Synthesis Of Cadmium Sulfide Research Articles

Antimicrobial Activity of Bio and Chemical Synthesized Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles

Background: The green synthesis of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles has been regarded as the most promising technique for their prospective applications in biological system. Aim of the work: In this study isolation of different bacterial strains from stool samples of healthy volunteer, selection of the most efficient bacterial strains able to reduce cadmium sulfide metal into nanoparticles. Characterization of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles by standard analytical methods. Mediating the biosynthesized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles in medical applications in comparison to those produced by chemical methods. Materials and methods: Extracellular Escherichia coli E-30 and Klebsiella pneumoniae K-6 isolated from stool samples were the strains used for biosynthesis. Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were also produced by wet chemical method. The characterizations of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were done by using UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Results: Escherichia coli E-30 has shown to be efficient in synthesizing cadmium sulfide nanoparticles where CdS nanoparticles were with average size ranging from 3.2 to 44.9 nm while average size of CdS nanoparticle was synthesized by Klebsiella pneumoniae K-6 ranging from 8.5 to 44.9 nm. While cadmium sulfide nanoparticles synthesized by wet chemical method, ranging from 8.77 to 16.50 nm. Biosynthesized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles by Escherichia coli E-30 showed highest antimicrobial activity on Aspergillus fumigatus, Geotricum candidum, Bacillus subtilis,Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli than chemical synthesized of CdS nanoparticles. Conclusion: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from stool samples had the ability to produce cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. This kind of microorganisms can be used for synthesis of nanoparticles and heavy metal absorption for detoxification of environment.

Studies on growth mechanism and physical properties of hydrothermally synthesized CdS with novel hierarchical superstructures and their photocatalytic activity

A simple, facile and organic-free hydrothermal method was utilized to synthesize cadmium sulfide (CdS) superstructures. The cadmium chloride and thiourea used as a Cd2+ and S2− ion sources for the growth of CdS superstructures. The reaction was carried out at different time and temperatures. The X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that the obtained products were highly crystalline with hexagonal phase. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images reveal a monodisperse dendrite-like CdS superstructure. It consisted of a central long trunk with secondary branches, lying parallel to each other and making a certain angle with the central trunk, and small ternary branches grew out of the secondary branches. The selected area electron diffraction altogether with high-resolution electron microscopy patterns depicted that the leaves of dendrite were single crystalline in nature and preferentially grown along (111) direction. The UV-vis absorbance and photoluminescence study illustrated that the hierarchically grown CdS superstructures revealed the good quality of optical properties. A probable growth mechanism for the formation of CdS dendritic superstructures was also discussed and demonstrated by experimental results. The photocatalytic activity of CdS superstructures was studied with the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) in an aqueous solution, under the visible light irradiation. The results showed that the degradation ratio of MB could reach 94.93% in 220 min. Based on the results, the possible mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction of MB with CdS dendrites is useful for visible light photocatalytic applications.

Biofabrication of morphology improved cadmium sulfide nanoparticles using Shewanella oneidensis bacterial cells and ionic liquid: For toxicity against brain cancer cell lines

The present work determines the anticancer activity of bio-mediated synthesized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles using the ionic liquid and bacterial cells (Shewanella oneidensis). Bacterial cells have been exposed to be important resources that hold huge potential as ecofriendly, cost-effective, evading toxic of dangerous chemicals and the alternative of conventional physiochemical synthesis. The Shewanella oneidensis is an important kind of metal reducing bacterium, known as its special anaerobic respiratory and sulfate reducing capacity. The crystalline nature, phase purity and surface morphology of biosynthesized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscopy. The use of imidazolium based ionic liquids as soft templating agent for controlling self-assembly and crystal growth direction of metal sulfide nanoparticles has also advanced as an important method. The microscopic techniques showed that the nanoparticles are designed on the nano form and have an excellent spherical morphology, due to the self-assembled mechanism of ionic liquid assistance. The antitumor efficiency of the cadmium sulfide nanoparticles was investigated against brain cancer cell lines using rat glioma cell lines. The effectively improved nano-crystalline and morphological structure of CdS nanoparticles in the presence of IL exhibit excellent cytotoxicity and dispersion ability on the cell shape is completely spread out showing a nice toxic environment against cancer cells. The cytotoxicity effect of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles was discussed with a diagrammatic representation.

Use of a sulfur waste for biosynthesis of cadmium sulfide quantum dots with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

After hydrodesulfurization of Mexican oil's sour acid gases, a sulfur toxic waste is recovered, we used it to synthesize cadmium sulfide quantum dots, which have been recently studied due to their optical (high photostability, high quantum yield and fluorescence) and catalytic properties. Increased demand of cadmium sulfide quantum dots has led to research of new synthesis methods that with higher yields, increased control over particle diameter, that produce hydrophilic quantum dots -as most of them are obtained in organic solvents- and that are environmentally friendly because most methods employ toxic materials or involve a high energy consumption. This study attempted to synthesize hydrophilic cadmium sulfide quantum dots using an environmentally friendly method with a fungus capable of transforming a dangerous waste into a high-value-added product. Mycelia of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici were incubated with 1mM cadmium nitrate and 1% (w/v) sulfur waste at 30°C for 24h, then the biomass was separated through paper filtration. The filtrate became yellow indicating presence of extracellular cadmium sulfide quantum dots, as was confirmed by increased UV–vis absorption around 300nm and fluorescence at 510nm. The biomass of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici produced after 24h, extracellular stable, hydrophilic and biocompatible cadmium sulfide quantum dots from a sulfur dangerous waste. Biosynthesized quantum dots were circular with diameter of 6.116±2.111nm and had a wurtzite crystalline structure.

Ru-dye grafted CdS and reduced graphene oxide Ru/CdS/rGO composite: An efficient and photo tuneable electrode material for solid state dye sensitized polymer solar cells

This article provides a facile one step synthesis of CdS (cadmium sulphide) and CdS/rGO (reduced graphene oxide CdS nanocomposites) using DMF (N, N-Dimethyl formamide) both as a solvent and a reducing agent for the reduction of grapheme oxide. XRD (X-ray diffraction), FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscopy), EDX (Elemental dispersive X-ray analysis), TEM (Transmission electron microscopy), UV–Vis (UV–visible) and Raman spectroscopy have been employed for the characterization of prepared samples. The prepared nano-composite was photosensitized with three well known Ru (Ruthenium) dyes i.e. N3 [cis-Bis(isothiocyanato) bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato ruthenium(II))], N719 [Di-tetrabutylammoniumcis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato) ruthenium (II)] and Z907 [cis-Bis(isothiocyanato)(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)(4,4′-di-nonyl-2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)]. The effect of concentration and number of anchoring groups on the grafting was extensively studied in order to explore structure-activity relationship. Photosensitization of CdS/rGO nanocomposite was evidenced by UV–Visible, PL (Photoluminiscence), FT-IR (Fourier transform infra-red) spectroscopy and I-V (current-voltage measurements). The prepared samples were found as effective electrode materials for application in SSDSSCs (solid state dye sensitized solar cells) with a maximum output efficiency of 1.01% which is two times higher than the reference device under the same experimental conditions. The components of the synthesized nanohybrid material were found to be capable of providing a uni-directional and cascade path for the flow of electrons and holes in the desired directions.

Synthesis of Ligand-free CdS Nanoparticles within a Sulfur Copolymer Matrix.

Aliphatic ligands are typically used during the synthesis of nanoparticles to help mediate their growth in addition to operating as high-temperature solvents. These coordinating ligands help solubilize and stabilize the nanoparticles while in solution, and can influence the resulting size and reactivity of the nanoparticles during their formation. Despite the ubiquity of using ligands during synthesis, the presence of aliphatic ligands on the nanoparticle surface can result in a number of problems during the end use of the nanoparticles, necessitating further ligand stripping or ligand exchange procedures. We have developed a way to synthesize cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles using a unique sulfur copolymer. This sulfur copolymer is primarily composed of elemental sulfur, which is a cheap and abundant material. The sulfur copolymer has the advantages of operating both as a high temperature solvent and as a sulfur source, which can react with a cadmium precursor during nanoparticle synthesis, resulting in the generation of ligand free CdS. During the reaction, only some of the copolymer is consumed to produce CdS, while the rest remains in the polymeric state, thereby producing a nanocomposite material. Once the reaction is finished, the copolymer stabilizes the nanoparticles within a solid polymeric matrix. The copolymer can then be removed before the nanoparticles are used, which produces nanoparticles that do not have organic coordinating ligands. This nascent synthesis technique presents a method to produce metal-sulfide nanoparticles for a wide variety of applications where the presence of organic ligands is not desired.

Solvothermal synthesis of CdS QDs/MWCNTs nanocomposites with high efficient photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation

Cadmium sulphide (CdS) quantum dots (QDs) deposited multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) photocatalysts were synthesized via a facile one-pot solvothermal process. The as-prepared samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and photoluminescence (PL). The CdS QDs with the size at range of 5–8 nm were immobilized on the surface of MWCNTs. The photocatalytic activity of the CdS QDs/MWCNTs nanocomposites were evaluated by the decomposition of malachite green (MG) under visible light irradiation. All CdS QDs/MWCNTs photocatalysts possessed higher photocatalytic activity than pure MWCNTs. It could be found that MG was photodegraded with the highest degradation efficiency of 94.5% by 2.5-CdS QDs/MWCNTs photocatalysts under visible light irradiation. This enhanced photocatalytic performance was attributed to an efficient electron–hole separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs of CdS. Moreover, the photocatalytic mechanism of CdS QDs/MWCNTs nanocomposites was also discussed.

Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) in the synthesis of 3D CdS superstructures by diffusion assisted hydrothermal method

In this study, the synthesis of cadmium sulfide (CdS) microstructures by gas diffusion assisted hydrothermal method using phosphotungstic acid (PTA) is reported. The as-synthesized products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of PTA dose, thioacetamide amount, time and temperature on the morphology of obtained particles have been studied. In this process, PTA ion host stabilizes the CdS particles against aggregation and thioacetamide plays two roles, being at the same time a sulfur source and a capping ligand. Based on the performed analyses it seems that the thioacetamide is more effective on the formation of CdS than PTA. The precipitation of CdS was mainly controlled by the diffusion rate of H2S gas. At high diffusion rate, the nucleation is dominant resulting in more uniform and smaller particles eventually assembling to the CdS microspheres.

Mediator-free biosensor using chitosan capped CdS quantum dots for detection of total cholesterol

An electrochemical mediator-free biosensor platform have been fabricated using in situ synthesized cadmium sulfide quantum dots embedded in chitosan via surface functionalization of cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase enzyme molecules.

Biosynthesis of luminescent CdS quantum dots using plant hairy root culture.

CdS nanoparticles have a great potential for application in chemical research, bioscience and medicine. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient and environmentally-friendly method of plant-based biosynthesis of CdS quantum dots using hairy root culture of Linaria maroccana L. By incubating Linaria root extract with inorganic cadmium sulfate and sodium sulfide we synthesized stable luminescent CdS nanocrystals with absorption peaks for UV-visible spectrometry at 362 nm, 398 nm and 464 nm, and luminescent peaks at 425, 462, 500 nm. Transmission electron microscopy of produced quantum dots revealed their spherical shape with a size predominantly from 5 to 7 nm. Electron diffraction pattern confirmed the wurtzite crystalline structure of synthesized cadmium sulfide quantum dots. These results describe the first successful attempt of quantum dots synthesis using plant extract.PACS81.07.Ta; 81.16.-c; 81.16.Rf

Synthesis of Nanocrystalline CdS by SILAR and Their Characterization

A simple and cost effective chemical technique has been utilized to prepare cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles at room temperature. The sample is characterized with XRD (X-ray diffractometer), SEM (scanning electron microscope), TEM (transmission electron microscope), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared), EDX (energy dispersive X-rays), and UV-VIS (ultraviolet visible) spectrophotometer. The particle size estimated using X-ray line broadening method is ~21.5 nm. While particle size estimation, both instrumental and strain broadening was taken into account. The lattice strain was evaluated using Williamson-Hall equation. SEM illustrates formation of submicron size crystallites and TEM image gives a particle size of ~23.5 nm. The characteristic stretching vibration frequency of CdS was observed in the absorption band in FTIR spectrum. Optical absorption study exhibits a band gap energy value of about 2.44 eV.

Biogenic synthesis and photocatalytic activity of CdS nanoparticles

The present work demonstrates the photocatalytic activity of biologically synthesized cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles, using the fungal biomass of Trichoderma harzianum. The photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles was determined upon the degradation of methylene blue (M.B.) in a photocatalytic reactor and the residual concentration was monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The mechanism behind the photocatalytic activity was discussed with a diagrammatic representation. The synthesized CdS nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The UV-Vis spectrum of the CdS nanoparticles suspension showed an absorption peak at 332 nm. The photocatalytic activity of the CdS nanoparticles was evaluated using reaction kinetics. The energy band gap of the synthesized CdS nanoparticles was estimated by absorbance spectra. TEM analysis showed that the particles are formed on the nano scale and have a spherical morphology. X-ray diffraction analysis showed intense peaks which correspond to the crystalline nature of CdS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provided clear evidence of the presence of proteins as probable biomolecules responsible for the stabilization of the CdS nanoparticles.

Synthesis of the conjugates of DNA polymerase β with cadmium sulfide nanoparticles and their activity in reverse micelles

Abstract Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals, having very useful luminescent properties. We synthesized cadmium sulfide nanocrystals with infinite solubility and long-time stability in water by using the thioglycolic acid as capping agent and Tris-base as counter ion. The obtained nanoparticles in the concentration range up to 200 nM did not influence on the activity of DNA polymerase β in reverse micelles. The primed M13mp19 DNA upon the irradiation of nanoparticles with UV-light at 312 nm can absorb them. We obtained and characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy the covalent conjugates of DNA polymerase and CdS quantum dots. The conjugates sustained enzymatic activity; however, two-fold decrease in activity of the enzyme was observed. Using DNA template as a ruler and the activity of DNA polymerase, we estimated the Forster distance (2.3 nm) for CdS nanoparticles (donor) and 5(6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (acceptor) in the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The conjugate we obtained is functional enzyme, opening the possibility of using this nanohybrid in DNA repair study, for example, to track DNA polymerase β on DNA within DNA repair machine. The proposed experimental protocols are optimized for a convenient, economic and practical use by many researchers.

The Synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide and Cadmium Selenide Nanostructures

Cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide have been the subject of considerable interest because of their potentialapplications in many fields. In this paper, the synthesis of cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide nanostructures is described. The Morphologies of as prepared cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide nanostructures are summarized. And the applications and prospects of cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide in this field also are analyzed.

Characterization of CdS Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Microwave-Assisted Polyol Method

Synthesis of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles has been performed through the simple and rapid microwave-assisted polyol method, using cadmium chloride and thioacetamide as the cadmium and sulfur sources respectively. Attempts were made to control the size and crystallinity of the CdS nanoparticles by controlling microwave irradiation time and the initial molar ratio of the cadmium and sulfur sources. The structure of nanoparticles characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) was hexagonal. No peaks corresponding to impurities were detected, indicating the high purity of the product. The size of the prepared samples was calculated by Debye–Scherrer formula according to XRD spectra. The morphology of particles was observed in the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images was spherical. The average size of nanoparticles was also estimated from these images. The optical absorption of CdS nanoparticles studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy showed a blue shift from bulk CdS due to quantum confinement. The size of nanoparticles was calculated by Brus formula according to UV-Visible spectrum and compared to XRD and TEM results.

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of CdS–montmorillonite nanocomposites

Nanocomposites based on cadmium sulfide (CdS) and Na-montmorillonite (Na+-Mt) were prepared by a hydrothermal method using Cd[NH2CSNH2]SO4 complex as precursor of CdS which was derived from cadmium sulfate and thiourea. These nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and X-fluorescence (XF). The nanocomposites consist of nanosized CdS pillars, which tend to increase in size as the amount of complex precursor increases. The CdS crystals have a hexagonal symmetry. The photocatalytic activity of the obtained CdS–Mt nanocomposites is improved significantly compared to that of the Mt and pure CdS. The resulting CdS–Mt nanocomposites could degrade methylene blue and rhodamine 6G under near UV–visible irradiation.

Hydrogen production from water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts using solar light

Hydrogen energy has been regarded as the most promising energy resource in the near future due to that it is a clean and sustainable energy. And the heterogeneous photocatalytic hydrogen production is increasingly becoming a research hotspot around the world today. As visible light response photocatalysts for hydrogen production, cadmium sulfide (CdS) is the most representative material, the research of which is of continuing popularity. In the past several years, there has been significant progress in water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts using solar light, especially in the development of co-catalysts. In this paper, recent researches into photocatalytic water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts are reviewed, including controllable synthesis of CdS, modifications with different kinds of cocatalysts, solid solution, intercalated with layered nanocomposites and metal oxides, and hybrids with graphenes etc. Finally, the problems and future challenges in photocatalytic water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts are described.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium Sulfide Nanostructures by Novel Precursor via Hydrothermal Method

A thioglycolic acid (TGA)-assisted hydrothermal process has been developed to synthesize cadmium sulfide nanostructures via reaction between a new precursor cadmium (II) phthalate and TGA. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared were employed to characterize the obtained product. The effects of the reactant concentration, mole ratio of TGA to the Cd2+, temperature and reaction time on the morphology, size of particles, and phase of nanocrystalline CdS products were investigated.

Electrospun PET supported-ionic liquid-stabilized CdS catalyst for the photodegradation of Rhodamine B under visible light

We report the first synthesis of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanowhiskers prepared by the sonochemical precipitation method using the green ionic liquid (IL), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium lauryl sulfate, [OMIM]LS. The synthesized IL-stabilized CdS was immobilized in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers. The PET microfibers used as a support were produced via electrospinning of viscous PET solution. The whiskers assemble in an urchin-like crystal habit and exhibit a band-edge emission due to exciton recombination at 453.7nm and a trap state emission due to surface defects at 648.1nm. The catalyst/polymer ensemble was tested for its photocatalytic activity in the degradation of a model dye, Rhodamine B under visible light. The degradation rate of polymer-supported CdS catalyst is twice compared with the efficiency of the unsupported material.

Spectroscopically characterized cadmium sulfide quantum dots lengthening the lag phase of Escherichia coli growth

The present study reports the effect of cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots on the life cycle of Escherichia coli. CdS quantum dots were synthesized by pH sensitive organochemical route using cadmium chloride and sodium sulfide as precursors and mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as capping agent. It is observed that varying concentration of MPA leads to the production of different sized quantum dots with inverse proportionality and increment in the fluorescence quantum yield. The investigation also shows that CdS quantum dots have no antibacterial activity except it delays the log phase growth of bacteria in terms of size of the particles. The largest synthesized particles significantly elongate the lag phase growth.