Syntactic Elements Research Articles

Translation Evaluation of Social Media Auto-Translate Feature toward News Headline

Machine translation has become an everyday part of society's news consumption patterns. Unfortunately, important news content is poorly mediated by social media, especially on the output of the translation system feature on the site. Therefore, further research is needed on the evaluation of the auto-translate system on social media. This study focuses on the results of linguistic evaluation on the output of social media machine translation in translating news headlines. The data were taken from news coverage by the Reuters channel in the period of September 1st–7th, 2023 and from social media such as Facebook and Twitter. The translation evaluation used linguistic elements consisting of orthography, morphology, lexical, semantic, and syntax. This study found various kinds of linguistic non-equivalence. Orthographic non-equivalence includes punctuation, capitalization, and apostrophes. Morphological non-equivalence in the two systems was found in number concordance, inflection, derivation, and compounding. Lexical errors occur in both systems in the form of no correspondence and missing target words, as well as untranslated words and proper noun. In terms of semantics, both systems had difficulties with polysemy, homonymy, and expression. Finally, syntactic errors occur with missing articles, prepositions, and inappropriate arrangements of syntactic elements.

Analysis of Damage Assessment Tweets During Disaster using Sentiment Analysis

This seems to be an abstract or summary of a paper on monitoring Twitter for damage assessments after a disaster. Using simple linear regression and Support Vector Regression methods for weighting and the random forest methodology for classification, the research provides a novel approach that makes use of low-level lexical characteristics, top-most frequency word features, and syntactic elements relevant to damage assessment. The accuracy of the suggested method for identifying damage assessment tweets is 94.62%, as measured across 14 typical disaster datasets for binary and multi-class categorization. Significant advancements were observed when comparing the proposed method to the state-of-the-art for both in-domain and cross-domain scenarios. The suggested method does not require labelled tweets or tweets of a specific disaster kind in order to be trained and implemented; instead, it can be trained on historical disaster datasets.

Mapping RDEVSNL-based Definitions of Constrained Network Models to Routed DEVS Simulation Models

The Routed DEVS (RDEVS) formalism has been introduced recently to provide a reasonable formalization for the simulation of routing processes over Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) models. Due to its novelty, new software tools are required to improve the Modeling and Simulation (MS) tasks related to the RDEVS formalism. This paper presents the mapping between constrained network models obtained from textual specifications of routing processes and RDEVS simulation models implemented in Java. RDEVSNL context-free grammar (previously defined) is used to support the textual specification of a routing process as a constrained network model. Such grammar is based on a metamodel that defines the syntactical elements. This metamodel is used in this paper as a middleware that allows mapping constrained network model concepts with RDEVS simulation models. From such a constrained network model template, RDEVS Java implementations are obtained. The proposal is part of a work-in-progress intended to develop MS software tools for the RDEVS formalism using well-known abstractions to get the computational models through conceptual mapping. Using these tools, modelers can specify simulation models without needing to codify any routing implementation. The main benefits are i) reduction of implementation times and ii) satisfactory simulation model correctness regarding the RDEVS formalism.

Narrative skills and language comprehension in preschool children with cochlear implants: A comparison with children with Developmental Language Disorder or typical development

IntroductionThe narrative skills of children with cochlear implants (CIs) are fragile, but the factors at play and whether these difficulties could be similar to those detected in language impairment are not clear. The present study aims to assess, at the microstructural level, narrative skills, comparing children with CIs with children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) or Typical Development (TD). Furthermore, the relationship between verbal (lexical and morphosyntactic) comprehension and narrative skills across groups is investigated. MethodsThe narratives of 19 children with CIs (Mage = 62.42 months, SD = 6.83), 13 children with DLD (Mage = 65.38 months, SD = 4.27), and 18 preschool children with TD (Mage = 63.67 months, SD = 4.31) were assessed in a standardized task. Articles, prepositions, pronouns, gender and number agreement, accuracy in the use of verbs, and number of arguments in each sentence were analysed. Lexical and morphosyntactic comprehension were also assessed. Performance was compared across groups using ANOVAs or Kruskal–Wallis tests. The role of lexical and morphosyntactic comprehension in predicting each morphological and syntactic element in the narrative task was examined using linear regressions. ResultsData analysis showed that both children with CIs and DLD had fragilities in narration, both in the morphological and syntactic components. Although some differences between children with CIs and those with DLD emerged in descriptive analyses, these were not statistically significant. Regressions showed that morphosyntactic comprehension predicted the number of pronouns produced only in the TD group. ConclusionsThe scarce differences between CI and DLD groups and the absence of an effect of morphosyntactic comprehension on pronoun production may be due to their low production of these elements in the narrative task and/or to a difficulty in managing pronouns in an expressive task regardless of their ability to comprehend them. Potential implications of these results are discussed.

An Exploration of Space and Time Metaphorical Expressions in Chinese and Italian

The research constitutes an initial examination of metaphorical expressions associated with temporal and spatial concepts in both the Chinese and Italian languages. Recognizing the profound influence of metaphor on cognitive constructs and linguistic representation, the study adopts a comparative analytical approach to uncover the metaphorical dimensions inherent in expressions related to time and space within these distinct linguistic frameworks. Through the examination of lexical and syntactic elements in both languages, the research aims to elucidate the subtle nuances and cultural variations that characterize the metaphorical richness of temporal and spatial discourse. By comparing Chinese and Italian linguistic structures, the study seeks to reveal commonalities and divergences in the metaphorical strategies used to express concepts related to space and time in these two languages. This comparative exploration not only contributes to a deeper understanding of the metaphorical nature embedded in Chinese and Italian discourse but also sheds light on the cultural and cognitive dimensions that shape these linguistic expressions. The findings of the study serve as a foundational exploration, paving the way for future in-depth investigations into the intricate interplay between language, metaphor, and cognition within the realms of temporal and spatial concepts in both the Chinese and Italian linguistic contexts.

체코어 기능동사 복합술어 구문에 대한 어휘·문법적 접근

This paper provides a well-founded approach to the type of complex predicate where two syntactic elements serve as a single predicate in Czech. Czech complex predicates are composed of so-called ‘Verbe support(fr.)’ in the verbal part and predicative nouns in nominal part. This type of construction can be found inter-linguistically in many of languages, such as Czech, English and Korean that are typologically different. The study of the complex predicates lies in the question of ‘to what extent can the syntactic and semantic properties of multi-word units be deduced from the properties of their respective parts.’ This study examines the fundamental grammatical properties of Czech complex predicates, the lexical and semantic properties of the Verbe support as a functional category and the predicative nouns as a semantic core of the construction, based on their complex interaction in the frame of the constructions with light verbs.

Влияние португальского языка на глагольную систему креольского языка Макао: семантика и функционирование макаоанского причастия в сравнении с португальским

The research aims to determine which morphological and syntactic elements of the participle in Macau Creole Portuguese were inherited from Portuguese and whether this indicates the influence of the Portuguese language not only on the lexical composition, but also on the grammatical system of Macanese patois, which developed on the basis of Portuguese. The participle is one of the two morphologically distinguished verb forms in Macanese patois. The paper analyzes the use of single participles, related and absolute participle constructions functioning as attributes and adverbials, as well as the participation of the participle in the formation of analytical verb forms. The work is novel in that it is the first to describe the functioning of the participle in Macanese patois. Besides, Macau Creole Portuguese itself is among the least studied living Creole languages based on Portuguese. As a result of the research, a set of functions of the Macanese participle inherited from the Portuguese participle was determined, the semantic and grammatical development of the participle was found specifically in Macau Creole Portuguese, which suggests that this verb form is productive. Thus, the significant contribution of the Portuguese language to the verb system of Macau Creole Portuguese was revealed.

A Thematic Analysis Of Textbook Graffiti By UNRWA Preparatory School Students In Jordan From The View Of Sociolinguistics As An Act Of Vandalism

Though graffiti has become a significant cultural and linguistic phenomenon that has been studied throughout history, there is still room for further investigation into how graffiti in various contexts, particularly in a primary education institution, serves to voice students’ thoughts and feelings. As a result, this study investigated the common themes as well as the lexical and syntactic elements of graffiti written on students’ textbooks at four UNRWA preparatory schools in Amman, Jordan. This study found that students' graffiti covered a wide range of themes, including love and hate as the most dominant themes and faith and religion as the least prevalent themes. The data analysis also found examples of lexical features such as autonomies and repetitions. The most common lexical feature observed in students’ graffiti was antonymy, while swear words were the least common feature. The findings provided great value to those interested in studying social, sociological, sociolinguistic and psychological issues as they explained some of the themes that help reveal the values and cultural norms of students’ society. The findings also offered a valuable source of data for those in education, especially teachers, school principals, school counsellors and education stakeholders to understand students’ community in an attempt to construct a conducive, supporting and peaceful learning environment and ultimately improve students’ achievements and performance.

ON STYLISTIC DIFFERENTIATION IN UKRAINIAN POETIC SPEECH BASED ON THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES

Background. The article is devoted to the stylistic differentiation of syntactic structures of Ukrainian-language poetic texts of the Ukrainian language corpus. The goal is to study the idiostyle on models of syntactic structures, graphically presented in the form of dependency trees, with the establishment of parameters for characterizing the author's style. The properties of the linear structure of 7,752 Ukrainian-language sentences in the verse style were studied. An "averaged" dependency graph was built for each author as a generalization of the syntactic parameters of dependency trees. Methods. Applied methods of structural linguistics included quantitative methods and modeling methods, distributive analysis, direct component method, method of constructing dependency trees (DT) and direct components in linguistic analysis modules: automatic morphological (distributive) and automatic syntactic (direct component and dependency tree method). Results. As a result of the study, it was established that the architecture of the phrase is important, that is, a scheme in the form of a graph that reflects the real sequence of syntactic elements of the statement. If the author has developed his individual writing style, this will inevitably affect the originality of the graphic drawings for the structures of his typical phrases. It is in syntactic stylistics that dependence graphs as a research method will find an unlimited field of application. Eight graph parameters are proposed, the choice of which is determined by the fact that they have stylistic distinguishing power. Conclusions. To justify the applied method of statistical analysis, it can be said that in stylistics each analysis gives only what it can give; the overall research picture consists of a comprehensive review of the results of all analyses. Qualitative methods can describe what is perceived from the text through its symbolic character, but only quantitative methods can explain why the text is constructed in the way it is. Qualitative characteristics consist of precisely those quantitative characteristics that cannot be seen by the average reader, and their detection is the task of science.

Syntactic Expressivity in Cultural Reporting: Insights from Australian Media

The article aims to study the usage and influence of expressive syntax within a variety of culture-related articles featured in contemporary Australian digital media. Leveraging textual analysis on online articles sourced from prominent Australian newspapers such as “The Sydney Morning Herald”, “The Alice Springs News”, “Katherine Times”, and “The New Daily”, the research provides insights into the frequency and novelty of expressive syntactic elements employed within. Particularly prevalent techniques, such as parenthetical inclusions, interrogative sentences, elliptical, nominative, and parcelled constructions, are thoroughly examined for their expressive potential. The study offers a comprehensive breakdown of these syntactical elements, highlighting key types, delineating their general attributes, and enumerating the specifics of their implementation within the researched texts. It especially highlights the frequent interaction of various expressive syntax within single sentences, proposing that this phenomenon increases the techniques’ effectiveness. Furthermore, the study explores the amplification of expression through the usage of specific punctuation marks, including quotation marks, dashes, colons, brackets, semicolons, and ellipses, each undergoing a thorough analysis for potential effect. In summarizing the principal outcomes of the research, the study asserts the significant role of expressive syntactic techniques in crafting engaging and impactful cultural articles within modern Australian media.

English contracted negation revisited: Evidence from varieties of Scots

Abstract: This article is concerned with the syntactic position of negation and how that connects to negation’s morphological realization and semantic and pragmatic effects. We focus on the case of contracted negation in English, which may appear both before and after the grammatical subject, and which has been classically analyzed as involving a single syntactic element placed by syntactic rule into distinct linear positions. We argue that this analysis is incorrect and that, in fact, there are multiple negations in English which are not related by a syntactic movement rule. We use the rich and complex morphosyntactic and semantico-pragmatic variation in the behavior of negation in varieties of Scots to motivate the argument and to develop a new approach that comes with both empirical and theoretical advantages.

Between Domestication and Foreignization: A Study of How an Italian Film Remake Got Lost in Translation in the Arab World

Film remakes represent a form of cinematic translation that reconstructs various elements of the original text. This article relies on the translation strategies of domestication and foreignization to analyze “Āṣḥāb Wālā Āʿāz”, the Arabic remake of the Italian film “Perfetti Sconosciuti” or “Perfect Strangers”. This study shows that the Arabic remake, which sparked controversy across the Middle East, replicates many of the syntactic elements of the original film, such as the narrative and the plot structure, as well as cinematographic and paralinguistic elements. Still, it attempts to adopt a transformative approach in order to generate a cultural production. The result shows that the use of domestication in film remakes alters the rhetorical effect of the original version and that, although foreignization may promote an audience’s interest in foreign cultures, it may contribute to the reproduction of otherness due to the dissatisfaction of the targeted audiences.

A Comprehensive Review on Gujarati-Text Summarization Through Different Features

This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of Gujarati-text summarization, exploring diverse features employed in the process. With a focus on the nuances of the Gujarati language, the paper investigates various techniques and methodologies applied to extract essential information from textual content. The review systematically examines the effectiveness of distinct features such as linguistic, semantic, and syntactic elements in the context of Gujarati summarization. Additionally, the study provides insights into the challenges specific to Gujarati-language summarization and discusses advancements in natural language processing and machine learning that contribute to the refinement of summarization models. This thorough examination serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts seeking a deeper understanding of the complexities and advancements in Gujarati-text summarization.

Examination of Derivative and Compound Words Generated from Four Syntactic Elements "-Chi," "-Kar," "-Forush," and "-Gar" within the Context of Morphological Construction Theory [In Persian

Examination of Derivative and Compound Words Generated from Four Syntactic Elements "-Chi," "-Kar," "-Forush," and "-Gar" within the Context of Morphological Construction Theory [In Persian

Syntactic complexity of spoken language in the diagnosis of schizophrenia: A probabilistic Bayes network model.

In the clinical linguistics of schizophrenia, syntactic complexity has received much attention. In this study, we address whether syntactic complexity deteriorates within the six months following the first episode of psychosis in those who develop a diagnosis of schizophrenia. We collected data from a cohort of twenty-six first-episode psychosis and 12 healthy control subjects using the Thought and Language Index interview in response to three pictures from the Thematic Apperception Test at first assessment and after six months (the time of consensus diagnosis). An automated labeling (part-of-speech tagging) for specific syntactic elements calculated large and granular syntactic complexity indices with a focus on clause complexity as a particular case from this spoken language data. Probabilistic reasoning leveraging the conditional independence properties of Bayes networks revealed that consensus diagnosis of schizophrenia predicted a decrease in nominal subjects per clause among individuals with first episode psychosis. From the entire sample, we estimate a 95.4% probability that a 50% decrease in mean nominal subjects per clause after six months is explained by the presence of first episode psychosis. Among those with psychosis, a 30% decrease in this clause-complexity index after six months of experiencing the first episode predicted with 95% probability a consensus diagnosis of schizophrenia, representing a conditional relationship between a longitudinal decrease in syntactic complexity and a diagnosis of schizophrenia. We conclude that an early drift towards linguistic disorganization/impoverishment of clause complexity-at the granular level of nominal subject per clause-is a distinctive feature of schizophrenia that decreases longitudinally, thus differentiating schizophrenia from other psychotic illnesses with shared phenomenology.

Media Ideology and Representation of The National Police Image in The Online Media Frame (Framing Analysis of Teddy Minahasa Drug Case in the October 15, 2022 Edition of Koran Tempo Online)

One of the advantages of online journalism compared to conventional media is accessibility and speed in getting news. However, despite these advantages, online news portals are not automatically superior to conventional media in terms of the value of journalism products or news content. However, media ideology is very influential in the process of news construction, especially through the framing of news. No exception about the news of the drug case that is entangling a Two-Star Police General, Teddy Minahasa, of course, the media is interested in reporting the issue. The method used in this study includes framing analysis developed by Pan and Kosicky, while the approach used is qualitative. In this study, results were obtained that showed that the online tempo newspaper in reporting the tragedy was critical, informative and provocative. This indication can be seen from the results of the framing analysis carried out, namely the main framing of the news is that a Two-Star General is entangled in drugs is a controversial thing and certainly damages the institution of the National Police. With syntactic elements is the strengthening of framing by using unbalanced source quotes so that they are not neutral in reporting. As for the script element, strengthening and enriching the news paragraph related to the How element is carried out to minimize the why element in the news. For thematic elements, there are 3 major themes, namely: 1. A Two-Star General Dragged into a Drug Case 2. Chronology of occurrence of the case 3. Suppression of the negative image of the Indonesian National Police. In addition, the selection of sources as a closing news, to emphasize that the condition of the National Police organization is very bad, is used as a whip for the National Police institution to improve its organization. The last is the rhetorical element, in this element the use of newspaper covers and some graphics to emphasize the element of news that seems hyperbole and provocative and even seems negative. In addition, it can be concluded that the tempo tempo online newspaper according to its media ideology constructs reality through a framing process for the purpose of representing the negative image of the Indonesian National Police in a news story.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Microstructure of Covid-19 Health-Protocol Advertisements in Tourist Facilities

To alleviate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, tourist facilities in Bali are informing visitors of the relevant health protocols, using posters to describe the appropriate behaviours. Using critical discourse analysis, this study examines the microstructure of the texts in these posters to identify their semantic, syntactic, lexical, and rhetorical elements. The study findings show that the semantic aspects consist of background, intention, and detail. The syntactic elements involve coherence and the use of the pronouns ‘you’ and ‘we’, and of the imperative, and the declarative. The lexical aspects include abbreviations and vocabulary, related to the health protocol. The textual messages are delivered in official language, supported by pictures and photographs.

Novel Metaphor Comprehension in Brain: Electrophysiological insights

Novel metaphors symbolize the innovation of language, and their processing has become one of the focal issues in the field of cognitive science. This paper summarizes ERP studies and finds that the current processing models for novel metaphor processing are more in favor of the Structure Mapping Model. Relevant empirical studies reveal that the comprehension process of novel metaphors is influenced by syntactic elements, the nature of mapping, contextual cues, subjects' level of creativity, and experimental tasks. Future research should refine the processing of novel metaphors based on controlling for the influence of variables and improve theoretical and empirical studies.

Recent Advances in Research on Island Phenomena

In natural languages, syntactic elements can, in principle, be linked across an unbounded distance, as exemplified by filler-gap dependencies (also known as extractions or movement operations) [...]

Распределение атрибутов в поэмах А. С. Пушкина и гипотеза Скиннера

The article aims to test Skinner’s hypothesis regarding the distribution of linguistic units in the text. In accordance with this hypothesis, the distances between similar linguistic units should be less than between different units. In a more general form, one can raise the question of whether there is any regularity in the length of distances between identical units in the text. The units taken for this study are distinguished at a rather abstract level – different types of attributes. The scheme of attribute types is based on the part-of-speech characteristics of words that replace the syntactic position of the attribute. Attributes, constituting an extremely important component of the description of the artistic world, at the same time are an optional syntactic element in the sentence structure and are not determined by the valency of verbs in the predicative position. This allows the author to use attributes based on one’s preferences and the characteristics of the author’s style, which makes attributes an extremely successful means of describing an individual style. Distances between attribute types are determined by the number of steps from one attribute to another identical attribute in the chain formed by all attributes in the order in which they appear in the text. The article also considers the possibility of identifying patterns in the alternation of distances between attributes of the same type. The research material is six poems by Alexander Pushkin, written in iambic tetrameter. These poems are especially significant in connection with the place of the brilliant poet in the development of Russian literature and the Russian language. The poems are: “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, “The Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “The Fountain of Bakhchisaray”, “Count Nulin”, “Poltava” and “The Bronze Horseman”. The study was carried out by quantitative analysis of large volumes of text using a number of statistical measures (Busemann’s coefficient, chi-square, etc.). As a result of the analysis, data were obtained on the degree of attraction of the same type of attributes to each other, and the degree of structural ordering of the description was determined. The use of the exponential function was very successful in fitting the distribution of distances between identical attributes. It was found that within each poem there is not only a predominance of short distances over large distances for identical attributes, but also a certain trend in the distribution of these distances, which is well caught by the exponential function. As a result of the analysis, Skinner’s hypothesis was confirmed. This is expressed in the fact that in judging by the distances between attributes of the same type there is a hidden tendency towards order in preserving formal repetition until the fading of the stimulus.