A Review on Production, Characterization and Application of Bacterial Cellulose and Its Biocomposites

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC) can be produced by an agitated or static fermentation process in presence of suitable media. Groups of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, and algae are responsible for the synthesis of BC. Under agitated cultivation, BC yield is enhanced as compared to static cultivation. BC is pure cellulose, so it can easily interact with hydrophilic or hydrophobic biopolymers. In this review paper, we have discussed the preparation and characterization of BC reinforced biopolymer (polylactic acid, cellulosic fibers, agar, and Mater-Bi) based biocomposites and biopolymer (natural rubber, chitosan, polycaprolactone, hydroxyapatite) reinforced BC-based biocomposites related research carried out in last 2 decades. The high moisture content of BC results in reduced compatibility to most hydrophobic biopolymers as compared to hydrophilic biopolymers. Mechanical properties of BC before and after reinforcement were compared as it is important parameters in the production of green composites with targeted application in tissue engineering, wound dressing, dental implants, artificial blood vessels, surgical mesh, bone fillings, heart valve, and artificial cartilage. This review paper will help in exploring various applications of BC-based biocomposites in addition to several parameters that affect the production of BC.