Syntactic Nature Research Articles

The Syntax of ʔiˈða al-fud͡ʒɑːʔiːja ‘If of Surprise’ in Classical Arabic

This scholarly investigation deals with the intricacies surrounding the syntactical nature of the phenomenon known as “If of Surprise” in the context of Classical Arabic, employing a methodological lens derived from the Minimalist framework. The “If of Surprise” construct represents a unique form of expression that incorporates a particle phonetically resembling the conditional particle “if” in Classical Arabic, yet its underlying structure diverges from establishing genuine conditional relationships. By employing the analytical tools provided by the Minimalist Program, this study scrutinizes the data associated with “If of Surprise” constructions, utilizing several syntactic diagnostics to uncover their distinctive characteristics. The findings of this study unequivocally demonstrate that “If of Surprise” exhibits remarkable traits that set it apart from conventional syntactic patterns. By shedding light on the mechanisms through which these projections operate, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the sudden interpretive nature exhibited by “If of Surprise” By delving into the intricacies of its syntactic structure and exploring the role of Speech Act Projections, this research contributes to the broader field of linguistic inquiry and aids in unraveling the complexities inherent in the syntax of Classical Arabic.

On Realizing External Arguments: A Syntactic and Implicature Theory of the Disjointness Effect for Passives in Adult and Child Grammar

We present an account of why disjoint reference effects obtain in verbal but not in adjectival passives. Passives in child language are independently argued to always be adjectival, which allows us to use a natural experiment in child grammar that is not available in the adult grammar: predicting the lack of a disjoint reference effect in even those passives that prima facie seem verbal. We conduct our discussion against the background of the difference between adjectival and verbal passives in general. Our account is based on (grammatical) Implicature Theory. Since the initiator in the semantic representation of adjectival passives stays at a kind level, it cannot introduce a discourse referent, hence cannot trigger a disjointness implicature, unlike the initiator in verbal passives (Gehrke 2013, 2015). We show in two experiments that children’s passives do not exhibit disjoint reference, unlike adults’ verbal passives, even though children have no trouble computing disjointness implicatures elsewhere. Our contribution thus confirms with a novel kind of evidence the syntactic nature of young children’s difficulty with verbal passives. It offers a new perspective on the external argument difference between verbal and adjectival passives based on Reinhart’s (2016) Theta System, while also offering additional evidence for a grammatical, rather than general pragmatic, theory of implicatures.

The place of components in a conditional relationship in the system of causal relations

In linguistics, the linguistic nature of the category of general compound sentences still requires deep recognition. Although it has been somewhat studied from the point of view of structural linguistics, there are still unresolved problems in determining the syntactic nature of complex structures in the relation of a condition. Based on the latest achievements in the syntax of a compound sentence, there is a clear need for a deeper functional and semantic consideration of this language category. This direction, of course, is distinguished by its novelty, scientific depth. In studies, characterized by the manifestation of an active subject – a person who knows the world, reflecting it through language, as a central figure, the linguistic phenomenon is studied from the point of view of the basic principles of its origin, or from the point of view of the principles of cognition of the world through thinking and the representation of these cognitive concepts through language. Of course, in modern science, all this is interpreted as such. In the in-depth knowledge of structural and semantic units in the conditioning relation, the most important thing is recognized as how these conditioning relations manifest themselves in nature and being-being and mental being inherent in humanity, and how they are expressed in language. This article provides for the consideration of conditional components as structures in a causal relationship. In the deepening recognition of structural and semantic units in the conditional relationship, it is recognized as the most important how this conditional relationship manifests itself in nature and creation-being and the mental being inherent in humanity, and how they are reflected in the language.

Семантический статус предикатива в фразеологической системе языка

The study provides an overview of some semantic aspects in the functioning of the class of predicatives in the context of problems of general phraseology. The paper considers the mechanisms of the formation of predicative semantics and lexicalization of predicatives in the context of phraseologization of word forms and individual meanings. Phraseologization of predicative word usage is described in the work as a set of phenomena of a semantic, semantic-structural and syntactic nature. The paper considers the role of in-terpretive increments, metaphoric and metonymic transference, structural variation, determinants of vari-ous types, as well as some types of syntactic modifications in the analyzed language process. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the formation of a systematic approach to solving the problem of the semantic-grammatical status of the predicative as a class of words in the context of the processes of interlevel inter-action in language. As a result of the study, models of lexicalization/pragmatization of predicative use are described. These models are considered both in the context of rules on the semantic-phraseological level and as a syncretic linguistic phenomenon affecting the areas of word formation, morphology and syntax.

STYLISTIC ORGANIZATION OF THE LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC SPACEOF THE POETIC WORKS BY ANATOLIY PERERVA

The author of the proposed material emphasizes that the linguistic and stylistic organization of the artistic text has been of interest to linguists for a long time. However, the peculiarities of a poetic narrative expressive means functioning have not been deeply investigated so far. Therefore, the study of language units that testify to the stylistic potential in the poetic scope of Anatoliy Pererva is relevant since the writer’s linguistic world was not an object of a separate scientific analysis. The purpose of the investigation is to characterize the peculiarities of the representation of stylistic means of lexical and syntactic nature in the poetic works by Anatoliy Pererva based on the material of his collection “Nebesna yasnist”. The realization of the defined goal involves the analysis of lexical and grammatical means of organizing the writer’s poetic narrative, the consideration of syntactic methods of his poetic language expressiveness, and the clarification of the stylistic potential of the revealed artistic and expressive means in the formation of the linguistic fabric of the poetic text. Therefore, the object of research is the language of Anatoliy Pererva's poetic collection “Nebesna yasnist”. The subject of the study is linguistic and artistic expressive and pictorial means of organizing the language fabric of a poetic work, which have a lexical and syntactic origin. The researcher states that stylistic component of a lexical and grammatical and syntactic nature are an organic part of the writer's poetic language space. And in particular, those based on the repetition of components (polyptoton, adnomination, prosapodosis, antanaclasis, homeoteleuton, anaphora, epiphora,), opposition (antithesis, oxymoron), and accumulation (gradation). The scientist concludes that the mentioned figurative and expressive means have a powerful stylistic potential and contribute to the reproduction of the main motives of the considered collection (the rapidity of life, thoughts about the end of the earthly journey, love for mother and faith in God).

Наукова особистість Іллі Кучеренка в українській граматикології

The article is devoted to the analysis of the scientific contribution of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv University professor Ilya Kucherenko to the development of the grammatical theory of word combinations and sentences, the innovative principles of classification of parts of speech, the theory of cases, the syntactic status of homogeneous clauses, the function of the preposition in a syntactic combination, the syntactic nature of phraseological units, the principles of logical consistency in definition of key concepts and mechanisms of language structure. His innovative grammatical concept lies in the application of the monocriterial principle for dividing words into parts of speech. The real meaning of the word was chosen as the sole criterion. According to their real meaning, the scientist divides all the words of the language into seven classes (noun, adjective, numeral, verb, adverb, participle, conjunction) and in each of these classes he distinguishes three levels of semantics: the level of specific semantics, the level of generalized semantics and the level of generalized indicative semantics. The article analyzes the syntactic function of the preposition in the phrase. I. Kucherenko believes that the preposition does not help the noun to implement the noun semantics, but on the contrary, it requires the noun to specify the generalized-indicative level of its semantics and is combined with the noun dependent on it by the grammatical control link. The grammarian considers stable (phraseological) compounds to be not lexical, but syntactic units, since the words in them are combined in the same way as in free word combinations. The article also examines a number of other syntactic phenomena (monosyllabic sentences, homogeneous clauses, vocative), which I. Kucherenko explains using strictly logical methods of analysis. The grammatical concept of Ilya Kucherenko is analyzed in comparison with the views of other scientists of the 60s–90s of the 20th century.

A Reappraisal of Dependency Length Minimization as a Linguistic Universal.

Dependency length minimization is widely regarded as a cross-linguistic universal reflecting syntactic complexity in natural languages. A typical way to operationalize dependency length in corpus-based studies has been to count the number of words between syntactically related words. However, such a formulation ignores the syntactic nature of the linguistic material that intervenes a dependency. In this work, we investigate if the number of syntactic heads (rather than the number of words) that intervene a dependency better captures the syntactic complexity across languages. We demonstrate that the dependency length minimization constraint in terms of the number of words could arise as a consequence of constraints on the intervening heads and the tree properties such as node arity. The current study highlights the importance of syntactic heads as central regions of structure building during processing. The results show that when syntactically related words are nonadjacent, increased structure building in the intervening region is avoided.

Structural and semantic aspects of phraseme in the works of fra Martin Mikulić

Phrases whose problems are in this paper are excerpted from the works of Martin Mikulić, a Herzegovinian Franciscan writer. Mikulić left behind a great literary wealth worth scientific observation - especially in the field of phraseology. Namely, the paper deals with the semantic aspect of phrases created through different tropes. The phrases created through metaphor, ie. metaphorical formulas where, for example, the loss of a head is equal to the loss of life. Other examples have been created according to the same principle, where body parts appear as components of phrases and other various components can be found. In addition to phrases created through metaphor, metonymy, synagogue, the material also confirms phrases created through periphrasis, hyperbole, euphemism, irony, antithesis and comparison. In addition, attention in this paper was focused on the definition, form and structure of phrases. Thus, the material confirms phrases with one full word, phrases with two or more independent words with or without auxiliary words, as well as phrases of a sentence. In the scientific literature, many authors share the opinion that the structure of phrases is usually solid, which is not shown by the examples from the corpus where a certain type of change in the structure of phrases was made. Apart from variant forms in which there is no change in meaning but in expression, so it is one or more alternative forms of phrases - other modifications are reflected in the fact that the order of components in the phrase is not solid and stable, that it is possible to replace one component the second as well as in changes of syntactic nature (prepositional-case connection), then the addition of certain components as well as the reduction of components, etc. The corpus confirms phrases whose phraseological components have lost their denotative meaning as well as examples where some of the phraseological components retain their denotative meaning.

The Syntactic Nature of Remnants in Fragment Questions in Korean

The Syntactic Nature of Remnants in Fragment Questions in Korean

ShareChain: Blockchain‐enabled model for sharing patient data using federated learning and differential privacy

AbstractEvery individual in our technologically evolved world needs proper data security. The procedure of exchanging medical information is increasingly concerned with data privacy. Many techniques have been offered for preserving data security. These techniques use approaches such as ‐anonymity, ‐diversity, and others. However, such solutions are vulnerable to attribute disclosure, homogeneity, and background knowledge risks due to their syntactic nature. In this work, we describe a safe and secure architecture and semantic approach for data sharing that is based on blockchain, local differential privacy (LDP), and federated learning (FL). The proposed framework generates an atmosphere devoid of trust in which data owners are no longer required to have trust in the controllers. The FL models enable the whole network to decentralize its data‐driven learning. Interplanetary file system (IPFS) is used to provide data security in a distributed environment because each file in IPFS has a digital fingerprint that is computed using a cryptographic hash function on the file's whole contents. Due to the rigorous privacy guarantee, data owners no longer need to be worried about the security of their data. The proposed model's assessment parameters include latency, throughput, privacy, and accuracy. The data privacy of the proposed model is protected via LDP and FL, and its latency and throughput communication transactions on permissioned blockchain are calculated and compared with those of the benchmark model. The findings indicate that the proposed model delivers 85% more accurate privacy than the benchmark model.

On Pragmatics-syntax Interface: The Case of Vocative Nominals in Jordanian Arabic

This paper starts with exploring the internal syntactic structure of the vocative nominals in regional Jordanian Arabic sub-varieties. It shows that a vocative nominal can be either a full DP or a bare NP in the target three Jordanian sub-varieties, namely, Rural (RJA), Urban (UJA) and Bedouin (BJA) Jordanian Arabic. However, they differ in terms of the manifestation of D0. To illustrate, definiteness in RJA and UJA can only be obtained by a possessive pronominal clitic, whereas the definite article can merge with the vocative nominal in BJA. This should contribute to the vocative DP vs. NP debate in the relevant literature: it implies that data from Jordanian Arabic (JA) do not support the claim that languages should fall into a paradigm, i.e., the vocatives in a certain language must have a specific syntactic nature (either full DP or bare NP). The main goal of this paper is to argue for syntax-pragmatic interface. It is to show that these sub-varieties developed a pragmatic function to determiners within vocative phrases. First, we show that the definite article, which can combine vocative nominals only in BJA, developed a pragmatic function that defines the interpersonal relation between interlocutors. To clarify, the presence of the definite article with a nominal referring to a superior addressee or a good trait of him/her is interpreted as respecting and raising the status of the addressee, whereas its co-occurrence with a nominal referring to an inferior addressee or a bad trait is to condescend the addressee. On the other hand, if the vocative nominal is status-neutral, this neutralizes the intensifying function of the article. On this basis, the peculiarity of the definite article in BJA within vocatives is that its function is defined with reference to the vocative nominal. Additionally, the presence of the possessive pronominal clitic -na '1PL.POSS' with the vocative nominal is to raise the status of the addressee or show more respect to him/her. This implies that pragmatics interfaces with syntax while deriving the vocative phrase, consistent with Hill (2007, 2017) and Wiltschko and Heim (2016): a pragmatic function is assigned to D0 while deriving the syntax of vocatives, and therefore this function should not be post-syntactic. Keywords: Determiners; Jordanian Arabic; Pragmatics-Syntax Interface; Vocative Nominals.

Historical Roots and Syntactic Nature of Languages

All languages have a common, ontological nature, and this nature cannot be changed. Although there are some differences in the fictions of languages, the general course of this ontological nature is the same in all languages. Although we are talking about an ontological nature that is the same in all languages, the differences that exist between languages affect and determine the attitudes of societies that use this language. In another respect, history is a totality of social attitudes. Therefore, the language used by society can affect the attitude of that society. In other words, societies have an attitude in such a way that the language they use is foreseen. So much so that, beyond the fictional difference, even the presence or absence of a word in any language can be decisive of a social attitude. Of course, the presence or absence of a word is a small detail in the whole; but when the peculiar fictions of languages are evaluated as a whole, the effects of social attitudes on history, which is the totality, will be seen more clearly. In this study, first of all, the concept of “language family” will be focused on by giving the “definition of language”. Then, the nature of Turkish will be discussed through the language family fiction and its reflections on history will be discussed. Turkish, English, Arabic and will be sampled throughout the study.

Nobody Doesn\u2019t Like Negative Concord

Languages vary with respect to whether sentences with two negative elements give rise to double negation or negative concord meanings. We explore an influential hypothesis about what governs this variation: namely, that whether a language exhibits double negation or negative concord is partly determined by the phonological and syntactic nature of its negative marker (Zeijlstra 2004; Jespersen 1917). For example, one version of this hypothesis argues that languages with affixal negation must be negative concord (Zeijlstra 2008). We use an artificial language learning experiment to investigate whether English speakers are sensitive to the status of the negative marker when learning double negation and negative concord languages. Our findings fail to provide evidence supporting this hypothesised connection. Instead, our results suggest that learners find it easier to learn negative concord languages compared to double negation languages independently of whether the negative marker is an adverb or an affix. This is in line with evidence from natural language acquisition (Thornton et al. 2016).

TO THE HISTORY OF STUDYING THE UDMURT SYNTAX

The article describes and systematizes scientific research devoted to the study of the Udmurt syntax in synchrony and diachrony. Based on the peculiarities of the methodological principles and attitudes’ development, it is proposed to distinguish three stages in the history of studying the syntax of the Udmurt language. The first stage (from the second half of the 18th century to 1851) is characterized by the absence of a systematic approach to the study of the syntactic structure of the language, insufficient delimitation of the spheres of morphology and syntax. The second stage (from 1851 to 1939) is characterized by a closer attention to the syntactic nature of linguistic phenomena, as well as to the development of terminology in the Udmurt language. However, a deep scientific understanding of the Udmurt syntax began only at the third stage (from 1939 to the present), when the structural-semantic principle dominates in the study of syntactic constructions, providing for equal attention to the structure (construction) of a syntactic unit and the meaning (semantics) that it is embodied in it.

Эмотивное выражение в тексте и пути его перевода

Research relevance: there are isomorphic features of the investigated interjections in semantics, pragmatic terms and in structure. Research objectives: to reveal the emotional meaning of the Russian interjection Tsyts and the way of its translation into English and Kyrgyz languages. Research materials and methods: the authors use the method of translation and comparison of interjections in The Quiet Don by M. Sholokhov, Farewell to Gyulsary by Ch. Aitmatov and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by M. Twain literary works. Research results: the isomorphic features of the studied interjections coincide in their pragmatic characteristics, structure, meaning and nominative function. Conclusions: In the languages under consideration, by their syntactic nature, they can act as independent sentences.

A syntax of phenomena: William Stanley Jevons’s logic and philosophy of science as an ars combinatoria

ABSTRACT According to the nineteenth-century polymath William Stanley Jevons, natural phenomena were a series of combinations and permutations. The similarity between Jevons’s account and other instances of ars combinatoria has already been noticed, although this topic has never been extensively addressed in the literature. In this paper, I offer a novel interpretation of Jevons’s logic and philosophy of science as an art of combinations. Jevons’s position shall be compared with other theorizers in the ars combinatoria tradition. This study will show that Jevons’s art of combinations differed from some of the examples here investigated because he did not believe that language could refer to the primal constituents of reality. Rather, his art of combinations relied on the order of combinations, displaying a syntactical nature. Consequently, I will argue that Jevons’s logic presents some relevant similarities to Leibniz’s characteristica. Moreover, this analysis offers a contribution to the study of Jevons’s logic, highlighting the ontological implications embedded in his logical thought.

A machine translation mechanism of Brazilian Portuguese to Libras with syntactic-semantic adequacy

AbstractDeaf people communicate naturally using visual-spatial languages, called sign languages (SL). Although SLs are recognized as a language in many countries, the problems faced by Deaf people for accessing information remain. As a result, they have difficulties exercising their citizenship and access information in SLs, which usually leads to linguistic and knowledge acquisition delays. Some scientific works have been developed to address these problems related to the machine translation of spoken languages to sign languages. However, the existing machine translation platforms have some limitations, especially in syntactic and lexical nature. Thus, this work aims to develop a mechanism for machine translation to Libras, the Brazilian Sign Language, with syntactic-semantic adequacy. It consists of an automatic translation component for Libras based on syntactic-semantic translation rules and a formal syntactic-semantic rule description language. As proof of concept of the proposed approach, we created a specific grammar for Libras translation exploring these aspects and integrating these elements into VLibras Suite, a service for machine translation of digital content in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) to Libras. We performed several tests using this modified version of VLibras to measure the level of comprehension of the output generated by the new translator mechanism. In the computational experiments, as well as in the actual tests with Deaf and hearing users, the proposed approach was able to improve the results of the current VLibras version.

Категория репрезентации числительного

The article considers the categorical nature of the numeral as a part of speech from the standpoint of the theory of representation. Language representation enables the author to identify and describe primary and secondary syntactic functions exemplified by cognitive communicative and discursive forms. They demonstrate different degrees of the quantitative attribute manifestation in terms of its completeness and intensity in various forms of the numeral. Major means of its representation have been revealed and characterized: in the main syntactical position – a constituent of numerical (cardinal) phrase (tri stola); as well as in the secondary syntactic positions – adjectival numeral (tretiy), or ordinal; adverbial numeral (trizhdy), and substantivized numeral (troika). In them, the quantitative attribute is diversely expanded due to the interaction of the numeral with those parts of speech for which its non-basic syntactic positions are thought to be the main ones. The scale of quantity representation shows a decrease in completeness and intensity degree: from the prototypical trait in cardinal numerals to the minimal extent in substantivized forms. The syntactic nature of the category of representation makes it possible to present sufficiently and diversely the part-of-speech semantics of the numeral.

Interaction and relationship of a phrase and a sentence

The article discusses the issue of one of the effective linguodidactic principle and method of teaching the interaction and relationship of a phrase and a sentence. The linguistic foundations of this principle, the interaction and relationship of the phrase and the sentence are substantiated. To study morphology on a syntactic basis, a syntactic base is created in the propaedeutic course of syntax in grade 5, due to which the syntactic nature of many morphological categories can be more deeply assimilated, words of different parts of speech are activated in speech as components of a phrase and members of a sentence, and not as separate ones.

Grammatical and Syntactical Functions of Auxiliaries in English and Urdu

The current study investigates grammatical and syntactical functions of auxiliaries in Urdu and English to draw certain distinctions regarding the behavior, syntactic representation and semantic content auxiliaries add to the main verbs (Vs) through the X-bar theory as a theoretical framework within the minimalist program (MP). The data of the current research were collected from authentic sources (Urdu and English text books and grammars) to consider a diverse range of possible usage of Urdu and English auxiliaries. 200 sentences extracted from textbooks and grammars were analyzed grammatically in terms of morphology, and syntax (through tree-representation and their movement). The findings indicate sharp differences related to the syntactic position of auxiliaries in Urdu and English. In Urdu, auxiliaries always occupy their position after the main verbs in a sentence and their position is fixed and also have the ability to mark number (singular & plural) and gender (masculine & feminine). In contrast, English auxiliaries can only mark number. Another sharp difference is observed in the question formation process. In Urdu, unlike English, auxiliaries cannot be moved from its latent position towards the specifier position at the beginning of the sentence to construct question structures, because, if it happens, the sentence is considered ungrammatical which may result in the violation of MP. The findings of the study would prove helpful for understanding the semantic, grammatical and syntactical nature and behavior of auxiliaries comparatively in Urdu and English.