Synthesis Of Chitosan Research Articles

In situ, synthesis of chitosan fabricated tellurium nanoparticles for improved antimicrobial and anticancer applications

The emergence of antibiotic resistance has had a severe impact on human health and economic burdens, drawing attention to the development of novel antimicrobial therapies. Polymer-metal composites have shown evidence of therapeutic applications by exerting antimicrobial effects and delivering these antimicrobials with biocompatibility. Therefore, this study prepared and characterized chitosan (CS)-fabricated tellurium nanoparticles (Te NPs) for enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity applications. The CS-Te NPs were spherical, polydisperse, and distributed within the CS matrix with an average size of 37.48 ± 14.56 nm, as confirmed by TEM analysis. CS-Te NPs exhibited positive zeta potential in neutral (pH 7.0: 7.90 ± 1.86 mV) and acidic environment. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of CS-Te NPs, and these nanoparticles exhibited good thermal and less porosity. A higher release of Te ions occurred from CS-Te NPs at an acidic pH. Further, CS-Te NPs displayed stronger antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against E. coli and S. enterica. Furthermore, CS-Te NPs exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity against ABTS and DPPH free radicals. Moreover, these nanoparticles demonstrated cytotoxicity against cancerous cells (A549 and PC3 cells) when compared to normal cells (NIH3T3 cells). Therefore, this study suggests that CS-Te NPs could serve as a substantial therapeutic agent.

Synthesis and characterization of new composite sponge combining of metal-organic framework and chitosan for the elimination of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions: Batch adsorption and optimization using Box-Behnken design

By using a one-step hydrothermal process in an acidic environment, an unique Ag-MOF/chitosan composite sponge (Ag-MOF/CSC composite sponge) was effectively created. Chitosan synthesis has been studied for more than half a century, but its Use for adsorption of heavy metals (HM) is presently being researched. As Particularly with regard to adsorbents constructed of metal organic framework, to increase an adsorbent material's adsorption capacity, its composition is commonly changed. Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) adsorption and elimination were examined in this study in relation to the composite Ag-MOF/CSC sponge. Following thorough analysis including measurements of the surface area using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and SEM and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (BET).The Ag-MOF/CSC composite sponge exhibits an impressive large surface area of 1496.58 square meters per gram, besides having the best capacity for adsorption (qmax) for various ions: 1.80, 1.49 and 1.72 mmol per gram for Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II), respectively. Consider the factors that influence the adsorption characteristics, such as temperature, pH, metal concentration, and adsorbent dosage. The kinetic isotherm and the adsorption isotherm were fitted using the pseudo-second-order equation and the Langmuir equation, respectively. It was shown that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous in accordance with adsorption thermodynamics. With rise in temperature, more metal were absorbed. With good efficiency, no change in chemical composition, and similar XRD and XPS data before and after reuse, the Ag-MOF/CSC composite sponge was repurposed six times. Investigate the mechanism of interaction between the heavy metals and the Ag-MOF/CSC composite sponge. Utilizing Box-Behnken design, the adsorption outcomes were optimized (BBD).

A review study on green synthesis of chitosan derived schiff bases and their applications

Chitosan is a bio-degradable, bio-compatible, non-toxic, and renewable biopolymer. The reactive amino group of chitosan has gained importance because using these amino groups can help achieve the different types of structural modification in chitosan. Chemical modification of chitosan via imine functionalization results in the formation of a chitosan Schiff base. The present review covers the green synthesis of chitosan Schiff bases using non-conventional green methods such as microwave irradiation, green solvent, ultrasound irradiation, and one-pot synthesis. These methods are energy-efficient and greener versions of the conventional condensation methods. Scientists have paid significant attention to the chitosan Schiff base because of its unique properties and versatility. These molecules display various biological applications, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-fungal. In addition to biological applications, chitosan Schiff base also has other applications like corrosion inhibition, catalysis, metal ion adsorption, and as a sensor. Available literature particularly shows the different methods for the synthesis of chitosan Schiff bases and their different applications. This review gives detailed insight regarding sustainable approaches to the synthesis of chitosan derived Schiff bases and their applications in various emerging fields.

Free Salt Dyeing by Treatment of Cotton Fabric Using Carboxyethyl Chitosan and Synthesized Direct Dyes to Enhance Dyeing Properties and Antibacterial Activity.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize and characterize two new direct dyes based on chromenes derivatives. The synthesis of carboxyethyl chitosan (CECS) by the reaction of chitosan and acrylic acid via Michael's addition reaction was conducted. Cotton fabrics were treated with CECS to enhance the exhaustion of dye, fastness properties, and antimicrobial activity of dyed fabric. Chitosan (CS) and acrylic acid were combined in Michael's addition process to successfully produce N-carboxyethylchitosan (CECS). Then, the cotton was treated with different concentrations of carboxyethyl chitosan (0.5-5 wt.%) and then dyed by synthesized mono azo and diazo direct dyes based on chromene derivatives. The results regarding dyeing and antibacterial activity indicated highquality dyeing properties, However, direct dyes showed higher exhaustion and fixation values, fastness properties, and the colorimetric CIE L*a*b* C*h° data of the dyed cotton fabric. Cotton fabrics treated with carboxyethyl chitosan and dyed with direct dyes were found to have higher antibacterial activity upon a concentration of 2.5 wt.%. In addition, the antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive bacteria was reported to be more than Gram-negative bacteria.

Multifaceted applications of chitosan-L-ornithine modified ZnO nanoparticles: Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer potentials

Developing polymeric inorganic nanoparticle-based nanomedicines has significantly advanced antibacterial and anticancer treatments. These innovative agents have attracted significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and promising efficacy in targeting bacteria and cancer cells. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the synthesis of chitosan and l-ornithine-supported zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnCsLO NPs) to assess their biological effects. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the synthesis of ZnO and ZnCsLO NPs, with wurtzite hexagonal structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed nano-flake and polygonal structures for ZnO and ZnCsLO NPs, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of ZnO and ZnCsLO NPs revealed characteristic peaks such as ZnO, chitosan, and l-ornithine molecules. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of ZnO and ZnCsLO NPs displayed green emission peaks at 519 nm and 527 nm respectively, attributed to oxygen vacancies and inherent defects. The antibacterial activity was tested against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains using the well diffusion method. The ZnCsLO NPs exhibited higher antibacterial activity than ZnO NPs. In terms of antioxidant activity, ZnCsLO NPs exhibited the highest scavenging activity compared to ZnO NPs against DPPH. The anticancer activity of ZnO and ZnCsLO NPs was tested against the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, where ZnCsLO NPs exhibited higher anticancer activity than ZnO NPs. Toxicity studies of ZnCsLO NPs on human fibroblast L929 showed less harmful effect on healthy cells compared to ZnO. Based on the findings of this research, there is a strong indication that ZnCsLO NPs hold great potential as a nanomaterial well-suited for advanced biomedical industrial applications.

Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Grafted Chitosan: From Laboratory Scale to Pilot Scale

Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Grafted Chitosan: From Laboratory Scale to Pilot Scale

Chitosan and its derivatives in wastewater treatment application

Chitosan, a versatile and environmentally friendly biopolymer derived from chitin, has emerged as a promising material for wastewater treatment applications. Its unique properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and adsorption capacity, make it an attractive option for addressing the growing challenges of water pollution. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the use of chitosan and its derivatives in various aspects of wastewater treatment. It explores the synthesis and modification of chitosan to enhance its effectiveness, discusses its mechanisms of action, and highlights its applications in coagulation, flocculation, adsorption, and membrane processes. The paper also delves into the challenges and future prospects of chitosan-based wastewater treatment, emphasizing the potential role of this natural polymer in sustainable water management. The wastewater from common effluent treatment plant (CETP) was used for treatment and significant results are obtained.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan hybridized zinc phosphate/hydroxyapatite core shell nanostructure and its potentiality as delivery system of oxaliplatin drug

An advanced form of zinc phosphate/hydroxyapatite nanorods with a core-shell structure (ZPh/HPANRs) was made and then hybridized with chitosan polymeric chains to make a safe biocomposite (CH@ZPh/HPANRs) that improves the delivery structure of traditional oxaliplatin (OXPN) chemotherapy during the treatment of colorectal cancer cells. The qualifications of CH@ZPh/HPANRs in comparison with ZPh/HPANRs as a carrier for OXPN were followed based on loading, release, and cytotoxicity. CH@ZPh/HPANRs composite exhibits a notably higher OXPN loading capacity (321.75 mg/g) than ZPh/HPANRs (127.2 mg/g). The OXPN encapsulation processes into CH@ZPh/HPANRs display the isotherm behavior of the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.99) and the kinetic assumptions of pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.89). The steric studies reflect a strong increment in the quantities of the free sites after the chitosan hybridization steps (Nm = 34.6 mg/g) as compared to pure ZPh/HPANRs (Nm = 18.7 mg/g). Also, the capacity of each site was enhanced to be loaded by 10 OXPN molecules (n = 9.3) in a vertical orientation. The OXPN loading energy into CH@ZPh/HPANRs (<40 KJ/mol) reflects physical loading reactions involving van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. The OXPN release profiles of CH@ZPh/HPANRs exhibit slow and controlled properties for about 140 h at pH 7.4 and 80 h at pH 5.5. The release kinetics and diffusion exponent (>0.45) signify non-Fickian transport and a complex erosion/diffusion release mechanism. The free CH@ZPh/HPANRs particles display a considerable cytotoxic effect on the HCT-116 cancer cells (9.53 % cell viability), and their OXPN-loaded product shows a strong cytotoxic effect (1.83 % cell viability).

Solid-state mechanochemical synthesis of chitosan from mud crab (Scylla serrata) chitin

This study presents a method for solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of chitosan from chitin, sourced from the shells of mud crabs (Scylla serrata). The procedure involves a sequence of demineralization and deproteinization to extract chitin from the crab shells, followed by mechanochemical deacetylation. The chitin was deacetylated by grinding it as a solid blend with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) using a stainless steel mortar and pestle. After grinding, chitosan is isolated from the blend by repetitive washing and centrifugation. The chitosan product is then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. These characterization techniques confirm the successful deacetylation of chitin to form chitosan. A high degree of deacetylation (DD) is achieved when the weight ratio of NaOH to chitin is 1:1 or higher, implying that the DD value can be enhanced by increasing this weight ratio. The mechanochemical reaction mechanism involves the hydroxyl groups on the NaOH particles reacting with the acetamide groups of the chitin strands, yielding solid chitosan and sodium acetate. This mechanochemical deacetylation approach is more practical than the conventional heterogeneous deacetylation in strong basic solutions, since it could suppress depolymerization of the resulting chitosan and requires significantly less base. This makes it a promising method for large-scale industrial applications.

Synthesis, structural analysis, and electrochemical performance of chitosan incorporated CuO nanomaterial for supercapacitor applications

Synthesis, structural analysis, and electrochemical performance of chitosan incorporated CuO nanomaterial for supercapacitor applications

Facile Synthesis of Composite Chitosan and Durio zibethinus Seed and Its Applications as Adsorbent of Metal Ion Ni(II)

Facile Synthesis of Composite Chitosan and Durio zibethinus Seed and Its Applications as Adsorbent of Metal Ion Ni(II)

Eco-friendly synthesis of chitosan and its medical application: from chitin extraction to nanoparticle preparation

Background and Purpose: Chitosan, a chitin deacetylation product, has been applied in nanoparticle or nano-chitosan for medical applications. However, the chitin extraction from crustacean shells and other natural resources, chitin deacetylation, and crosslinking of the chitosan forming the nano-chitosan mostly involve hazardous chemical and physical processes. The risks of these processes to human health and the environment attract the attention of scientists to develop safer and greener techniques. This review aims to describe the progress of harmless chitosan synthesis. Experimental Approach: All strongly related publications to each section, which were found on scientific search engines (Google Scholar, Scopus, and Pubmed), were studied, selected, and then used as references in writing this review. No limitation for the publication year was applied. The publications were searched from April 2022 - June 2023. Key Results: Nano-chitosan could be synthesized in harmless techniques, including the preparation of the chitosan raw materials and crosslinking the chitosan polymer. Enzymatic processes in shell deproteination in the chitin extraction and deacetylation are preferable to reduce the negative effects of conventional chemical-physical processes. Mild alkalines and deep eutectic solvents also provide similar benefits. In the nano-chitosan synthesis, naturally derived compounds (carrageenan, genipin, and valinin) show potency as safer crosslinkers, besides tripolyphosphate, the most common safe crosslinker. Conclusion: A list of eco-friendly and safer processes in the synthesis of nano-chitosan has been reported in recent years. These findings are suggested for the nano-chitosan synthesis on an industrial scale in the near future.

Biofilm inhibition on natural rubber by hydrophilic modification using carboxymethyl chitosan stabilised high energy faceted silver nanoparticles

Intense bacterial infections have evolved into an immediate public and clinical health crisis, and medical devices are demanded to treat biofilm-mediated infections. It remains a challenge in medical products to eliminate pathogenic organisms despite documented protocols for cleaning and sanitizing surfaces. Silver nanoparticles have appeared as a favourable prospect to fight the rise of bacteria. The present article depicts the synthesis of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) stabilised anisotropic silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. The dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) test against Staphylococcus aureus authenticated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated antibacterial action of the nanoparticle. The silver nanoparticles were coated on natural rubber, and the surface properties of silver attached natural rubber developed by simple immersion were assessed using elemental analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. The coated rubber film exhibits antibacterial properties with significant biofilm removal of 50.64% E. coli, 40.28% S. aureus and 33.87% P. aeruginosa with lower bacterial adhesion along with contact killing efficiency. The developed material can be used in rubber-based medical devices; thus provides a protective shield against bacteria, especially in the hospital field.

Synthesis and fluorescent property of carboxymethyl chitosan with different degrees of carboxymethylation and its application for fluorescence turn-on detection of Cd(II) ion

Recently, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) has proved to be an intrinsically fluorescent material with aggregation-induced emission characteristic. In order to elucidate the influence of CMCS's chemical structure and solution behavior on its fluorescent intensity, two series of CMCS with different degrees of carboxymethylation (DCM) are synthesized by adjusting the mass ratio of monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide to chitosan at various reaction temperature and time, and then characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Their solution behaviors at different pH values are studied via zeta potential and ultraviolet-visible measurements. The data reveal that the isoelectronic point (IEP) of a CMCS decreases with increasing DCM, and all the CMCSs have good water solubility at pH range below their IEPs. Fluorescence spectra indicate that a CMCS shows the highest fluorescent intensity in a slightly acidic environment next to its IEP, and the photoluminescence of a CMCS solution increases significantly after heat treatment above T = 70 °C. Furthermore, we compare for the first time the use of heated CMCS solutions for the fluorescence turn-on detection of cadmium ion in pure and tap water, respectively. The limit of detection is found to be ca. 1 μM for the Cd2+ in pure water.

Synthesis of Amino-protected Chitosan by Tripolyphosphate and Epichlorohydrin Modification: Cr(VI) Adsorption and Reaction Mechanism

Synthesis of Amino-protected Chitosan by Tripolyphosphate and Epichlorohydrin Modification: Cr(VI) Adsorption and Reaction Mechanism

Synthesis of biocompatible chitosan coated TiO2-curcumin nanocomposites shows potent anticancer activity towards melanoma cancer cells

Curcumin has several therapeutic properties, but its clinical application is limited due to its low bioavailability and hydrophobic nature. So, in this study, we synthesized TiCurNC (Chitosan coated TiO2-curcumin nanocomposites) by attaching curcumin onto the chitosan coated TiO2 nanoparticles. This TiCurNC was found to be selectively toxic to cancer compared to normal cells. It demonstrated potent anticancer properties against melanoma cancer cells (B16F10) by increasing intracellular curcumin content, cell death by ROS-mediated apoptosis, and arresting the cells at the G2/M phase. The safety profiling of TiCurNC revealed that it is transported throughout the body without causing any noticeable pathological changes in the organs and is not clastogenic, mitotoxic, or aneugenic nature in in vivo. So, based on these findings from this study, TiCurNC is a potent chemotherapeutic agent for melanoma cancer as well as highly biocompatible to normal cells.

Effects of Octenyl-Succinylated Chitosan-Whey Protein Isolated on Emulsion Properties, Astaxanthin Solubility, Stability, and Bioaccessibility.

The synthesis of octenyl-succinylated chitosan with different degrees of substitution resulting from chemical modification of chitosan and controlled addition of octenyl succinic acid was investigated. The modified products were characterized using 1H NMR, FTIR, and XRD, and the degree of substitution was also determined. The properties of the modified chitosan oligosaccharide in solution were evaluated by surface tension and dye solubilization, finding that the molecules self-assembled when they are above the critical aggregation concentration. The two methods yielded consistent results, showing that the self-assembly was reduced with higher levels of substitution. The antimicrobial activity of the octanyl-succinylated chitosan oligosaccharide (OSA-COS) derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cucumerinum was investigated by the Oxford cup method. While the acetylated COS derivatives were not significantly effective against either E coli or S. aureus, they showed significant antifungal activity toward F. oxysporum that was superior to that of COS. The modified product was found to form a stable emulsion when mixed with whey protein isolate. The emulsion formed by the highly substituted derivatives have a certain stability and loading efficiency, which can be used for the encapsulation and delivery of astaxanthin.

Synthesis of chitosan based reduced graphene oxide-CeO2 nanocomposites for drug delivery and antibacterial applications

In this study, the unique characteristics of chitosan, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and cerium oxide (CeO2) based hybrid bionano-composites make a carrier for various drug delivery and antimicrobial applications. The recent literatures shown that addition of biopolymers to rGO and CeO2 based nanocomposites exhibit excellent performance in design and development of biosensors, wound dressings, electrodes, microfluidic chips, drug delivery systems and energy storage applications. Chitosan (CS), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) mixed with cerium oxide (CeO2) to form CS-rGO and CS-rGO-CeO2 hybrid bionano-composites using precipitation method. The physiochemical characterization of casted nanocomposite sheet was done using FTIR, XRD, UV–Vis spectrum, SEM and TGA. The XRD results of CS-rGO-CeO2 revealed that the nanoparticle was found to be crystalline structure. FTIR revealed that nitrogen functionalities of CS interacted with rGO-CeO2 to form hybrid nanocomposites. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the CS-rGO-CeO2 has better thermal stability up to 550 °C. The SEM confirms the surface morphology of CS-rGO-CeO2 has large surface area with smooth surface. Moreover, the antibacterial properties of nanocomposites exhibit excellent zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The NIH3T3 cell line evaluations showed superior cell adhesion on hybrid nanocomposites. Hence bionano-composite based on CS, rGO and CeO2 are potential biomaterials for drug delivery and antibacterial applications.

Enhancing the metal ion binding characteristics and reversal of selectivity of crosslinked chitosan sorbents through functionalisation for targeted applications

In this study, we report optimised synthesis of N-carboxymethylated chitosan (CM-Cts) and its crosslinking to obtain, for the first time, glutaraldehyde crosslinked N-carboxymethylated chitosan (CM-Cts-Glu) as a metal ion sorbent. CM-Cts and CM-Cts-Glu were characterised using FTIR and solid state 13C NMR techniques. As compared to epichlorohydrin, glutaraldehyde was found to be better suited for efficient synthesis of the crosslinked functionalised sorbent. CM-Cts-Glu showed better metal ion uptake properties compared to the crosslinked chitosan (Cts-Glu). Metal ion removal by CM-Cts-Glu was studied in detail under different conditions such as different initial solution concentrations, pH, presence of complexants and competing ions. Further, sorption-desorption kinetics was studied and it was shown that complete desorption and multiple cycles of reuse without any loss in capacity was feasible. The maximum Co(II) uptake obtained for CM-Cts-Glu was found to be 265 μmol/g, while for Cts-Glu it was 10 μmol/g. Metal ion sorption by CM-Cts-Glu was found to be through chelation by the carboxylic acid functional groups present over the chitosan backbone. Utility of the CM-Cts-Glu under complexing decontamination formulations used in nuclear industry was ascertained. While Cts-Glu generally preferred iron over cobalt under complexing conditions, it was shown that the selectivity was reversed in favour of Co(II) in the functionalised sorbent, CM-Cts-Glu. N-carboxylation followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde was found to be a feasible approach for the generation of superior chitosan-based sorbents.

Chitosan – TiO2 Nanocomposite Films for Efficient Decolourisation of Sulphur Black Dye under Dark Conditions

ABSTRACT Sulphur dyes are a class of dyes known for their low cost and excellent fastness to light and wash. But, excess amounts of unused dyes, electrolytes and sulphide contents were found to cause serious hazards to health and environment. This work reports the synthesis of cost-effective, non-toxic, environment-friendly chitosan (CS) and chitosan-TiO2 (5 wt% (CST-5), 10 wt% (CST-10) and 15 wt% (CST-15)) polymer nanocomposite films by the facile solution casting method. CS and CST polymer nanocomposite films were tested for the decolourisation of sulphur black dye. The structural analysis of the synthesised films using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) displayed the semi-crystalline peaks of chitosan and the anatase phase of TiO2 with tetragonal-bcc structure. The morphological analysis using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed that TiO2 had dispersed uniformly into the polymer matrix. UV–Vis DRS and PL revealed the wide indirect band gap energy and charge transfer characteristics, respectively, of the polymer nanocomposite films. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) studies revealed the various bonds, functional groups and elemental properties of CS and TiO2-loaded CS films. Sulphur black dye decolourisation studies conducted under dark conditions at room temperature and atmospheric pressure revealed that CST-5 nanocomposite film exhibited an excellent decolourisation efficiency of 87.6% within 12 min of contact with the sulphur black dye solution. This swift and enhanced decolourisation was due to the synergistic effects of adsorption by chitosan and catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) by the catalyst TiO2. These nanocomposite films are potential materials for the treatment of wastewater and decolourisation of various toxic dyes.