Synthesis Of Cellulose Acetate Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) as Membrane Material

Indonesia is the world’s largest palm oil producer and exporter, can produce 230 kg of OPEFB. The utilization of OPEFB is still at 10%, even though OPEFB is composed of 37.26% cellulose. This research aims to find out how to synthesize and characterize cellulose acetate from OPEFB cellulose into membrane material. The synthesis of cellulose acetate using the acetylation method is carried out in several processes. The activation process expands the surface of the cellulose fibers. The acetylation process is intended to substitute cellulose hydroxyl groups with acetyl groups. The hydrolysis removes some acetyl groups from trimester cellulose and reduces the combination of sulfate esters. In the results of FTIR analysis, carbonyl groups (C=O) and acetyl groups (C-O) have high peak depths in OPEFB cellulose acetate. Based on the calculation of acetyl content, OPEFB cellulose acetate has an acetyl content of 39.82% with a degree of substitution of 2.44. The results of XRD analysis show that OPEFB cellulose acetate has a crystallinity index of 34.5%. In TGA analysis, the thermal stability of cellulose acetate is up to a temperature of 210°C. Based on the research results, OPEFB cellulose can be synthesized into cellulose acetate using the acetylation method.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Membrane from Corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) Husk as Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Membrane

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained popularity and the attention of numerous researchers in recent times because of their benefits. The separator membrane is one of the most important parts of the LIB. Separator membranes are made of polymeric materials, one of which is cellulose acetate (CA). In this study, we synthesize CA from corn husk. There are 2 methodological ways in this study, namely the synthesis of CA which consists of delignification and acetylation, and fabrication of PVDF/ CA/ Nanoclay electrolyte membrane with variation of CA PVDF (0%:100, 10%: 90%, 20%: 80%, 30%: 70%, 50%: 50%). The synthesis of CA from corn husk exhibits XRD results which were comparable to the peak of commercial CA. Meanwhile, the PVDF/ CA-Nanoclay-based separator membrane with the composition of 50% PVDF and 50% CA had the best characterization results with an electrolyte uptake value of 139.649% and a porosity value of 79.11%. Based on the attained results, the CA extracted from corn husk in this study is applicable to use for the fabrication of electrolyte membrane.

Effectiveness of Cellulose Acetate Nanofiber from Banana Leaf Waste (Musa paradisiaca L.) as an Antibacterial Filter in Masks

The COVID-19 pandemic requires all people in Indonesia to comply with health protocols, from washing hands to wearing masks. Cloth masks are one of the masks that are widely used by the community. However, the public needs to pay attention to the rules of the cloth masks used. The purposes of this study were to produce an antibacterial filter on masks and to find out the effective and efficient processing of banana stems as an antibacterial filter on masks. Banana stems were chosen as the raw material because it is easy to obtain, has a cellulose content of ± 63%, and has antibacterial compounds in it. The stages of this research were sample preparation, phytochemical screening of banana stems, isolation of α-cellulose and synthesis of cellulose acetate from α-cellulose which were further characterized by using FTIR, manufacture of dop solution, manufacture of nanofiber membranes by electrospinning, and product application. The resulting product was then tested by pressure drop test, contact angle test, antibacterial activity test, SEM test, and porosity test. The test results showed that the resulting product was a nanofiber with a fiber diameter of ± 220.74075 nm, had antibacterial activity which was indicated by the formation of inhibition zone with a diameter of ± 14.8 mm in Escherichia coli and ± 9.8 mm in Staphylococcus. aureus, the filter is hydrophilic with an average contact angle of 60°. From the observations, it can be concluded that banana stems have the potential as an antibacterial filter on masks.

Synthesis of cellulose acetate (CA) from algae Gracilaria sp. composited with nickel oxide (NiO) as a supercapacitor base material

In this research, electrodes were made from cellulose acetate (CA) synthesized from algae Gracilaria sp. and then composited with nickel oxide (NiO), the concentration of which varied from 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 grams. Furthermore, FT-IR characterized cellulose acetate, and the CA-NiOn electrode was characterized by XRD, SEM, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results showed that CA was successfully synthesized from Gracilaria sp. Increasing the concentration of NiO added to CA as an electrode could increase the specific capacity, energy density, and power density of the electrode with the highest degree of 83.27 F/g, energy density of 4 Wh/kg, and a power density of 0.4 W/kg at a concentration of 0.6 gram NiO. The effect of the addition of NiO on the characteristics of the CA-NiOn electrode was also studied such as crystallinity, crystal size, and porosity. The presentation of CA doped with NiO has the promising prospects as a supercapacitor base material.

Synthesis of cellulose acetate from rice husk cellulose by ultrasound-assisted acetylation

Cellulose acetate is an important product derived from cellulose. Cellulose acetate can be used in a variety of applications including coatings, textile fibers, consumer goods, filtration membranes, composites, laminates, pharmaceutical, and medical items. Rice husk is a lignocellulosic material that contains cellulose and hemicellulose. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of process variables on the cellulose acetate product formation by ultrasound-assisted acetylation using iodine as a catalyst and to characterize the cellulose acetate product. The research was conducted through the delignification, bleaching, acetylation, and characterization processes. The results showed that the optimum yield of cellulose acetate was obtained at the temperature of 60 °C, the reaction time of 50 min, the weight of the catalyst of 10% of cellulose weight, and the ratio of cellulose and acetic anhydride of 1:5 (w/v). The acetylation process using iodine as a catalyst with an ultrasound-assisted method was more effective than the conventional acetylation (acetic acid glacial and sulfuric acid as a catalyst).

PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE ACETATE MEMBRANE FROM COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAO L) SHELL MODIFIED POLYETHYLENE GLICOL FOR PB METAL ION FILTRATION

In this study, a modified polyethylene glycol modified cellulose acetate membrane was made. Cellulose acetate was synthesized from cocoa husk waste (Theobroma cacao L) with several steps, namely isolation of alpha cellulose from cocoa husk waste, synthesis of cellulose acetate from alpha cellulose, preparation of 10% cellulose acetate membrane with the addition of polyethylene glycol 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 & 25% . From the results of the research, it was found that the FT-IR analysis of -cellulose from cocoa shells showed an absorption peak at wave numbers between 3400 – 3500 cm-1 which indicated the presence of O-H stretch groups. At wave numbers 2800-2900 cm-1 indicates C-H stretching, then it can be seen at wave numbers 1160 cm-1 indicates C-O-C stretching, and at 1035-1060 cm-1 indicates C-O stretching. In the fingerprint area, we found absorption peaks at wave numbers around 1300 cm-1 which indicated the presence of C-H bending and around 1400 cm-1 indicating the presence of CH2 bending. The cellulose acetate obtained is white and smooth compared to alpha cellulose. At the membrane preparation stage, the results of the insoluble cellulose acetate & PEG using acetone as a solvent. So it is necessary to do a solubility test and find a suitable solvent to form polyethylene glycol modified cellulose acetate membrane for Pb metal ion filtration.

INNOVATION OF BIODEGRADABLE MEMBRANE NANOFILTER MASK BASED ON CELLULOSE EMPTY PALM OIL BUNCHES AS A FUTURE MASK

Background: Covid-19 has become a public health emergency of international concern that is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Prevention is a very important things to maintain public health, one of which is by using masks. This raises new problems related to mask waste which is non-biodegradable. There needs to be a solution in the form of environmentally friendly masks that are easily biodegradable, one of which is by utilizing the cellulose content in empty palm oil bunches. The purpose of this study was to determine the process of making environmentally friendly masks from empty oil palm fruit bunches, to determine the thickness and biodegradation results of masks. Method: The method used in this research is experimental. In this study, the manufacture of nanofilters, thickness testing, and biodegradation tests were carried out. The process of making environmentally friendly masks from oil palm empty fruit bunches goes through four main stages, namely extraction of cellulose from the waste of oil palm empty fruit bunches, synthesis of cellulose acetate, manufacture of biodegradable nanofilter membranes, and finishing. Result: The results showed that the masks had a thickness of 0.79-0.97 mm and the results of biodegradation tests showed 2.7-7.03% results. These results show a very good indication that it has the potential to be used as an air mask that is feasible to use and environmentally friendly because it is easily biodegradable. Conclusion: The process of making environmentally friendly masks from oil palm empty fruit bunches goes through four main stages, namely extraction of cellulose from the waste of oil palm empty fruit bunches, synthesis of cellulose acetate, manufacture of biodegradable nanofilter membranes, and finishing. Thickness test results yield 0.79-0.97 mm and biodegradation test results show 2.7-7.03% results. Keywords: Biodegradation, Mask, Palm Oil Bunches

Penentuan Kadar Selulosa Asetat pada Daun Tanaman Puring (Codiaeum variegatum) sebagai Penyerap Timbal di Udara

Pollution is one of the environmental problems in developing countries. Sources of pollution can be caused by nature and due to human actions. One of the air pollution sources is heavy metal content of Pb which is not easily decomposed in nature so that it can contaminate the environment. In Puring plants, especially the leaves have cellulose acetate which can filter heavy metals. The purpose of this study was the manufacturing of cellulose acetate from the leaves of the Puring plant. The cellulose obtained from the simplicia of leaves of the Puring plant will then be reacted into cellulose acetate through the acetylation reaction process using acetic anhydride with variations in temperature and reaction time taken, namely 40, 50, 60° C and as long as 50, 55, and 60 minutes. The levels of cellulose acetate were obtained through the cellulose extraction process, the synthesis of cellulose acetate and the final stage of making the membrane, from this process the optimum temperature and reaction time results were obtained in the second experiment with a temperature and reaction time of 50°C each and for 55 minutes without applying a catalyst 12.40%. In addition, the weight variation of raw material powder was taken, namely 20, 40, 60, 80, and 120 mg using a certain concentration of Pb (II) solution to determine the adsorbent capacity. These results can be obtained from analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR).

Synthesis of Calcium Fluoride Ultrafine Particles for the Preparation of Integral Asymmetric Cellulose Acetate/Calcium Fluoride Membranes

The present work reports on the synthesis of cellulose acetate (CA) asymmetric membranes with the incorporation of inorganic fluorides, CaF2 particles. These fillers of polymeric composites can, according to the literature, promote the ordering of the polymer matrix, which can lead to interesting permeation properties. In order to achieve that, fluorite (CaF2 ) fine particles were prepared by a double jet injection method using CaCl2 and NaF solutions as precursors and polyvinylpyrrolidone as a stabilizing agent. The fluorite particles were incorporated in the casting solutions of cellulose acetate/acetone/formamide. Dynamic light scattering measurements showed that formamide acting as the poor solvent in the membrane casting solutions can lead to some agglomeration of the fluorite particles and evident changes in structure and permeation properties. The CA/CaF2 composite membranes were casted by the phase inversion method at different solvent evaporation times. The permeation experiments indicated that the active layer of the membranes prepared with shorter solvent evaporation times is composed of an organic-inorganic network with bigger pores, which allows the permeation of molecules approximately two times the size of those retained by the CA membranes. Further increase in the solvent evaporation time has the opposite effect, as particle agglomerates may be formed.

Synthesis of cellulose acetate using as raw material textile wastes

Several tons of textiles are wasted annually in world, mainly composed of fibers or cotton, which are currently disposed of in landfills or incinerated. These textile wastes are a valuable resource, for being rich in cellulose, which through chemical processes can become value-added products. Considering the importance of reducing the environmental impact that these industries cause, it is necessary to investigate solutions to reuse of these materials. In this scenario, the production of cellulose derivatives has been extremely important. The cellulose can be esterified to obtain cellulose acetate (CA), which is one of the most important commercial cellulose derivatives due to its wide industrial applications. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the use of textile wastes provided by a textile industry of Portugal, in the synthesis of CA. The CA was produced through the homogeneous acetylation method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and degree of substitution (DS). The CA produced presented an average DS of 2.69. The FTIR spectra showed the appearance of new bands which proved that acetylation occurred. These results showed that is possible to obtain CA, without any previous purification steps, by a simple method.

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate from royal palm tree agroindustrial waste

This study provides a novel value‐added utilization of the agroindustrial waste of royal palm tree leaf sheath to produce cellulose acetate. One of the motivations of this work was the fact that Brazil is one of the largest heart of palm producers in the world. However, as a result of extraction and processing, tons of waste are generated and discharged to the environment. Such waste is rich in lignocellulosic material, which could be reused to obtain derivatives of interest and commercial value. The synthesis of cellulose acetate was performed through a homogeneous acetylation reaction. Three different conditions were tested for delignification of the raw material, which resulted in a reduction in lignin content from 17.75 to 7.72%. The highest yield of cellulose acetate reached 99.5%, with degree of substitutions ranging between 2.08 and 2.82, which indicates satisfactory conversion. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum showed that practically all hydroxyl groups were replaced by acetate groups; this was also confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the cellulose acetate crystallinity index was 8.9%. This demonstrates the viable potential of cellulose acetate production with low cost and use of highly available agroindustrial waste. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:891–898, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Synthesis and characterization of a biodegradable Cellulose acetate-montmorillonite composite for effective adsorption of Eosin Y

Cellulose extracted from the rhizomes of Alpinia nigra was utilized in the synthesis of cellulose acetate. Furthermore, the cellulose acetate reacted with organophillic montmorillonite to form a composite. All the products including cellulose, cellulose acetate and the composite were characterized with the help of standard analytical techniques. The synthesised composite was effectively used as an adsorbent for the toxic dye Eosin Y which is a common waste water effluent. The influence of different parameters such as contact time, temperature and effect of initial concentration of dye on the adsorption process was investigated. Moreover the cellulose acetate-montmorillonite composite was biodegradable which was confirmed from a compost test conducted for a period of six months. These results clearly indicate that cellulose acetate-montmorillonite composite is an interesting alternative for the treatment of waste water effluents.

Synthesis of cellulose acetate from palm oil bunches and dried jackfruit leaves

Cellulose acetate is a natural polymer, that is widely used in various industries, especially fiber and plastics. Cellulose acetate was created by an esterification reaction of cellulose and acetic anhydride. The raw materials used in this research were empty fruit bunches of palm oil and dried jackfruit leaves, because utilization of waste, available in large quantities, and contain high cellulose. The objective of this study was to obtain high yield cellulose and cellulose acetate from palm oil bunches and jackfruit leaves. This was done by variating delignification time, bleaching time, and acetylation time. Cellulose isolation was performed through a delignification process by adding NaOH and bleaching process by adding H2O2. The optimum yield for the empty palm oil bunches cellulose was 36.45%, with the delignification time of 1.5 hours and the bleaching time of 30 minutes. The optimum yield of jackfruit leaves cellulose was 13.72%, with 1-hour delignification time and 30 minutes bleaching time. Cellulose acetate was obtained by cellulose activation process by adding acetic acid glacial, acetylation process with anhydrous acetate, and hydrolysis with water. The yield of cellulose acetate obtained was 81.75% for palm oil bunches and 63.89 for jackfruit leaves.

Structure of the SO4 2−/TiO2 solid acid catalyst and its catalytic activity in cellulose acetylation

SO4 2−/TiO2 solid acid catalyst, a kind of green catalyst, was introduced as an alternative of sulfuric acid in the synthesis of cellulose acetate (CA). It has been investigated that SO4 2−/TiO2 presented prominent catalytic activity during this process. The degree of polymerization of CA obtained using SO4 2−/TiO2 catalyst was 1.7 times higher than that using H2SO4, which could influence the mechanical properties of CA considerably. In addition, the SO4 2−/TiO2 solid acid catalyst exhibited perfect reusability in the acetic acid system for cellulose acetylation, with traces of SO4 2− leached during the reaction confirmed by NH3-TPD. It was investigated by XRD that the polymorphic of catalyst transformed from amorphous TiO2 to anatase TiO2 with the increase of calcination temperature and prolongation of calcination time, improving the catalytic activity of SO4 2−/TiO2 solid acid catalyst. The higher crystallinity it had, the better catalytic activity the SO4 2−/TiO2 catalyst exhibited. However, due to the decomposition of SO4 2− on the catalyst surface, confirmed by TG-MS analysis, the catalytic activity of SO4 2−/TiO2 catalyst decreased sharply when the calcination temperature was above 550 °C. The structure of SO4 2−/TiO2 solid acid catalyst has been investigated by FT-IR, and it can be confirmed that the SO4 2− group was bidentate coordinated with TiO2.

Synthesis of cellulose acetate and carboxymethylcellulose from sugarcane straw

Sugarcane straw (SCS) is a raw material with high potential for production of cellulose derivatives due to its morphology and structure. The proposal of this work was to synthesize cellulose acetate (CA) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) from sugarcane straw cellulose, and applied the CA in the preparation of a membrane. The cellulose extraction was carried out in four steps. Firstly, SCS was treated with H2SO4 (10% v/v) followed by NaOH (5% w/v) treatment. Subsequently, a chelating process was performed before ending the extraction process with chemical bleaching using H2O2 (5% v/v). The extracted cellulose was employed in the obtainment of CA and CMC. The CA presented a degree of substitution (DS) of 2.72. Its FTIR spectrum showed that practically all hydroxyl groups were replaced by acetate groups. The membrane synthesized from CA was dense and homogeneous. The presence of small particles on the top and bottom surfaces decreased the mechanical resistance of the membrane. The CMC presented a low DS (0.4) demonstrating the carboxymethylation reaction was not very effective due to the presence of lignin. These results proved that SCS can be utilized in the synthesis of CA and CMC.

Fabrication of Biomembrane from Banana Stem for Lead Removal

Heavy metal (i.e. lead (Pb)) is one of the environmental issues recently due to its danger for human health. Therefore, strategy for removing Pb from waste water treatment is important. One of the prospective methods to remove Pb is membrane biofilter. Here, the purpose of this study was to prepare the membrane biofilter for Pb removal process. In this study, membrane biofilter was produced from banana stem. Banana stem was selected because of its abundant availability in Indonesia. And, for somewhat, this banana stem can be environmental problems (become waste) since Indonesia is one of the top producers in the world. In short of the experimental procedure, we conducted three steps of experiments: (1) Preparation of microbial cellulose using <em>Acetobacter xylinum</em> using banana stem for a main source; (2) Synthesis of cellulose acetate; and (3) Preparation of biomembrane from obtained cellulose acetate. To produce membrane biofilter, the cellulose acetate was dissolved into dichloromethane to form a dope solution. Then, the doped solution was printed in Petri dish. Some biomembrane properties were characterized for identification, i.e. infrared spectra, electron microscope, and elemental analysis. Experimental results showed that we succeeded to prepare biomembrane with a pore size of 5 μm. The filtration efficiency of our prepared membrane was 93.7% of Pb when using Pb with a concentration of 10 ppm.

Conductivity of Cellulose Acetate Membranes from Pandan Duri Leaves (Pandanus tectorius) for Li-ion Battery

The purpose of this research is to know the influence of lithium chloride composition on membrane conductivity. Cellulose was extracted from pandan duri leaves (P. tectorius) by dilute alkaline and bleaching with 0.5% NaOCl followed by synthesis of cellulose acetate using acetic anhydride as acetylating agent, acetic acid as solvent and sulfuric acid as catalyst. The membranes were prepared by casting polymer solution method and the composition of CA/LiCl were 60/40, 65/35, 70/30, 75/25, 80/20 and 100/0. Structural analysis was carried out by FTIR and X-ray diffraction. The conductivity was measured using Elkahfi 100. The highest conductivity of cellulose acetate membrane was 2.20 × 10 -4 S cm -1 that measured at room temperature for 65/35 composition

Activation of Cellulose by Supercritical Tetrafluoroethane and Its Application in Synthesis of Cellulose Acetate

Cellulose is the most ancient and abundant polysaccharide on earth. However, the strong hydrogen bond networks and the high crystallinity strongly prevent cellulose from reacting with other compounds to produce higher performance materials. In this work, the investigation via molecular dynamics simulation showed that supercritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (SC R134a) could effectively destroy the strong hydrogen bond networks of cellulose and activate cellulose. Furthermore, experiments were also conducted to support the simulation results, where cellulose was activated via introducing SC R134a and subsequently used in the synthesis of cellulose acetate. The experimental results revealed that SC R134a exhibited a prominent effect on activating cellulose. The crystallinity of cellulose decreased from 0.926 to 0.686 after being activated by SC R134a. In addition the morphology (SEM) of cellulose suggested that the average diameter increased by 25% and numerous cracks appeared on the outer surface of cellulo...

Cellulose acetate fibers prepared from different raw materials with rapid synthesis method

Transesterification is a mild process to prepare cellulose acetate (CA) as compared with the traditional method. In this study, CA fibers were produced from six cellulose raw materials based on a simple and rapid transesterification method. The properties of the CA solutions and the obtained CA fibers were investigated in detail. Results showed that all of the cellulose raw materials were esterified within 15min, and spinning dopes could be obtained by concentrating the CA solutions via vacuum distillation. The XRD, FT-IR, 1H, 13C and HSQC NMR analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of CA. The degree of substitution (DS) of the obtained CA was significantly affected by the degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose raw materials, which further influenced the viscosity of CA solutions as well as the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of the CA fibers.

Synthesis of cellulose acetate from cotton byproducts

Cotton burr and cottonseed hull are relatively inexpensive cotton byproducts. In an effort to derive greater value out of these natural renewable materials, we have succeeded in converting part of them into cellulose acetate without prior chemical breakdown or physical separation of cellulose, lignin, protein, and other components. The conventional approach of treating the raw materials with acetic acid, acetic anhydride, and sulfuric acid in a solvent yielded very little product. An alternative process that involved treating the materials with acetic anhydride and iodine proved to be more successful. No solvent was used in this alternative approach except during the sample workup. The process was optimized by varying the temperature and the amounts of acetic anhydride and iodine used. The best yields obtained thus far were about 15–24%, which corresponded to conversion of between 50% and 80% of the starting cellulose. Formation of the acetates and the degree of substitution were monitored via NMR spectroscopy.