Syntactic Elements Research Articles

Critical Discourse of the Van Dijk Model on Roasting Marshel Widiyanto in the Mata Najwa Program Youth in Power Episode

This study discusses Marshel Widianto's roasting video broadcast on Najwa Shihab's Youtube media with the title "Young Power: What Happens If Young People Have Power". The purpose of this study is to analyze the elements of discourse using the Teun A. Van Dijk model on Marshel Widianto's roasting show that aired on Najwa Shihab's Youtube media with the title "Young Power: What Happens If Young People Have Power". The research method used in this research was descriptive qualitative. The data analysis technique used by the researcher was using content analysis. The technique used in data collection is the note-taking technique. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are four different elements. Among them are semantic elements (background, details, intent) which discuss in detail the meaning to be conveyed in a discourse. Furthermore, the syntactic elements (sentence forms, pronouns, stylistics, and rhetorical) these four elements are used to analyze the form or sentence structure used by Marshel Widianto and the researchers found an emphasis made by using the inclusion of pictures, word order in the title, letter thickening. , the use of capital letters, colons and so on on the cover (clickbait) of videos that air on Najwa Shihab's youtube channel. The results of the analysis that have been carried out by researchers are of course different from other videos that appear on YouTube, this is due to ideological differences, the message to be conveyed in the discourse, packaging in a video and so on.Keywords: Youtube, Teun Van. Dijk, Critical discourse analysis, Marshel Widianto.

Critical Discourse Analysis of Teun A. Van Dijk Model on Marshel's Widianto's Roasting in The Show of Mata Najwa Muda Berkuasa: Apa Jadinya Jika Anak Muda Berkuasa Episode

This study discusses Marshel Widianto's roasting video broadcast on Najwa Shihab's Youtube media with the title "Young Power: What Happens If Young People Have Power". The purpose of this study is to analyze the elements of discourse using the Teun A. Van Dijk model on Marshel Widianto's roasting show that aired on Najwa Shihab's Youtube media with the title "Young Power: What Happens If Young People Have Power". The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data analysis technique used by the researcher is using content analysis. The technique used in data collection is the note-taking technique. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are four different elements. Among them are semantic elements (background, details, intent) which discuss in detail the meaning to be conveyed in a discourse. Furthermore, the syntactic elements (sentence forms, pronouns, stylistics, and rhetorical) these four elements are used to analyze the form or sentence structure used by Marshel Widianto and the researchers found an emphasis made by using the inclusion of pictures, word order in the title, letter thickening. , the use of capital letters, colons and so on on the cover (clickbait) of videos that air on Najwa Shihab's youtube channel. The results of the analysis that have been carried out by researchers are of course different from other videos that appear on YouTube, this is due to ideological differences, the message to be conveyed in the discourse, packaging in a video and so on.

Idiolekt Jana Drewnickiego – analiza wybranych cech językowych

The main purpose of the article is to analyse the personal language (idiolect) of Jan Drevnitski - a well-known Belarusian ethnographer, folklorist, great educator and human being from the village of Kutski ( Myadzel district, Minsk region in Belarus). The interviews, fragments of which are presented in the article, were collected over a period of 8 years (2010–2018), I also noted down free discussions with the interlocutor and his thoughts. This made it possible both to present the identity profile of the ethnographer and to characterise his personal language. Among the selected idiolectal aspects were phonetic, lexical, word-forming, morphological and syntactic elements. The analysed interview fragments included in the text present: 1) characteristic articulation, accent and intonation; 2) rich vocabulary: in addition to the Belarusian literary language that Drevnitski used every day, his speech contains dialect words, colloquial words, borrowings from Polish or Russian; 3) word-form peculiarities; 4) interesting grammatical forms, characteristic of the local dialect; 5) specific syntax. Each of the aforementioned elements contributes to an individual, unique language and style, through which a person's personality manifests itself.

Menyoal Kembali Partikel Ta dalam Bahasa Jawa Kuno

Old Javanese is known as a language that has a predicate clause pattern (V) preceding the subject (S). Usually, there is a particle ta or its variation between the predicate-subject sequences (V-ta-S). Besides the V-S pattern, the S-V pattern is also found. In this paper, it is shown that the clause pattern in Old Javanese is triggered by the importance of forming a narrative discourse. Particle ta and several other syntactic elements have a role in shaping narrative discourse. Other syntactic elements are the definition of nouns, arguments in the form of nouns (NP) or pronouns, and affective-passive verbs.The source of the data I use for this study is the Old Javanese parwa text, namely Adiparwa edited by Juynboll (1906). According to Molen (2010, 396), parwa is a literary product in itself. Parwa must be viewed as a literary work, just like kakawin. There is a clear story structure aided by lexical, grammatical, and literary structuring tools. In this study, the grammatical elements used for the purpose of building the story are shown.

Application of Syntactic Analysis in Children's Fiction Essays by Slow Learner Students in Primary School: Focus on Sentence Building

This study focuses on the application of syntactic analysis in the aspect of sentence building in children's fiction essays by slow learner students in primary school in Selangor and Putrajaya, Malaysia. The objectives of this study are: to analyze the structure of syntactic elements produced in children's fiction essays by a selected sample; to associate the structure analysis of the syntactic elements with the ability of the study sample in the writing of children's fiction essays from a language point of view; as well as to recommend teaching and learning (PdP) strategies in the aspect of writing for slow learner students. The syntactic aspect selected for the analysis of this study is the build-up of the sentence, which includes a single sentence, a combined compound sentence, a plural sentence of spikes and a mixed compound sentence. The construction aspect of a sentence is a basic aspect of syntax that needs to be mastered in order to convey information. The syntactic analysis model used is a model highlighted by Awang (2015), which is an adaptation of the Short and Leech Models (1981, 2007) in the fictional prose analysis method. From the analysis, it was found that the sample of this study consists of slow learner students who are able to apply syntactic analysis to produce sentences in syntactic hierarchies, from single sentences (the simplest sentences) to more complex sentences (combined compound sentences and spike compound sentences).

ANALISIS FRAMING MODEL PAN DAN KOSICKI DALAM BERITA PELECEHAN SEKSUAL ANAK PANTI ASUHAN PADA MEDIA ONLINE CNN INDONESIA DAN KUMPARAN.COM

This study aims to determine how the media frames the news it writes. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The subjects in this study were two online news media, namely CNN Indonesia and Kumparan.com, with the object of research in the form of one news text from each media; "Social Minister Risma Complains Harassment of Children at an Orphanage in Malang to the Criminal Investigation Unit," and "Police Detain 10 Perpetrators of Obscenity and Mistreatment of Orphans in Malang". The results of the framing analysis of the two media found some differences, especially in the syntactic elements used. Online news media CNN Indonesia and Kumparan.com have differences and similarities, especially in the news titles presented. CNN Indonesia media uses a choice of words that do not offend the victim, while the Kumparan.com media uses a selection of pretty offensive dishes to the victim's feelings. The 5W + 1H elements in both media are complete and can explain the overall content of the news. Both of these media also have a coherent thematic structure between paragraphs, but both of them still use pronouns in mentioning their sources. The images used in the rhetorical construction of the two media have their respective meanings.

In what ways are the Semarang University Indonesian learners of French developing an Interlanguage?

Abstract The ongoing doctoral research reported in this paper aims at defining the interlanguage developed by the students learning French at the Indonesian State University of Semarang (in the French Literature Section) through analysing a corpus made of examination papers written by these students during two consecutive academic years (2019–2021). The analyses conducted so far show a limited number of syntactic elements that are proving difficult to students. The main challenge these learners experience is the building of texts that can be read easily and are efficient at proving their point. The interlanguage characteristic of this particular population of learners points to a possible interference of the mother tongue, some informal patterns typical of spoken discourse, and a written production sometimes dependent on the course contents. This paper is part of the AILA Europe special issue.

SYNTAX OR SEMANTICS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

The aim and purpose of this study was to investigate whether semantics was more important for a language or syntax. In other words, it is proposed to know whether meaning is more important for a language or structure. It aimed to investigate why semantics or syntax has more importance and how. This study was proposed to answer the research questions that how and why semantics is comparatively more important than syntax for a language. The research was conducted to analyze both the domains comparatively and analytically. The findings suggest that semantics is more important for a language because meaning is both internal and external to language unlike structure which is internal to language as the world and the context rely on the words and the text. Furthermore, the findings suggest that semantics is preferred over syntax because the violated categories of syntax have a potential to convey a meaning whereas the ambiguous meaning can result in the failure of cooperative communication. The common syntactic patterns of the languages e.g. SOV, VSO and SVO can still make the meanings clear if they are not patterned appropriately except for some cases according to the findings. The findings illustrate that the assumptions of semantics have more potential to be focused than syntactic elements. The results suggest that semantics fits into usefulness of language in real life unlike syntax which is an internal reality of a language. Accordingly, meaning is concerned with linguistic and non-linguistic elements whereas structure deals with only linguistic elements. Semantics gained importance because semantics has more significance in comparison with syntax in language comprehension and in terms of semantic characteristics. Keywords: Semantics, Syntax, Structure, Meaning, Language, Importance, Comparison.

Mandarin and English Event Cognitive Alignment From Corpus-Based Semantic Fusion Model Perspective.

The study explores the fusion of semantic roles and the different semantic fusion types, aiming at establishing a semantic fusion model to explain the cognitive alignment of events in Chinese and English simple sentence constructions containing two verbs. In total, 20,280 simple sentence constructions containing two verbs are collected from Chinese literary works, Peking University Chinese Corpus, and English classic literary works. The semantic fusion in the collected simple sentence constructions containing two verbs is classified into five major semantic fusion categories, which appear with different occurrence frequencies in the two languages. The semantic fusion model of event alignment is comprehensively supported by linguistic research in Chinese and English. From a cognitive linguistic perspective, it is found that the double semantic profiles of the same syntactic element N (noun) make N psychologically activated twice and enable it to enter two processes profiled by the two verbs as a participant. The two processes are combined into one event, which designates a cognitive occurrence of any degree of complexity. N’s entry into the two subevents is realized by its double semantic profiles that enable it to fuse two semantic roles into one syntactic element and explain the relationship between N’s double syntactic identities and double semantic roles. The semantic fusion model was used to explore event alignment in simple sentence constructions containing two verbs, and it was discovered that the fusion of two semantic roles is universal in languages and is a common psychological and cognitive behavior deeply rooted in the mental conceptualization of language users. The empirical discussion of simple sentence constructions containing two verbs proves that semantic fusion as an important psychological passage in event alignment has solid psychological reality and verifies the applicability of the semantic fusion model in the explanation of event alignment.

Zaza Dilinde Tamlama

Ezafe, which is known as Genitive in European languages and used in Turki, Iranian and Sami languages spoken in the Middle East, is used to link two syntactic elements. Generally, one of the elements is the possessor and the other one is the modifier. There are grammatical elements that link these syntactic structures which at least consist of two units. The historical development of these elements, which varies according to languages, in Iranian languages did not follow the same process. While the languages classified in Northwest Iranian languages, such as Zazaki, varies with a nominal construction, , there are some similarities with Zazaki in the languages belonging to the Southwest Iranian languages group. The purpose of this article is to explore the structures of the nominal phrase in Zaza Language. Both noun and adjective phrases will be analyzed in detail, and other nominal phrases will also be scrutinized. It will also be examined whether these syntactic structures have semantic functions. The origin of Ezafe will be traced back to the Old Iranian languages, and its structure in the Modern Iranian languages will also be investigated. The similarities and differences will be discussed by comparing the functioning of the Zaza language with other Iranian languages. In addition, the nominal phrase constructions in many Zaza dialects will be examined, and it will be investigated whether there are differences between them.

The Psychological Constraints of Using Japanese Among Indonesian Students

This study discusses the psychological constraints for Indonesian students in using Japanese as one of the student learning processes in order to improve speaking skills. The main obstacle for students is the sentence structure which differs between the mother tongue and the target language. The difference between the Japanese sentence structure and the Indonesian sentence structure can be seen in the learners' speech. The discussion in this study presents the influence of the interference structure of the Indonesian language on Japanese speech. Mother tongue interference then becomes a psychological constraint in the use of Japanese among Indonesian students. Research data were obtained through interviews with elicitation. The results of this study indicate that a number of syntactic elements that affect Japanese speech are found in the fields of phrases, clauses and sentences. This is mostly influenced by structural elements in the different syntaxes of Indonesian and Japanese languages, which actually have different cultural aspects. From this, it is evident that foreign language learners, especially Indonesians, have psychological barriers in speaking Japanese because the language is influenced by linguistic environmental factors related to the way Japanese people express things through their language.

A prosodic theory of possible ellipsis remnants

We formulate a new generalization of the distribution of ellipsis remnants. Ellipsis cannot strand functional material to the exclusion of a potential prosodic host (the Stranding Generalization). Explaining the Stranding Generalization requires a theory of ellipsis in which the prosodic needs of ellipsis remnants can be taken into account. Drawing on Match Theory (Selkirk 2009, 2011), we develop an account which locates the computation of ellipsis in the syntax-prosody mapping. Specifically, ellipsis results from an optional reranking of a constraint (DestressGiven), which forces reduction of semantically recoverable material, over Match constraints governing the realization of syntactic elements in prosodic structure. The Stranding Generalization is shown to follow from independently motivated prosodic well-formedness constraints, which in the relevant cases cannot be reconciled with the ranking responsible for ellipsis. The broader implications of our analysis, if successful, is that it motivates a view of ellipsis whereby any constraints on ellipsis beyond semantic recoverability are the result of competition between candidates for the possible phonological output of the syntactic input.

Defining Collective Nouns: How Cognitive Linguistics Can Help Hebrew Grammarians

In previous studies of the collective noun in Hebrew, collectives have been treated as a homogeneous group of nouns. Collectives have been defined as a noun that refers to a group of real-world entities and is grammatically singular. Sometimes included in this discussion are mass nouns and proper nouns. This article argues that mass nouns and proper nouns should not be included as part of the discussion about collective nouns. Then it seeks to apply the research of Joosten et al. on Dutch collective nouns to Biblical Hebrew. Joosten identifies three types of collective nouns. First, Type 1 nouns focus on the collection as a whole. On the other end of the spectrum are Type 3 nouns which focus on the members of a collection. Type 2 nouns have the flexibility to refer to the collection in one context, while in others it can have a member focus. Using a sampling of collectives that appear in Deuteronomy, this article uses attributives, demonstratives, and cardinal numbers to help identify collective nouns in Biblical Hebrew using Joosten’s categories. Observing these syntactical elements alongside collectives this article shows that Type 1 nouns will have agreement between adjectives and collectives. Type 3 nouns will have disagreement. Type 2 nouns will, depending on the focus, have either agreement or disagreement.

An exploration of the structural and colligational characteristics of lexical bundles in L1–L2 corpora for English language teaching

Multi-word expressions are formulaic language universals with arbitrary and idiosyncratic collocations. Their usage and mastery are required of learners of a second language in achieving naturalness. However, despite the importance of multi-word expressions to mastering a second language, their syntactic architecture and colligational possibilities have received little attention in English language teaching (ELT). This study examined lexical bundles, a type of multi-word expressions, to understand their structure and co-occurrence possibilities with other syntactic elements. It was aided by an automated frequency-driven approach using two corpora, the British component of the British National Corpus – a first language (L1) corpus – and a purpose-built Nigerian Media Discourse corpus – a second language (L2) corpus. Two items of lexical analysis software were used to extract three-word lexical bundles with a minimum of 50 frequencies per corpus. The syntactic structures of the identified lexical bundles were determined, and their in-corpus usages were analysed for their colligational characteristics. Results showed that both corpora had instances of general and genre-specific lexical bundles (LBs) with varying frequencies. Five categories of lexical bundles with different structural patterns and peculiar colligational characteristics were identified in the study. Since lexical bundles are more frequently found in both L1–L2 texts, mastering how they are used will further enhance the teaching of English as a second language. The teaching of lexical bundles as a multi-word expression is therefore recommended in ELT as a way of enhancing learners’ proficiency and naturalness in English.

Argumentality and the distribution of nominalizers in Lhasa Tibetan

ABSTRACT The relationship between the distribution of nominalizers in Lhasa Tibetan and the argument/adjunct property of relevant syntactic elements is approached from a generative perspective. The distribution of nominalizers in Lhasa Tibetan demonstrates a regular pattern. Some nominalizers are bi-functional in that they can mark both participant and event nominalizations while others are uni-functional in that they can only mark participant nominalizations. It is found that the difference between the two types of nominalizers correlates to whether the nominalizer (NML) is argument-associated or adjunct-associated. An account of the correlation is developed in the theoretical framework of generative grammar. It is argued that the syntactic derivation of an NML-phrase gives rise to a binding relationship between the nominalizer and the suppressed element in the source constituent Aspect Phrase (AspP) or the AspP itself, leading to a condition on its semantic interpretation. The condition is satisfied in a participant NML-phrase headed by a nominalizer of either type and in an event NML-phrase headed by a bi-functional nominalizer. It is not in an event NML-phrase headed by a uni-functional nominalizer for the reason that in the calculation of event semantics arguments align with events while adjuncts align with predicates. Specifically, a bi-functional nominalizer, being argument-associated, semantically matches both a suppressed argument in a participant NML-phrase and the source constituent AspP, whereas a uni-functional one, being adjunct-associated, semantically matches a suppressed adjunct in a participant NML-phrase but not the source constituent AspP. Consequently, no event NML-phrase headed by an adjunct-associated nominalizer is found in this language. The findings of this study have implications for both analyzing the distribution of nominalizers in other Tibeto-Burman languages and the syntactic and semantic mechanisms that constrain them, and for classifying the argument/adjunct asymmetry, which is fundamental in most current linguistic frameworks as well as research on human sentence processing.

The Influence of Diglossia on Syntactic Proficiency in Modern Standard Arabic among Regular and Struggling Readers

This study examines the influence of diglossia on syntactic proficiency in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) among 63 fourth-graders in central Israel, divided into two groups: regular and struggling. They were given three examinations constructed especially for this study: translating sentences from Spoken Arabic Vernacular (SAV) into MSA, a cloze test, and an oral exam, in which the pupils were asked to describe pictures in MSA. The findings revealed errors in the use of connectives, the use of prepositions, sentence integrity, and verb conjugation. No significant differences were found between regular and struggling pupils in average test scores in terms of errors in syntactic elements. In using prepositions, regular pupils made more errors than did struggling pupils; this was because the latter did not answer questions relating to this element. Several factors explain the effect of diglossia on syntactic proficiency: the similarity of MSA and SAV, the influence of the surroundings, scanty reading of books, the teaching methods used in Arab schools, the influence of Hebrew on the Arab student, and the lack of encouragement from the establishment and the education system. Future research should investigate this effect on a larger sample in order to obtain more representative outcomes.

Поэтика деконструкции текста Р. Йиргля: переводческий аспект

This article explores Reinhard Jirgl’s concept of literary writing, which uses linguistic and textual deconstruction, alphanumeric encoding, and intra- and intertextual strategies. Semiotic and discursive analyses allow identifying lexical, syntactic, and semantic elements of the structural and functional performativity of Jirgl’s texts. His prose exploits the enor­mous poetic potential of the alphanumeric code, the aesthetics of narrative simultaneity and hypertextuality, and the fragmentedness of the agent. The principle of aberrant text produc­tion helps the author stage the process of sense formation and brings to the fore the concept of hierarchical rule destruction, which applies to language, society, and reality. By deconstruct­ing syntax and orthography, Jirgl’s system of language and script generates new senses. It also compels the recipient to destroy customary mental matrices and analyse processes taking place in society. Narrative staging of Jirgl’s texts is performed to identify the main problems that student translators are faced with when decoding the writer’s prose. Rendering a contemporary fic­tional text into a different language requires paying attention to meaning construction and (de)construction, the extralinguistic context, and links and interactions between linguistic and social meanings. Moreover, it is necessary to explore connections between the performa­tive and narrative characteristics of utterances. New literary contexts and the alarmist forms of narrative peculiar to Jirgl’s writing urge the translator to develop specific professional skills and philological competencies.

A intersecção entre as Teorias linguísticas e a Linguística Computacional ao longo do tempo

ABSTRACT Recent achievements have turned Computational linguistics into a dynamic research area, and an important field of application development that is being explored by leading technology companies. Despite the advances, there is still much room for improvement to allow humans to interact with computational devices, through natural language, in the same way that humans interact with native speakers of the same language. How to make computers understand or create new metaphors, metonymies or other figures of language? Is it possible to develop natural language systems capable of producing lyrics or poetry on the same level as humans? Can we produce systems capable of assigning new meanings to syntactic elements that are immediately perceived as coherent by humans? In this paper, we account for the evolution of computational linguistics, drawing a parallel with the evolution of linguistic theories and speculating about its research opportunities and foreseeable limitations.

Interrogative Pronouns in Dagbani and Likpakpaanl

This paper provides an analysis of the properties of interrogative pronouns of Mabia languages drawing data from Dagbani and Likpakpaanl. We focus on the inventory, internal structure, and key grammatical characterisation of the interrogative pronouns. We contend that interrogative pronouns are salient syntactic elements in the content question systems of these languages. In addition, we demonstrate that number marking, distinction between human/non-human and lexical ambiguity are salient grammatical properties of these interrogative pronouns. We further show that the inflection for number employs both suppletive and nonsuppletive patterns. We also contend that the interrogative pronouns that specify for the semantic domains of [+human], [-human] and [+thing] are sensitive to number, since they alternate for plurality (ŋuni ~banima (who.sg ~ who-pl), bo~bonima (what.sg ~what-pl), dini~dinnima (what.sg.thing ~ what.thing-pl) for Dagbani and (ŋma ~bilabi (who.sg ~ who-pl), nilan ~ bilabi (what.sg ~what-pl), ba ~ ba (what.sg.thing ~ what.thing-pl) for Likpakpaanl. Because the root may differ or be the same from that of the plural as evident in both languages, we propose that number marking in these interrogative words exhibit both suppletive and nonsuppletive patterns. The data are based on native introspection of the authors who are native speakers of these languages. This paper is important because of its empirical and theoretical contribution to the study of the Mabia languages.
 

A Closer Look on Disjunctive Coordination: The So-Called Non-Constituent Disjunctive Coordination

English disjunctive coordination is a clause complex that has two co-ordinands. Many scholars and researchers dealt with this phenomenon using different standard theories. However, there is still a controversy in literature whether non-constituent coordination exists or not; therefore, this research determines whether the disjunctive coordination constituents are non-constituents. The paper also describes the relationship between the disjunctive co-ordinands, coordinated phrases, or clauses joined by conjunction /or/. The article further aims to describe the structure of the disjunctive coordination and the category label of the disjunctive coordinator. The Systemic Functional Grammar and Minimalist Program framed this study. This qualitative paper purposively and conveniently selected from Facebook and WhatsApp groups for the National University of Lesotho's students; 13 structures were chosen from the WhatsApp group, while 15 were taken from Facebook. Results reveal that the disjunctive coordination constituents are not non-constituents. What seems prevailing or irregular at the Phonetic Form (PF) results from the movement and deletion of duplicate syntactic elements. This deletion of the syntactic features is done to satisfy the economic considerations. It is also reflected that the disjunctive co-ordinands have taxis and logico-semantic type relations or relationships. The paper further divulges that the structure of the disjunctive coordination is the complementiser phrase (CP), and the category label of the disjunctive coordinator/or/ is the complementiser (C). That is, it belongs to the C category.