Synthesis Of Composite Materials Research Articles

Synthesis and sorption properties of hybrid composite materials based on saponite and copolymer 5-(4′-nitro)-phenylazo-8-methacryloxyquinoline: MMA

A new polymer–mineral composite was synthesized by adsorption of the copolymer of 5-(4′-nitro)-phenylazo-8-methacryloxyquinoline with methyl methacrylate on the surface of natural saponite clay. Using computer processing of isotherms of low-temperature adsorption–desorption of nitrogen, a decrease in the specific surface area of saponite after fixing this copolymer was recorded. Using the BJH method, it was calculated that after the adsorption of the copolymer, the average pore volume of the surface of the original mineral decreases and the average pore diameter increases. The sorption capacity of the synthesized composite concerning metal ions compared to the original mineral increases.

Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of Composite Material Based on Stabilized Zirconium Oxide1

Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of Composite Material Based on Stabilized Zirconium Oxide1

A new green approach to synthesizing MIP-202@porous silica microspheres for positional isomer/enantiomer/hydrophilic separation

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with superior physicochemical properties have great potential for applications in chromatographic separation. However, currently popular methods for the synthesis of MOF-based silica composite materials usually require the use of harmful organic solvents and long-term high-temperature sealing reactions. In order to respond to the needs of green chromatography, it is urgent to develop a new green organic-solvent-free strategy for the synthesis of MOF@SiO2 composites. MIP-202 is a zirconium-MOF constructed from zirconium ion and L-aspartic acid, which features green synthesis as well as good hydrolytic stability and chemical stability. In this paper, SiO2-NH2 was first prepared in a hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent, and then an amino acid-based MOF material (MIP-202) was modified on the surface of the SiO2-NH2 in an aqueous solution to obtain a MIP-202@SiO2 composite material. The multi-mode separation performance of MIP-202@SiO2 as a promising liquid chromatographic stationary phase was particularly evaluated and the separation mechanisms were discussed. The MIP-202@SiO2 column exhibited excellent separation ability for aromatic positional isomers. In addition, chiral enantiomers and hydrophilic analytes were also satisfactorily detected and separated. This work provides a new approach for the facile synthesis of MOF-based liquid chromatographic separation material by using green deep eutectic solvent and water as the reaction media.

Synthesis of natural oxygen-doped bamboo-derived hierarchical micro-mesoporous composite carbon materials using a green activation strategy

Utilizing biomass waste to synthesize hierarchical micro-mesoporous composite carbon materials for application in the field of supercapacitors realized green and sustainable energy development. This paper efficiently synthesized natural O-doped carbon materials using bamboo as biomass material by simple air pre-oxidation and secondary carbonization methods. Among them, KCl acted as a recyclable templating agent and flame retardant, facilitating the construction of mesoporous structures. The green activator CH3COOK promoted the generation of micropores. The combination of dual activation strategies (physical and chemical) contributed to the conversion of bamboo to hierarchical micro-mesoporous composite carbon materials. During pre-carbonization, air was used as a natural dopant which etched the carbon material and promoted the creation of oxygenated functional groups. The best carbon material exhibited an excellent electrochemical capacity of 321.65 F/g in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor exhibited high cycling stability (95.52 %) and outstanding power density. This work provided a new idea for preparing controllable biomass-derived carbon materials, while offering a reference for applying dual activation strategies in carbon material synthesis.

Development of New Composite Materials by Modifying the Surface of Porous Hydroxyapatite Using Cucurbit[n]urils.

This study represents an advancement in the field of composite material engineering, focusing on the synthesis of composite materials derived from porous hydroxyapatite via surface modification employing cucurbit[n]urils, which are highly promising macrocyclic compounds. The surface modification procedure entailed the application of cucurbit[n]urils in an aqueous medium onto the hydroxyapatite surface. A comprehensive characterization of the resulting materials was undertaken, employing analytical techniques including infrared (IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, the materials were subjected to rigorous evaluation for their hemolytic effect, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity. Remarkably, the findings revealed a notable absence of typical hemolytic effects in materials incorporating surface-bound cucurbit[n]urils. This observation underscores the potential of these modified materials as biocompatible alternatives. Notably, this discovery presents a promising avenue for the fabrication of resilient and efficient biocomposites, offering a viable alternative to conventional approaches. Furthermore, these findings hint at the prospect of employing supramolecular strategies involving encapsulated cucurbit[n]urils in analogous processes. This suggests a novel direction for further research, potentially unlocking new frontiers in material engineering through the exploitation of supramolecular interactions.

Utilizing Waste Cotton/Pigeon Pea Stalk Fibers Composites for Enhanced Sound Absorption and Insulation in Automotive Interiors

ABSTRACT This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of composite materials, pigeon pea stem, and cotton fibers blended in different ratios such as 100/0, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100. These composite materials were produced using a compression molding technique. According to ASTM standards, the acoustics, thermal conductivity, and physical characteristics of the composite samples were tested to assess their qualities. The impedance tube method detailed in ASTM E1050 was used to determine the sound absorption coefficients (SAC) for acoustics. The SAC values were measured at six frequencies such as 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. The results showed that composite samples made from waste cotton and pigeon pea demonstrated sound absorption values of greater than 80%. Superior sound insulation and absorption, moisture absorption, fiber properties have also been demonstrated by waste composites. Especially, the waste cotton/pea stalk waste fiber composites achieved over 75% sound absorption, while the waste 28% composites performed well in terms of sound absorption, moisture absorption, and fiber properties. Even in humid conditions, the composite samples constructed from used cotton and pigeon pea stalks demonstrated good moisture resistance without reducing their insulating qualities. Soundproofing barriers are composite layers of foam or pigeon pea/cotton.

Synthesis and Characterization of Ni/Al Layered Double Hydroxides Composite Based-Material with Chitosan, Cellulose, and Graphene Oxide

In this study, the synthesis of composite materials produced from Ni/Al with three types of carbon-based materials namely chitosan (Ch), cellulose (Ce), and graphene oxide (GO) was successfully carried out supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The combined characteristics of the two starting materials are present in the composite material based on XRD and FT-IR data. The surface area of Ni/Al-LDH increased after compositing with Ch, Ce, and GO, from 3.3 m2/g to 9.5 m2/g in Ni/Al-Ch, 5.1 m2/g in Ni/Al-Ce, and 78.4 m2/g in Ni/Al-GO. These findings indicate that the materials are suitable for various applications such as photocatalytic and adsorption as effective materials in further research.

Synthesis of cobalt selenide composite material: A novel platform of the electrochemical sensor for sensitive determination of Upadacitinib

This study investigates the first electrochemical determination of Upadacitinib (UPA), a potent Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor with remarkable efficacy in treating various inflammatory disorders, utilizing a GCE modified with a composite material comprising Co6.8Se8 embedded in porous carbon (Co6.8Se8@NPC). Simultaneously, a novel Co6.8Se8@NPC composite was synthesized using a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-12) via a one-pot synthesis method. The characterizations confirmed that Co6.8Se8@NPC is uniformly dispersed within the porous carbon network. Leveraging the applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives, Co6.8Se8@NPC was explored for the determination of UPA. The electrochemical behavior of UPA was systematically investigated using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, upon modifying the GCE with the Co6.8Se8@NPC composite. These materials significantly enhanced sensitivity and selectivity for Upadacitinib detection. Compared with the unmodified electrode, the Co6.8Se8@NPC/GCE exhibited a notable catalytic effect towards the oxidation of UPA, as evidenced by the appearance of an irreversible oxidative peak at a reduced potential and an enhancement in current. The developed method exhibited exceptional performance characteristics with a broad linear range, and low limits of detection and quantification. Moreover, the sensor exhibits good selectivity, repeatability, and stability. Furthermore, the investigation extended to the determination of Upadacitinib in pharmaceutical and biological samples, underscoring the practical applicability of the modified GCE in real-world scenarios.

Solution-Plasma Synthesis and Characterization of Transition Metals and N-Containing Carbon-Carbon Nanotube Composites.

Lithium-air batteries (LABs) have a theoretically high energy density. However, LABs have some issues, such as low energy efficiency, short life cycle, and high overpotential in charge-discharge cycles. To solve these issues electrocatalytic materials were developed for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which significantly affect battery performance. In this study, we aimed to synthesize electrocatalytic N-doped carbon-based composite materials with solution plasma (SP) using Co or Ni as electrodes from organic solvents containing cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs), iron (II) phthalocyanine (FePc), and N-nethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The synthesized N-doped carbon-based composite materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TEM observation and XPS measurements revealed that the synthesized carbon materials contained elemental N, Fe, and electrode-derived Co or Ni, leading to the successful synthesis of N-doped carbon-based composite materials. The electrocatalytic activity for ORR of the synthesized carbon-based composite materials was also evaluated using electrochemical measurements. The electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the electrocatalytic performance for ORR of N-doped carbon-based composite material including Fe and Co showed superiority to that of N-doped carbon-based composite material including Fe and Ni. The difference in the electrocatalytic performance for ORR is discussed regarding the difference in the specific surface area and the presence ratio of chemical bonding species.

Synthesis and characteristic analysis of an inorganic composite phase change materials for medium-temperature thermal storage

Composite phase change materials (CPCM) synthesized using inorganic salt (Na2HPO4·12H2O), lime fruit peel biochar (activated), and boron nitride have been explored as a solution for the medium-temperature thermal energy storage systems in this work. The activated biochar and BN concentrations were varied, and the effects of the activated biochar and BN on the thermal properties, chemical, and thermal stability of the phase change materials (PCM) were studied. XRD and FTIR studies confirmed the chemical stability of the synthesized CPCM samples. Leak test results revealed that the addition of biochar and BN has improved the shape stability. TGA studies revealed the superior thermal stability of the CPCM samples. Composite PCM with 2 g of activated biochar and 0.5 g of BN has exhibited better thermal properties with a latent heat of 121.33 J/g, encapsulation efficiency of 55.9%, and thermal energy storage capacity of 98.2% compared to the pure PCM.

Bifunctional 2D structured catalysts for air electrodes in rechargeable metal-air batteries

The inherent technical challenges of metal-air batteries (MABs), arising from the sluggish redox electrochemical reactions on the air electrode, significantly affect their efficiency and life cycle. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with near-atomic thickness have potential as bifunctional catalysts in MABs because of their distinct structures, exceptional physical properties, and tunable surface chemistries. In this study, the chemistry of representative 2D materials was elucidated, and the comprehensive analysis of the primary modification techniques, including geometric structure manipulation, defect engineering, crystal facet selection, heteroatom doping, single-atom catalyst construction, and composite material synthesis, was conducted. The correlation between material structure and activity is illustrated by examples, with the aim of leading the development of advanced catalysts in MABs. We also focus on the future of MABs from the perspective of bifunctional catalysts, definite mechanisms, and standard measurement. We expect this work to serve as a guide for the design of air electrode materials that can be used in MABs.

Mechanism of Self-Oxidative Copolymerization and its Application with Polydopamine-pyrrole Nano-copolymers.

Currently, the copolymer of dopamine (DA) and pyrrole (PY) via chemical and electrochemical oxidation usually requires additional oxidants, and lacks flexibility in regulating the size and morphology, thereby limiting the broad applications of DA-PY copolymer in biomedicine. Herein, the semiquinone radicals produced by the self-oxidation of DA is ingeniously utilized as the oxidant to initiate the following copolymerization with PY, and a series of quinone-rich polydopamine-pyrrole copolymers (PDAm -nPY) with significantly enhanced absorption in near-infrared (NIR) region without any additional oxidant assistance is obtained. Moreover, the morphology and size of PDAm -nPY can be regulated by changing the concentration of DA and PY, thereby optimizing nanoscale PDA0.05 -0.15PY particles (≈ 150nm) with excellent NIR absorption and surface modification activity are successfully synthesized. Such PDA0.05 -0.15PY particles show effective photoacoustic (PA) imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) against 4T1 tumors in vivo. Furthermore, other catechol derivatives canalso copolymerize with PY under the same conditions. This work by fully utilizing the semiquinone radical active intermediates produced through the self-oxidation of DA reduces the dependence on external oxidants in the synthesis of composite materials and predigests the preparation procedure, which provides a novel, simple, and green strategy for the synthesis of other newly catechol-based functional copolymers.

Recent developments in synthesis of attapulgite composite materials for refractory organic wastewater treatment: a review.

Attapulgite clay, due to its unique crystalline hydrated magnesium-aluminium silicate composition and layer-chain structure, possesses exceptional adsorption and catalytic properties, which enable it or its composites to be utilized as adsorbents and catalysts for wastewater treatment. But the drawbacks of attapulgite are also very obvious, such as relatively low specific surface area (compared to traditional adsorbents such as activated carbon and activated alumina), easy aggregation, and difficulty in dispersion. In order to fully utilize and improve the performance of attapulgite, researchers have conducted extensive research on its modification, but few specialized works have comprehensively evaluated the synthesis, applications and challenges for attapulgite-based composite materials in refractory organic wastewater treatments. This paper provides a comprehensive review of controllable preparation strategies, characterization methods and mechanisms of attapulgite-based composite materials, as well as the research progress of these materials in refractory organic wastewater treatment. Based on this review, constructive recommendations, such as deep mechanism analysis from molecular level multi-functional attapulgite-based material developments, and using biodegradable materials in attapulgite-based composites, were proposed.

Theoretical Models of Composite Materials for the Protection Technologies

The work develops the concept of shielding external radiation using composite materials that are a single condensed structure with incorporated specially configured impurities and (or) defects. Using the example of a one-dimensional model of an inhomogeneous power chain, the possibility of the existence of blocking and transparency effects with respect to external radiation, which arise already in the presence of binary impurities, which, in turn, act as the simplest models of composite systems, is shown. It is proposed to use the above property (isomorphic to the experimentally observed Ramsauer-Townsend effect) for the synthesis of composite materials in radiation protection technologies.

A novel synthesis of β-CD@SA@Ag composite hydrogel microspheres with high catalytic activity and environmental adaptability

The composite of hydrogels and noble metal nanoparticles has wide applications in the field of functional materials. In this paper, we developed a novel and green strategy to synthesize a kind of composite hydrogel microspheres containing silver nanoparticles and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) modified sodium alginate (β-CD@SA@Ag) without use of strong reducing reagent. First, β-CD was chemical linked to SA by epichlorohydrin (ECH) to form the β-CD modified polymer (β-CD@SA). then AgNO3 was added to the as-prepared polymer solution, in which silver nanoparticles were formed by the reducing power of β-CD units. Subsequently, by reversed-phase emulsion method and ionic cross-linking, a kind of β-CD@SA@Ag hydrogel microspheres were obtained. The structure and morphology of the composite material were characterized in detail by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Test data indicated that silver nanoparticles evenly dispersed in the composite material. On the basis, the adsorption and catalytic performances of the β-CD@SA@Ag hydrogel microspheres were studied towards to the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. Research results showed that the β-CD@SA@Ag hydrogel microspheres had excellent catalytic activity along with high environmental adaptability. whether in pure water, tap water or river water, aromatic nitro compounds can be completely reduced within 2–13 min. Moreover, the morphology of microspheres of the composite material endows the composite material with high stability and reusability. We believe that our work would provide a new idea for the green synthesis of organic-inorganic composite functional materials.

Enhancing Magnesium Phosphate Cement Paste for Efficient Fluoride Adsorption

In the present study, we explore the synthesis and characterization of novel composite materials derived from magnesium phosphate cement by incorporating varying quantities of aluminum, iron oxide, or alumina. These composites demonstrate promising properties related to water resistance and significant specific surface areas. Furthermore, our investigations reveal that aluminum, iron oxide, and phosphate constituents exhibit an affinity for fluoride retention. Consequently, we apply these synthesized materials for fluoride adsorption. Our results indicate a noteworthy adsorption capacity, ranging from 2.35 mg/g for cement synthesized with 0.25 g of aluminum to 4.84 mg/g for materials synthesized with 1.5 g of aluminum. The influence of incorporating alumina or iron oxide into these matrices is thoroughly examined. Additionally, we investigated the optimal conditions utilizing a range of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). To further elucidate this process, we perform equilibrium modeling and present experimental data in accordance with the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms.

Synergistic effect in the structural, optical, and electrical properties of harnessing NiFe2O4/CuO nanocomposite for enhanced environmental remediation.

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of composite material comprised of NiFe2O4 and CuO. The preparation of this composites involves a facile and cost-effective co-precipitation method, followed by heat treatment. The aim of this study is to explore the potential of this composite material for various catalytic applications. The synthesized NiFe2O4/CuO composites were extensively characterized using various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), impedance analyzer, UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis.), Brunner-Emmett-Teller (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These characterizations revealed the successful formation of a nanocomposite material with a well-defined structure and identified the oxygen vacancies/defects in the samples which might result in enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. Photocatalytic activity of 0.5NiFe2O4/0.5CuO composite showed degradation of methylene blue dye by 96.15% in 120 min. This work is not only to understand the photocatalytic mechanism but also to develop effective catalysts for the degradation of harmful organic pollutants.

Laser powder bed fusion of Inconel 718-based composites: Effect of TiB2 content on microstructure and mechanical performance

The laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing process has been extensively used to manufacture various nickel-based metal components because it offers the capability of manufacturing three-dimensional structures with complex shapes directly from raw materials. Although LPBF-fabricated Inconel 718 (IN718) superalloys have been successfully applied in the aerospace field, IN718-based composites can offer an alternative pathway to further enhance high-temperature performance. This systematic study examined the effect of various TiB2 contents on the microstructure and mechanical performance of IN718 fabricated by LPBF. Pure IN718 (IN718-P), IN718-1 wt% TiB2 (IN718-1) and IN718-2 wt% TiB2 (IN718-2) composites were nearly fully dense, with relative densities of 99.71%, 99.34% and 99.67% respectively, when fabricated under the optimal process parameters. The degree of grain size refinement was greater for IN718-2 than for IN718-1, and the IN718-1 grains were mainly refined in the width direction, while the IN718-2 grains were refined in both the width and length directions. The proportion of low-angle grain boundaries was significantly higher for the composites than for IN718-P, and it increased with increasing proportions of TiB2. Compared with the IN718-P sample, the microhardness, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of IN718-2 at room temperature were increased by 19.93%, 24.83% and 11.07%, respectively, while the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of IN718-2 at a high temperature of 650 °C were increased by 31.76% and 17.62%, respectively. This indicated that the enhancement of mechanical performance was more noticeable at high temperature than at room temperature. By contrast, less improvement in mechanical properties was achieved by adding 1 wt% TiB2 particles than by adding 2 wt% TiB2 particles. These findings indicate an alternative way to manufacture IN718 superalloys with improved mechanical properties through the synthesis of composite materials.

Self-propagating high temperature synthesis of composite material based on stabilized zirconium oxide

In this work, ceramic composite materials based on stabilized zirconium oxide with the content of stabilizing additives up to 9 mol. %. Y2O3 was obtained by self-propagating high temperature synthesis. The effect of the content of the stabilizing additive on the characteristics of the combustion of the obtained materials, their phase composition has been studied. It is shown that the introduction of Y2O3 into the studied materials leads to the formation of the cubic modification of ZrO2 in the products of synthesis, while without the introduction of Y2O3 into the synthesis products there were three modifications of ZrO2.

Magnetic Resonance-Based Analytical Tools to Study Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Hydroxyapatite Composites.

The synthesis of biocompatible and bioresorbable composite materials, such as a "polymer matrix-mineral constituent," stimulating the natural growth of living tissues and the restoration of damaged parts of the body, is one of the challenging problems in regenerative medicine and materials science. Composite films of bioresorbable polymer of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were obtained. HA was synthesized in situ in the polymer solution. We applied electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches to study the composite films' properties. The application of EPR in two frequency ranges allowed us to derive spectroscopic parameters of the nitrogen-based light and radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in HA, PVP and PVP-HA with high accuracy. It was shown that PVP did not significantly affect the EPR spectral and relaxation parameters of the radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in HA, while light-induced centers were detected only in PVP. Magic angle spinning (MAS) 1H NMR showed the presence of two signals at 4.7 ppm and -2.15 ppm, attributed to "free" water and hydroxyl groups, while the single line was attributed to 31P. NMR relaxation measurements for 1H and 31P showed that the relaxation decays were multicomponent processes that can be described by three components of the transverse relaxation times. The obtained results demonstrated that the applied magnetic resonance methods can be used for the quality control of PVP-HA composites and, potentially, for the development of analytical tools to follow the processes of sample treatment, resorption, and degradation.