Synthesis Of Bacterial Cellulose Research Articles

Superabsorbent bacterial cellulose spheres biosynthesized from winery by-products as natural carriers for fertilizers

Soil contamination, sustainable management of water resources and controlled release of agrochemicals are the main challenges of modern agriculture. In this work, the synthesis of sphere-like bacterial cellulose (BC) using agitated culture conditions and Komagateibacter medellinensis bacterial strain ID13488 was optimized and characterized from grape pomace (GP). First, a comparative study was carried out between agitated and static cultures using different nitrogen sources and applying alternative GP treatments. Agitation of the cultures resulted in higher BC production yield compared to static culture conditions. Additionally, Water holding capacity (WHC) assays evidenced the superabsorbent nature of the BC biopolymer, being positively influenced by the spherical shape as it was observed an increase of 60% in contrast to the results obtained for the BC membranes under static culture conditions. Moreover, it was found that sphere-like BCs were capable of retaining urea up to 375% of their dry weight, rapidly releasing the fertilizer in the presence of water. According to our findings, sphere-like BCs represent suitable systems with great potential for actual agricultural hazards and grape pomace valorisation.

Use of Industrial Wastes as Sustainable Nutrient Sources for Bacterial Cellulose (BC) Production: Mechanism, Advances, and Future Perspectives.

A novel nanomaterial, bacterial cellulose (BC), has become noteworthy recently due to its better physicochemical properties and biodegradability, which are desirable for various applications. Since cost is a significant limitation in the production of cellulose, current efforts are focused on the use of industrial waste as a cost-effective substrate for the synthesis of BC or microbial cellulose. The utilization of industrial wastes and byproduct streams as fermentation media could improve the cost-competitiveness of BC production. This paper examines the feasibility of using typical wastes generated by industry sectors as sources of nutrients (carbon and nitrogen) for the commercial-scale production of BC. Numerous preliminary findings in the literature data have revealed the potential to yield a high concentration of BC from various industrial wastes. These findings indicated the need to optimize culture conditions, aiming for improved large-scale production of BC from waste streams.

Synthesis of cationic bacterial cellulose using a templated metal phenolic network for antibacterial applications

Synthesis of cationic bacterial cellulose using a templated metal phenolic network for antibacterial applications

A Review on Production, Characterization and Application of Bacterial Cellulose and Its Biocomposites

Bacterial cellulose (BC) can be produced by an agitated or static fermentation process in presence of suitable media. Groups of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, and algae are responsible for the synthesis of BC. Under agitated cultivation, BC yield is enhanced as compared to static cultivation. BC is pure cellulose, so it can easily interact with hydrophilic or hydrophobic biopolymers. In this review paper, we have discussed the preparation and characterization of BC reinforced biopolymer (polylactic acid, cellulosic fibers, agar, and Mater-Bi) based biocomposites and biopolymer (natural rubber, chitosan, polycaprolactone, hydroxyapatite) reinforced BC-based biocomposites related research carried out in last 2 decades. The high moisture content of BC results in reduced compatibility to most hydrophobic biopolymers as compared to hydrophilic biopolymers. Mechanical properties of BC before and after reinforcement were compared as it is important parameters in the production of green composites with targeted application in tissue engineering, wound dressing, dental implants, artificial blood vessels, surgical mesh, bone fillings, heart valve, and artificial cartilage. This review paper will help in exploring various applications of BC-based biocomposites in addition to several parameters that affect the production of BC.

Synthesis and characterization of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum using liquid tapioca waste

Abstract In this research, liquid tapioca waste was used to produce bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. Liquid tapioca waste was heated at 70–80 °C and then mixed with sugar as a nitrogen source and urea as a nitrogen source. Furthermore, Acetobacter xylinum was added and incubated for ten days. The bacterial celluloses resulted were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR exhibited that bacterial cellulose structure was confirmed. XRD analysis showed the crystalline of the resulted bacterial cellulose. Also, SEM confirmed the 3D network structure of bacterial cellulose. The results showed that liquid tapioca waste could be used as a medium for bacterial cellulose production.

Influence of surfactant and molarity on the properties of bacterial cellulose/polyaniline: Experimental and density functional theory

In this work, the structure-property relationship was evaluated in the synthesis of bacterial cellulose (BC)/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite aerogels in terms of both experimental and density functional theory (DFT) simulation. The molarity of HCl solution (0.01 and 0.5 M) and the presence/absence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were the main parameters of synthesis conditions. DFT simulation showed that the formation of hydrogen bonds governed interaction between BC and PANI, and PANI had more tendency to BC than that of CTAB at 0.5 M. It was confirmed by the formation of shorter hydrogen bonds between BC and protonated PANI at 0.5 M. Regarding this fact, prepared samples at 0.5 M of HCl solution and the presence of CTAB experienced higher storage modulus and electrical conductivity by 2000 Pa and 4 order of magnitude than those of lower molarity (0.01 M). These findings were in accordance with simulation outcomes.

Effect of Alkalization on the Bacterial Cellulose Film Structure Produced Using the Pineapple Waste

Bacterial cellulose is natural polymers materials produced by Acetobacter xylinum with attractive physical properties because they are ordinary and uniform in structure. An alternative of cellulose from renewable source with more effective results to produce bacterial cellulose fibers. For this reason, the purpose of this paper is to show the effect of alkalization process on the bacterial cellulose film structure. The methods were the synthesis of bacterial cellulose using the extracts of pineapple waste. The pellicle product was treated using in the concentration of 0%, 1%, 5% and 10% then bacterial fiber films obtained from drying process of treated pellicle. Furthermore, the XRD and FTIR of bacterial cellulose were observed. The results of the structure of bacterial cellulose film was changed after a process in a high concentration of NaOH.

Effect of Disintegration Process on the Properties of Bacterial Cellulose Foam

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has applied as a versatile biomaterial in a wide variety of applications, such as biomedical devices, acoustics, electronics, and paper products. The controlling of the procedure could significantly improve the chemical and structure properties of the BC foams. This study aims to compare the features of BC foam that synthesized from BC disintegrated by a high-speed blender (HSB) and high-pressure homogenizer (HPH). The methods are the synthesis of BC using pineapple skin extract, disintegration process using both HSB and HPH following by freeze-drying process and characterization using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and FTIR. The results show that freeze-drying to the pellicle did not produce a foam structure of BC. SEM morphology indicates that the disintegration process using HPH produces a better porous BC foam compared than HBS process. XRD analysis shows three peaks associated with the structure of BC, which are at 14.47°, 16.85°, and 22.69°. The crystalline structure of BC foam produced from HPH process has higher than BC foam produced from HBS process. FTIR analysis shows that there is a new peak find out in BC foam after the disintegration process.

Synthesis and Application of Bacterial Cellulose‐co‐(poly)acrylamide as an Adsorbent for Cu and Pb Metal Ions

AbstractThe bacterial cellulose‐co‐polyacrylamide (BC‐PAAM) is successfully synthesized by radiation‐induced graft polymerization using gamma rays with the simultaneous technique. The optimum irradiation dose applied is 50 kGy and the mass ratio among acrylamide (AAm) and bacterial cellulose (BC) is 1:4. The sorption of aqueous Cu and Pb onto BC‐PAAM is investigated in the relation of pH 3 and 5. The heavy metal ions are applied as single during adsorption study. The sorption uptake of the metal ions by BC‐PAAM shows that the adsorption capacity is higher at pH of 5 compared to the adsorption capacity of pH 3, both for Cu and Pb metal ions. The adsorption capacity obtained in the condition of pH 5 is 20.88 and 81.79 mg g−1 for Cu and Pb, respectively. While the adsorption efficiency in pH 5 is 29.54% (for Cu) and 92.76% (for Pb). The adsorbent (before and after metal ions uptake) is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.

Optimization on the synthesis of bacterial nano cellulose (BNC) from banana peel waste for water filter membrane applications

This research reports the optimization of the synthesis of bacterial nano cellulose (BNC) from banana peel waste media of Kepok bananas (Musa paradisiaca L.) using Gluconacetobacter xylinus bacteria in a fermentation process for use in water filter membrane applications. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) synthesis was successfully accomplished under conditions of pH 4, 0.5% urea, and varying sucrose contents (5%, 10% and 15% (w/v)). The higher sucrose content causes the pH of the banana peel extract solution to decrease at the end of Day 8 and 10 due to the metabolic activity of bacteria, which produces acetic acid. A bacterial growth pH range of 3.93–4.26 was obtained. The Optical Density (OD) values tend to increase with respect to fermentation time due to the growth of BNC-forming bacteria. The higher the added sucrose content, the higher the total amount of the acid obtained as the G. Xylinus bacteria produces acetic acid in its metabolic processes. BNC thickness is directly proportional to the increase in sucrose level but does not increase proportionally with the increase in sucrose levels from 5%, 10% (two times), and 15% (three times). The sucrose level at 5% (w/v) produces most optimal results. Optimal incubation time was obtained on Day 6, which had the highest rate of increase in thickness in addition to the supporting pH, OD value and total acid factors. The TEM analysis shows that the BNC surface morphology tends to be the same among all sucrose level (5%, 10% and 15% (w/v)). The difference can only be seen in the density of the nanocellulose. The nanocellulor nanofiber produced from banana peels has diameter sizes between 30–50 nm which potentially be used in water filter membrane application.

Hydrogel bacterial cellulose: a path to improved materials for new eco-friendly textiles

In this paper, we present a novel, ecologically friendly technology for the synthesis and modification of kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose in order to produce textiles of desired physicochemical and mechanical properties. The procedure of manufacturing cellulose in the form of a stable hydrogel bacterial cellulose (HGBC) ensures the desired properties for the application of such a material, e.g., in the textile industry. Bacterial cellulose was obtained from a yeast/bacteria kombucha culture (a symbiotic consortium also known as “tea fungus” or SCOBY) that is easy and cheap to breed. The process of bacterial cellulose manufacturing and modification was optimized in order to obtain a maximum recovery of raw materials, minimal energy consumption and ensure the use of only natural and renewable resources. The obtained materials were characterized in terms of their wettability, mechanical properties, and flame resistance. Moreover, the morphology and composition of the materials were determined by using scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Additionally, it was proven that the HGBC materials might be used to manufacture various articles of clothing using commonly available sewing techniques, which are not adequate for non-modified cellulose-based materials. Finally, the synthesized fabrics were used as wristbands and parts of T-shirts and tested on volunteers to determine a skin-to-skin contact behaviour of the prepared fabrics. The reported results allow for confirming that the HGBC fabric may be used as a new textile and the proposed synthesis method is in accordance with the “green chemistry.”Graphic abstract

Facile synthesis of bacterial cellulose and polyethyleneimine based hybrid hydrogels for antibacterial applications

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has numerous unique properties; however, the lack of antibacterial properties has restricted its biomedical applications. To resolve this problem, we have developed BC/polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based antibacterial hydrogels by a facile two-step-one-pot method using epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a coupling agent. ECH was added to BC solution and homogenized, followed by cross-linking with different content of PEI. The prepared hydrogels showed thermal stability, moldability, and PEI-content dependent mechanical properties. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of the prepared hydrogels were investigated against S. aureus and E. coli by agar well diffusion method and colony forming unit method. All hydrogels containing PEI showed antibacterial properties dependent on PEI content. The hydrogels containing PEI ≥ 12.88 mg/mL showed more than 99% antibacterial activity against both strains. We believe that the prepared hydrogels can find potential applications in biomedical fields.

A technology for pilot production of bacterial cellulose from oat hulls

The complete production cycle of bacterial cellulose (BC) was studied on a pilot scale. Oat hulls, a globally abundant agricultural residue, was utilized as the feedstock. A technology for producing BC from oat hulls has been developed herein and involves four process operations: exclusive chemical pretreatment with HNO3, enzymatic saccharification, mixed-culture fermentation, and purification. The HNO3 pretreatment was studied under atmospheric pressure at concentrations of 2–6 wt%. The optimum HNO3 concentration for pretreatment of oat hulls was found to be 4 wt%. The pretreatment was run in a 250-L vessel to furnish a pulp in 37.5% yield with 71.5% Kürschner cellulose content. The resultant pulp was well hydrolyzable: enzymatic saccharification with commercial enzymes at an initial solid loading of 30.0 g/L resulted in 79.5% reducing sugar (RS) yield. However, the test synthesis of BC using Medusomyces gisevii showed a very low yield of only 3.5%. It was therefore decided to improve the pulp with the aid of 4 wt% NaOH, whereupon oat-hull cellulose was obtained in 24% yield comprising 93.2% α-cellulose. The enzymatic saccharification of oat-hull cellulose ended with 73.5% RS yield. The test synthesis of BC exhibited 11% yield. Then, the biotechnological stages were scaled up: enzymatic saccharification of oat-hull cellulose was performed in a 100-L fermentor, and BC synthesis in the resultant hydrolyzate was run in a Binder KB-400 incubator. After purification, the BC yield was 10% of the RS concentration. BC was composed of 100% cellulose Iα-allomorph and had 93% crystallinity index. The BC production from oat hulls was thus scaled up successfully with an optimistic BC yield: 80.5 tons of 98%-wet hydrogel per 100 tons of oat hulls.

Pretreatments of Non-Woody Cellulosic Feedstocks for Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis.

Pretreatment of biomass is a key step in the production of valuable products, including high-tech bacterial cellulose. The efficiency of five different pretreatment methods of Miscanthus and oat hulls for enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent synthesis of bacterial cellulose (BC) was evaluated herein: Hydrothermobaric treatment, single-stage treatments with dilute HNO3 or dilute NaOH solution, and two-stage combined treatment with dilute HNO3 and NaOH solutions in direct and reverse order. The performance of enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreatment products was found to increase by a factor of 4−7. All the resultant hydrolyzates were composed chiefly of glucose, as the xylose percentage in total reducing sugars (RS) was 1−9%. The test synthesis of BC demonstrated good quality of nutrient media prepared from all the enzymatic hydrolyzates, except the hydrothermobaric treatment hydrolyzate. For biosynthesis of BC, single-stage pretreatments with either dilute HNO3 or dilute NaOH are advised due their simplicity and the high performance of enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreatment products (RS yield 79.7−83.4%).

Synthesis of bacterial cellulose based SnO2-PPy nanocomposites as potential flexible, highly conductive material

To obtain ideal flexible and high conductivity nanocomposites, 3 kinds of bacterial cellulose (BC) based nanocomposites were synthesized, including BC-SnO2, BC-polypyrrole (PPy) and BC-SnO2-PPy. The structures of these composites were compared via FTIR, XRD, TGA and FE-SEM. The conductivity and electrochemical properties were evaluated by CV test and EIS test. The resistance value of BC-SnO2, BC-PPy and BC-SnO2-PPy was 273.5 Ω, 57.9 Ω and 35.9 Ω, respectively, and conductivity was 0.077 S/cm, 1.152 S/cm and 7.246 S/cm, respectively. The bending tests showed the electrochemical properties kept stability at various bending deformations. Results here provide an easy, and environmentally friendly method to synthesize BC-SnO2-PPy which may have potential application as flexible, highly conductive material.

Low-cost high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors based on ribbon-like Ni(OH)2 and biomass carbon nanofibers enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus

Herein, we report a facile and low-cost synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbonized bacterial cellulose (N, P-CBC) via in-situ soaking bacteria cellulose and carbonization method. The N, P-CBC yielded a high specific capacitance of 232 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and 92.7% rate capability retention at 5 A g−1. Moreover, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device was further fabricated with N, P-CBC as the negative electrode and Ni(OH)2, prepared using a simple chemical precipitate method as the positive electrode. The fabricated ASC device provided a maximum working voltage of 1.6 V and high energy density (41.9 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 799.2 W kg−1). The device exhibits remarkable specific capacitance (118 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and excellent cycle lifetime (76.3% specific capacitance after 5000 cycles). Such an excellent electrochemical performance demonstrated that the as-prepared N, P-CBC and Ni(OH)2 electrodes will be both great potential candidates for supercapacitors.

Genome sequence and characterization of the bcs clusters for the production of nanocellulose from the low pH resistant strain Komagataeibacter medellinensis ID13488.

Summary Komagataeibacter medellinensis ID13488 (formerly Gluconacetobacter medellinensis ID13488) is able to produce crystalline bacterial cellulose (BC) under high acidic growth conditions. These abilities make this strain desirable for industrial BC production from acidic residues (e.g. wastes generated from cider production). To explore the molecular bases of the BC biosynthesis in this bacterium, the genome has been sequenced revealing a sequence of 3.4 Mb containing three putative plasmids of 38.1 kb (pKM01), 4.3 kb (pKM02) and 3.3 Kb (pKM03). Genome comparison analyses of K. medellinensis ID13488 with other cellulose‐producing related strains resulted in the identification of the bcs genes involved in the cellulose biosynthesis. Genes arrangement and composition of four bcs clusters (bcs1, bcs2, bcs3 and bcs4) was studied by RT‐PCR, and their organization in four operons transcribed as four independent polycistronic mRNAs was determined. qRT‐PCR experiments demonstrated that mostly bcs1 and bcs4 are expressed under BC production conditions, suggesting that these operons direct the synthesis of BC. Genomic differences with the close related strain K. medellinensis NBRC 3288 unable to produce BC were also described and discussed.

Synthesis of bacterial cellulose and herbal extract for the development of wound dressing

Abstract Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been extensively used in wound management as it has various unique features and it is biocompatible. The only disadvantage of BC is that it has poor antimicrobial property. There are various ways to modify the BC in order to optimize its antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility. Silver is already being impregnated into BC and it is widely used as wound dressing. This project highlights the properties and synthesis process of BC. The yield percentage of BC was observed to be 802.4 by using scoby culture. In addition, its physical, chemical and biological work has been evaluated with the addition of henna extract. Soxhlet extraction was used to extract the biologically active components from henna sample and a dry film of BC was made. The structural modification was analyzed using SEM. Wound scratch assay test showed that BC with henna extract in it, healed wound of up to 90% on mouse fibroblast cells (L292).

Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose from Citrus-Based Sustainable Resources.

Citrus juices from whole oranges and grapefruits (discarded from open market) and aqueous extracts from citrus processing waste (mainly peels) were used for bacterial cellulose production by Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans DSM 15973. Grapefruit and orange juices yielded higher bacterial cellulose concentration (6.7 and 6.1 g/L, respectively) than lemon, grapefruit, and orange peels aqueous extracts (5.2, 5.0, and 2.9 g/L, respectively). Compared to the cellulosic fraction isolated from depectinated orange peel, bacterial cellulose produced from orange peel aqueous extract presented improved water-holding capacity (26.5 g water/g, 3-fold higher), degree of polymerization (up to 6-fold higher), and crystallinity index (35–86% depending on the method used). The presence of absorption bands at 3240 and 3270 cm–1 in the IR spectrum of bacterial cellulose indicated that the bacterial strain K. sucrofermentans synthesizes both Iα and Iβ cellulose types, whereas the signals in the 13C NMR spectrum demonstrated that Iα cellulose is the dominant type.

Crude glycerol as a cost-effective carbon source for the production of cellulose by K. saccharivorans

Abstract Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been gaining attention due to its widespread applications in various domains such as food, medical, paper industries etc. The culture medium required for the production of cellulose by bacteria generally needs a high amount of carbon and nitrogen source. Hence using a cost-effective carbon source could be a feasible option so as to reduce the production cost and make the process economical overall. Crude glycerol is a by-product generated in large quantities from the biodiesel industry worldwide every year. This form of glycerol also has very low commercial value due to the huge amount of impurities present in it, making the purification and disposal process expensive. Therefore in the current study, we attempted to replace the carbon source in the production medium using crude glycerol and produced bacterial cellulose using novel strain K.saccharivorans. The BC pellicle synthesized was further characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA which proved that crude glycerol could be a viable alternative over other expensive carbon sources for the synthesis of BC.