the use of harmful organic solvents and long-term high-temperature sealing reactions. In order to respond to the needs of green chromatography, it is urgent to develop a new green organic-solvent-free strategy for the synthesis of MOF@SiO2 composites. MIP-202 is a zirconium-MOF constructed from zirconium ion and L-aspartic acid, which features green synthesis as well as good hydrolytic stability and chemical stability. In this paper, SiO2-NH2 was first prepared in a hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent, and then an amino acid-based MOF material (MIP-202) was modified on the surface of the SiO2-NH2 in an aqueous solution to obtain a MIP-202@SiO2 composite material. The multi-mode separation performance of MIP-202@SiO2 as a promising liquid chromatographic stationary phase was particularly evaluated and the separation mechanisms were discussed. The MIP-202@SiO2 column exhibited excellent separation ability for aromatic positional isomers. In addition, chiral enantiomers and hydrophilic analytes were also satisfactorily detected and separated. This work provides a new approach for the facile synthesis of MOF-based liquid chromatographic separation material by using green deep eutectic solvent and water as the reaction media.

Synthesis of natural oxygen-doped bamboo-derived hierarchical micro-mesoporous composite carbon materials using a green activation strategy

Utilizing biomass waste to synthesize hierarchical micro-mesoporous composite carbon materials for application in the field of supercapacitors realized green and sustainable energy development. This paper efficiently synthesized natural O-doped carbon materials using bamboo as biomass material by simple air pre-oxidation and secondary carbonization methods. Among them, KCl acted as a recyclable templating agent and flame retardant, facilitating the construction of mesoporous structures. The green activator CH3COOK promoted the generation of micropores. The combination of dual activation strategies (physical and chemical) contributed to the conversion of bamboo to hierarchical micro-mesoporous composite carbon materials. During pre-carbonization, air was used as a natural dopant which etched the carbon material and promoted the creation of oxygenated functional groups. The best carbon material exhibited an excellent electrochemical capacity of 321.65 F/g in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor exhibited high cycling stability (95.52 %) and outstanding power density. This work provided a new idea for preparing controllable biomass-derived carbon materials, while offering a reference for applying dual activation strategies in carbon material synthesis.

Development of New Composite Materials by Modifying the Surface of Porous Hydroxyapatite Using Cucurbit[n]urils.

This study represents an advancement in the field of composite material engineering, focusing on the synthesis of composite materials derived from porous hydroxyapatite via surface modification employing cucurbit[n]urils, which are highly promising macrocyclic compounds. The surface modification procedure entailed the application of cucurbit[n]urils in an aqueous medium onto the hydroxyapatite surface. A comprehensive characterization of the resulting materials was undertaken, employing analytical techniques including infrared (IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, the materials were subjected to rigorous evaluation for their hemolytic effect, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity. Remarkably, the findings revealed a notable absence of typical hemolytic effects in materials incorporating surface-bound cucurbit[n]urils. This observation underscores the potential of these modified materials as biocompatible alternatives. Notably, this discovery presents a promising avenue for the fabrication of resilient and efficient biocomposites, offering a viable alternative to conventional approaches. Furthermore, these findings hint at the prospect of employing supramolecular strategies involving encapsulated cucurbit[n]urils in analogous processes. This suggests a novel direction for further research, potentially unlocking new frontiers in material engineering through the exploitation of supramolecular interactions.

Utilizing Waste Cotton/Pigeon Pea Stalk Fibers Composites for Enhanced Sound Absorption and Insulation in Automotive Interiors

ABSTRACT This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of composite materials, pigeon pea stem, and cotton fibers blended in different ratios such as 100/0, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100. These composite materials were produced using a compression molding technique. According to ASTM standards, the acoustics, thermal conductivity, and physical characteristics of the composite samples were tested to assess their qualities. The impedance tube method detailed in ASTM E1050 was used to determine the sound absorption coefficients (SAC) for acoustics. The SAC values were measured at six frequencies such as 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. The results showed that composite samples made from waste cotton and pigeon pea demonstrated sound absorption values of greater than 80%. Superior sound insulation and absorption, moisture absorption, fiber properties have also been demonstrated by waste composites. Especially, the waste cotton/pea stalk waste fiber composites achieved over 75% sound absorption, while the waste 28% composites performed well in terms of sound absorption, moisture absorption, and fiber properties. Even in humid conditions, the composite samples constructed from used cotton and pigeon pea stalks demonstrated good moisture resistance without reducing their insulating qualities. Soundproofing barriers are composite layers of foam or pigeon pea/cotton.

Synthesis and Characterization of Ni/Al Layered Double Hydroxides Composite Based-Material with Chitosan, Cellulose, and Graphene Oxide

In this study, the synthesis of composite materials produced from Ni/Al with three types of carbon-based materials namely chitosan (Ch), cellulose (Ce), and graphene oxide (GO) was successfully carried out supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The combined characteristics of the two starting materials are present in the composite material based on XRD and FT-IR data. The surface area of Ni/Al-LDH increased after compositing with Ch, Ce, and GO, from 3.3 m2/g to 9.5 m2/g in Ni/Al-Ch, 5.1 m2/g in Ni/Al-Ce, and 78.4 m2/g in Ni/Al-GO. These findings indicate that the materials are suitable for various applications such as photocatalytic and adsorption as effective materials in further research.

Synthesis of cobalt selenide composite material: A novel platform of the electrochemical sensor for sensitive determination of Upadacitinib

This study investigates the first electrochemical determination of Upadacitinib (UPA), a potent Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor with remarkable efficacy in treating various inflammatory disorders, utilizing a GCE modified with a composite material comprising Co6.8Se8 embedded in porous carbon (Co6.8Se8@NPC). Simultaneously, a novel Co6.8Se8@NPC composite was synthesized using a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-12) via a one-pot synthesis method. The characterizations confirmed that Co6.8Se8@NPC is uniformly dispersed within the porous carbon network. Leveraging the applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives, Co6.8Se8@NPC was explored for the determination of UPA. The electrochemical behavior of UPA was systematically investigated using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, upon modifying the GCE with the Co6.8Se8@NPC composite. These materials significantly enhanced sensitivity and selectivity for Upadacitinib detection. Compared with the unmodified electrode, the Co6.8Se8@NPC/GCE exhibited a notable catalytic effect towards the oxidation of UPA, as evidenced by the appearance of an irreversible oxidative peak at a reduced potential and an enhancement in current. The developed method exhibited exceptional performance characteristics with a broad linear range, and low limits of detection and quantification. Moreover, the sensor exhibits good selectivity, repeatability, and stability. Furthermore, the investigation extended to the determination of Upadacitinib in pharmaceutical and biological samples, underscoring the practical applicability of the modified GCE in real-world scenarios.

Conducting Organic Polymers Modified by Incorporation of Semiconductor (POC/SM) Synthesis and Electrochemical characterization of composite materials

This study consists of the analysis of the electrochemical and electronic properties, polyaniline for their use as electrode materials in electrochemical and electronic applications. The polymerization of the monomer was carried out on platinum (Pt) or indium tin oxide (ITO). The study was carried out by voltamperometry cyclic, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The dispersion of oxide semiconductors (TiO2, MnO2) in the polymer matrix was also used to improve the electronic properties. and electrochemical This present study can be regarded as an invaluable contribution in search of composite materials having of high efficiencies which being able to be used as active electrode materials in the design of electronic components and as active materials in the photovoltaic cells and electrochemical generators.

Solution-Plasma Synthesis and Characterization of Transition Metals and N-Containing Carbon-Carbon Nanotube Composites.

Lithium-air batteries (LABs) have a theoretically high energy density. However, LABs have some issues, such as low energy efficiency, short life cycle, and high overpotential in charge-discharge cycles. To solve these issues electrocatalytic materials were developed for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which significantly affect battery performance. In this study, we aimed to synthesize electrocatalytic N-doped carbon-based composite materials with solution plasma (SP) using Co or Ni as electrodes from organic solvents containing cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs), iron (II) phthalocyanine (FePc), and N-nethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The synthesized N-doped carbon-based composite materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TEM observation and XPS measurements revealed that the synthesized carbon materials contained elemental N, Fe, and electrode-derived Co or Ni, leading to the successful synthesis of N-doped carbon-based composite materials. The electrocatalytic activity for ORR of the synthesized carbon-based composite materials was also evaluated using electrochemical measurements. The electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the electrocatalytic performance for ORR of N-doped carbon-based composite material including Fe and Co showed superiority to that of N-doped carbon-based composite material including Fe and Ni. The difference in the electrocatalytic performance for ORR is discussed regarding the difference in the specific surface area and the presence ratio of chemical bonding species.

Synthesis and characteristic analysis of an inorganic composite phase change materials for medium-temperature thermal storage

Composite phase change materials (CPCM) synthesized using inorganic salt (Na2HPO4·12H2O), lime fruit peel biochar (activated), and boron nitride have been explored as a solution for the medium-temperature thermal energy storage systems in this work. The activated biochar and BN concentrations were varied, and the effects of the activated biochar and BN on the thermal properties, chemical, and thermal stability of the phase change materials (PCM) were studied. XRD and FTIR studies confirmed the chemical stability of the synthesized CPCM samples. Leak test results revealed that the addition of biochar and BN has improved the shape stability. TGA studies revealed the superior thermal stability of the CPCM samples. Composite PCM with 2 g of activated biochar and 0.5 g of BN has exhibited better thermal properties with a latent heat of 121.33 J/g, encapsulation efficiency of 55.9%, and thermal energy storage capacity of 98.2% compared to the pure PCM.

Bifunctional 2D structured catalysts for air electrodes in rechargeable metal-air batteries

The inherent technical challenges of metal-air batteries (MABs), arising from the sluggish redox electrochemical reactions on the air electrode, significantly affect their efficiency and life cycle. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with near-atomic thickness have potential as bifunctional catalysts in MABs because of their distinct structures, exceptional physical properties, and tunable surface chemistries. In this study, the chemistry of representative 2D materials was elucidated, and the comprehensive analysis of the primary modification techniques, including geometric structure manipulation, defect engineering, crystal facet selection, heteroatom doping, single-atom catalyst construction, and composite material synthesis, was conducted. The correlation between material structure and activity is illustrated by examples, with the aim of leading the development of advanced catalysts in MABs. We also focus on the future of MABs from the perspective of bifunctional catalysts, definite mechanisms, and standard measurement. We expect this work to serve as a guide for the design of air electrode materials that can be used in MABs.

Mechanism of Self-Oxidative Copolymerization and its Application with Polydopamine-pyrrole Nano-copolymers.

Currently, the copolymer of dopamine (DA) and pyrrole (PY) via chemical and electrochemical oxidation usually requires additional oxidants, and lacks flexibility in regulating the size and morphology, thereby limiting the broad applications of DA-PY copolymer in biomedicine. Herein, the semiquinone radicals produced by the self-oxidation of DA is ingeniously utilized as the oxidant to initiate the following copolymerization with PY, and a series of quinone-rich polydopamine-pyrrole copolymers (PDAm-nPY) with significantly enhanced absorption in near-infrared (NIR) region without any additional oxidant assistance is obtained. Moreover, the morphology and size of PDAm-nPY can be regulated by changing the concentration of DA and PY, thereby optimizing nanoscale PDA0.05-0.15PY particles (≈ 150nm) with excellent NIR absorption and surface modification activity are successfully synthesized. Such PDA0.05-0.15PY particles show effective photoacoustic (PA) imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) against 4T1 tumors in vivo. Furthermore, other catechol derivatives canalso copolymerize with PY under the same conditions. This work by fully utilizing the semiquinone radical active intermediates produced through the self-oxidation of DA reduces the dependence on external oxidants in the synthesis of composite materials and predigests the preparation procedure, which provides a novel, simple, and green strategy for the synthesis of other newly catechol-based functional copolymers.

Synthesis of organic-inorganic composite materials by sol-gel method

Synthesis of organic-inorganic composite materials by sol-gel method

Recent developments in synthesis of attapulgite composite materials for refractory organic wastewater treatment: a review.

Attapulgite clay, due to its unique crystalline hydrated magnesium-aluminium silicate composition and layer-chain structure, possesses exceptional adsorption and catalytic properties, which enable it or its composites to be utilized as adsorbents and catalysts for wastewater treatment. But the drawbacks of attapulgite are also very obvious, such as relatively low specific surface area (compared to traditional adsorbents such as activated carbon and activated alumina), easy aggregation, and difficulty in dispersion. In order to fully utilize and improve the performance of attapulgite, researchers have conducted extensive research on its modification, but few specialized works have comprehensively evaluated the synthesis, applications and challenges for attapulgite-based composite materials in refractory organic wastewater treatments. This paper provides a comprehensive review of controllable preparation strategies, characterization methods and mechanisms of attapulgite-based composite materials, as well as the research progress of these materials in refractory organic wastewater treatment. Based on this review, constructive recommendations, such as deep mechanism analysis from molecular level multi-functional attapulgite-based material developments, and using biodegradable materials in attapulgite-based composites, were proposed.

Theoretical Models of Composite Materials for the Protection Technologies

The work develops the concept of shielding external radiation using composite materials that are a single condensed structure with incorporated specially configured impurities and (or) defects. Using the example of a one-dimensional model of an inhomogeneous power chain, the possibility of the existence of blocking and transparency effects with respect to external radiation, which arise already in the presence of binary impurities, which, in turn, act as the simplest models of composite systems, is shown. It is proposed to use the above property (isomorphic to the experimentally observed Ramsauer-Townsend effect) for the synthesis of composite materials in radiation protection technologies.

A novel synthesis of β-CD@SA@Ag composite hydrogel microspheres with high catalytic activity and environmental adaptability

The composite of hydrogels and noble metal nanoparticles has wide applications in the field of functional materials. In this paper, we developed a novel and green strategy to synthesize a kind of composite hydrogel microspheres containing silver nanoparticles and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) modified sodium alginate (β-CD@SA@Ag) without use of strong reducing reagent. First, β-CD was chemical linked to SA by epichlorohydrin (ECH) to form the β-CD modified polymer (β-CD@SA). then AgNO3 was added to the as-prepared polymer solution, in which silver nanoparticles were formed by the reducing power of β-CD units. Subsequently, by reversed-phase emulsion method and ionic cross-linking, a kind of β-CD@SA@Ag hydrogel microspheres were obtained. The structure and morphology of the composite material were characterized in detail by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Test data indicated that silver nanoparticles evenly dispersed in the composite material. On the basis, the adsorption and catalytic performances of the β-CD@SA@Ag hydrogel microspheres were studied towards to the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. Research results showed that the β-CD@SA@Ag hydrogel microspheres had excellent catalytic activity along with high environmental adaptability. whether in pure water, tap water or river water, aromatic nitro compounds can be completely reduced within 2–13 min. Moreover, the morphology of microspheres of the composite material endows the composite material with high stability and reusability. We believe that our work would provide a new idea for the green synthesis of organic-inorganic composite functional materials.

Enhancing Magnesium Phosphate Cement Paste for Efficient Fluoride Adsorption

In the present study, we explore the synthesis and characterization of novel composite materials derived from magnesium phosphate cement by incorporating varying quantities of aluminum, iron oxide, or alumina. These composites demonstrate promising properties related to water resistance and significant specific surface areas. Furthermore, our investigations reveal that aluminum, iron oxide, and phosphate constituents exhibit an affinity for fluoride retention. Consequently, we apply these synthesized materials for fluoride adsorption. Our results indicate a noteworthy adsorption capacity, ranging from 2.35 mg/g for cement synthesized with 0.25 g of aluminum to 4.84 mg/g for materials synthesized with 1.5 g of aluminum. The influence of incorporating alumina or iron oxide into these matrices is thoroughly examined. Additionally, we investigated the optimal conditions utilizing a range of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). To further elucidate this process, we perform equilibrium modeling and present experimental data in accordance with the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms.

Synergistic effect in the structural, optical, and electrical properties of harnessing NiFe2O4/CuO nanocomposite for enhanced environmental remediation.

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of composite material comprised of NiFe2O4 and CuO. The preparation of this composites involves a facile and cost-effective co-precipitation method, followed by heat treatment. The aim of this study is to explore the potential of this composite material for various catalytic applications. The synthesized NiFe2O4/CuO composites were extensively characterized using various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), impedance analyzer, UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis.), Brunner-Emmett-Teller (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These characterizations revealed the successful formation of a nanocomposite material with a well-defined structure and identified the oxygen vacancies/defects in the samples which might result in enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. Photocatalytic activity of 0.5NiFe2O4/0.5CuO composite showed degradation of methylene blue dye by 96.15% in 120 min. This work is not only to understand the photocatalytic mechanism but also to develop effective catalysts for the degradation of harmful organic pollutants.