Grammatical Relations Research Articles

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF ADVERBIAL SUFFIXES -YP, -IP (based on the monuments of Mamluk Kipchak)

There has been no in-depth, comprehensive and systematic study of the history of one of the complex grammatical categories of verbs-the category of adverbs, although it is found only slightly in some monuments and textbooks concerning the history of a particular language. One of the urgent problems of Kazakh Turkological science is a comprehensive study of the Turkic languages of any linguistic unity in historical periods, a comprehensive study of them from a synchronous and diachronic point of view and determining the level of historical continuity in comparison with our modern language.The article examines the grammatical function of the adverbial suffixes -yp, -ip, -up, -üp, -p in the Mamluk-Kipchak language, their influence and phonetic variants on the meaning of the word to which it is attached, the history of development and formation. The research is based on the materials of 5 monuments written in the Mamluk-Kipchak language and extant to the present day. The research work is based on the main method of studying the historical development of language - the comparative historical method.Phonetic variants of adverbial forms with suffixes -yp, -ip, -up, -üp, -p the order of attachment to the root, various semantic gradients in the main and indirect meanings, all of them do not differ much from modern Turkic languages, including Kazakh. Some features have been preserved in the modern Oguz language, and some in Kipchak. Even small differences between them can be considered as a natural phenomenon that arises during the historical development of the language.

Language consciousness and poetic reconstruction: A re-examination of goddess as a modern Chinese poetry anthology

Goddess, as the inchoation of Chinese New Poetry, has significant meaning and always attracts the attention of researchers. However, there is a lack of a practical understanding of the ontological characteristics of the goddess in modern Chinese poetry (MCP). Guo Moruo consciously uses the rich grammatical functions and means of modern Chinese to construct the textual space of poetry. The subjective, dramatic, and rich modality system of modern Chinese has created the intense lyricism and dramatic, poetic aesthetic style of goddess, which makes goddess the anthology that genuinely practices the writing of MCP. Re-examining the goddess from the perspectives of language consciousness and poetic reconstruction is of excellent enlightenment significance for understanding the linguistic properties of early new poetry.

유형론적 관점에서 본 중한 병렬구조 비교연구

Parallelism means that two grammatical units are connected in an equal relationship, and is a linguistic structure that universally exists among the world's languages. However, because the realization method of the parallel structure is different for each language, this paper conducted a comparative analysis of the parallel structure of Korean and Chinese, especially parallel phrases, from a typological perspective to examine the commonalities and differences as well as the causes. This can be summarized as follows: The Chinese-Korean parallel structure can be divided into several types depending on the classification criteria. Based on the semantic type, it can be broadly classified into 'equal type', 'transitional type', and 'selective type', and depending on the part of speech of the parallel item, 'name-name parallel structure', 'dong-dong parallel structure', and 'type- It was confirmed that it can be divided into a ‘parallel structure’. In addition, this paper examined the syntactic function of the Chinese-Korean parallel structure in four aspects, including the degree of marking of the Chinese-Korean parallel structure, the syntactic position distribution of the parallel structure, the position of the conjunction, and whether heterogeneous parallelism is possible. In addition, the similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese parallel structures were explained in connection with the language types of Chinese and Korean and the theory of linguistic typology.

The syntactic function of comparative units: to get to the truth

Determining the syntactic status of comparative constructions is one of the most controversial issues in the Ukrainian linguistics. Distinguishing between comparative phrases and incomplete subordinate comparative sentences is actively debated. Various linguists offer opposing points of view to the same issue. The aim of the work is to clarify the syntactic functions of comparative constructions (both conjunctive and non-conjunctive) within simple and complex sentences. The material of the study embraced about 200 comparative units, selected from the novel “Nekhvoroshch (verbena)” by Liubov Ponomarenko. Descriptive and comparative methods, elements of functional and component analysis, as well as the method of quantitative calculations were used to perform the research. The article analyses domestic linguists’ points of view to the syntactic functions of comparative constructions. Having analysed the comparative units in Liubov Ponomarenko’s texts, the author presented the list of numerous syntactic functions of conjunctive and non-conjunctive comparatives within a simple sentence (comparative subjects and predicates, attributes, objects and circumstances denoting action mode, measure, degree, and reason, etc.), as well as the structure of subordinate comparatives in complex subordinate sentences (complete or incomplete clauses, the possibility of supplementing the missing member by “borrowing” it from the main part). The article focuses on the most controversial issues of distinguishing comparative constructions and offers the author’s vision of the problem. When determining the status of a comparative unit, the author analyses its structure, semantics, degree of prevalence, the possibility of replacing it with instrumental case, and if there is one of the main parts in a comparative construction, the imaginary substitution of the eliminated subject or predicate is used. The article supports the consideration that phraseological comparisons with the sentence structure perform the common function that is determined by the meaning of this phraseological unit.

Formation Control of Multiple Autonomous Mobile Robots Using Turkish Natural Language Processing

People use natural language to express their thoughts and wishes. As robots reside in various human environments, such as homes, offices, and hospitals, the need for human–robot communication is increasing. One of the best ways to achieve this communication is the use of natural languages. Natural language processing (NLP) is the most important approach enabling robots to understand natural languages and improve human–robot interaction. Also, due to this need, the amount of research on NLP has increased considerably in recent years. In this study, commands were given to a multiple-mobile-robot system using the Turkish natural language, and the robots were required to fulfill these orders. Turkish is classified as an agglutinative language. In agglutinative languages, words combine different morphemes, each carrying a specific meaning, to create complex words. Turkish exhibits this characteristic by adding various suffixes to a root or base form to convey grammatical relationships, tense, aspect, mood, and other semantic nuances. Since the Turkish language has an agglutinative structure, it is very difficult to decode its sentence structure in a way that robots can understand. Parsing of a given command, path planning, path tracking, and formation control were carried out. In the path-planning phase, the A* algorithm was used to find the optimal path, and a PID controller was used to follow the generated path with minimum error. A leader–follower approach was used to control multiple robots. A platoon formation was chosen as the multi-robot formation. The proposed method was validated on a known map containing obstacles, demonstrating the system’s ability to navigate the robots to the desired locations while maintaining the specified formation. This study used Turtlebot3 robots within the Gazebo simulation environment, providing a controlled and replicable setting for comprehensive experimentation. The results affirm the feasibility and effectiveness of employing NLP techniques for the formation control of multiple mobile robots, offering a robust and effective method for further research and development on human–robot interaction.

Semantic classification of neologisms-conversions

Amorphological-syntactic method of word production known as conversion involves the emergence of new words without altering the fundamental structure ofthe starting word. In addition to being included into anew paradigm, anew word created by conversion also gains anew lexical meaning and grammatical structure, as well as adifferent syntactic function and compatibility. Additionally, there is atypcof homophony that occurs between the primary forms of the derived word and the derived (original) term. This occurs when language units develop that are similar inappearance, sound, and spelling but differ in their typical meaning and belong to separate regions of speech. Though the kind of the consistent sickness is significant,it should be remembered that they can occasionally be confusing and converting. For example, drawdown (n), delay (n), close (n), start (n), suction (n), transfer (n), pass (n). Sometimes the components of verb phrases and talks are connected at the same time. With the conversion ofthe transition connected with the transition fromthe lexico-grammatical class of the verb to the lexico-grammatical class of the current one, the noun gets an integral form as aconsequence of compounding.”. [ 1 ] However, according to studies, the converted units only make about 3% of all neologisms

Grammatical Relation: Subject Constructions in Batak Toba Language

This research aims to delineate the grammatical relations within the Toba Batak language, explicitly focusing on characterizing the behavioral properties of subject construction. Employing a descriptive qualitative research approach, this study drew its data from 14 songs in the Toba Batak language retrieved from the social media platform YouTube, containing instances of grammatical relations, particularly those undergoing subject construction examination. The data collection process involved listening to and recording song lyrics in the Toba Batak language. Within these songs, the identified subject constructions undergoing testing include the Subject of quantifier float ("all") and relativization ("which"). Subject constructions such as non-obvious pronominal (PRO) and raising were also observed. Consequently, it is inferred that subject construction can be examined and scrutinized within the context of Toba Batak language songs.

Прилагательные английского и русского языков с семантикой предшествования

The aim of the research is to identify the features of the functioning of adjectives in Russian and English that contribute to expressing the semantics of precedence within an utterance. The paper provides an analysis of English and Russian adjectives that realize the semantics of precedence. The study highlights a group of adjectives with the temporal semantics that function as adverbial modifiers expressing precedence at the level of deep structure, while at the level of surface structure, they serve the syntactic function of attributive modifiers. The scientific novelty lies in identifying the spectrum of English and Russian adjectives as non-verbal means of expressing precedence actualizing the temporal semantics of an utterance. It is found that in both languages, adjectives explicitly express the semantics of precedence and at the level of deep structure correspond to adverbs functioning as temporal modifiers. The most frequent adjective in English is ‘previous’, in Russian it is ‘предыдущий’ (previous). Adjectives like ‘former’, ‘бывший’ are characterized by their combination with personal names and organizations to represent their preceding state or position. Allomorphism is manifested in the presence of adjectives with distinctive features expressing precedence.

What's hidden below definiteness and genitive: on indefinite partitive articles in Romance.

In French, Italian, and other Romance languages indefinite nominal phrases can be introduced by what appears to be the conflation of a genitive preposition and a definite article, the so-called "indefinite partitive articles" (e.g., Fr. Je cuisine de la soupe depuis deux jours. 'I've been cooking soup for two days'). This is rather unexpected, since these nominal phrases are neither definite nor in a syntactic position in which we expect to find a genitive preposition. This led part of the literature to consider them as built by lexical items synchronically distinct from the genitive preposition/definite article but homophonous with them. This contribution shows how a constituent-based approach to the lexicon-syntax interface as nanosyntax, paired with a specific take on the sequence of syntactic functions, can capture their apparently conflicting distribution without stipulating multiple homophonous lexical items. The key factor in this proposal is a revised analysis of the Romance lexical item (LI) for (i)definite articles- linked to a constituent containing not only features of definiteness but also lower indefinite features and higher nominative/accusative case features- and (ii) the genitive preposition DE- linked to a constituent containing not only genitive features but also lower nominative/accusative features. Holding these LIs crosslinguistically stable, the variation attested in this domain is modeled as depending on the amount of functional structure lexicalized by the nominal root in the different languages.

DETERMİNANTLAR VƏ CÜMLƏ ÜZVLƏRİNİN QARŞILIQLI ƏLAQƏSİNƏ DAİR

On the Relationship of Determinants and Parts of Sentences Summary In order for the language to carry out any kind of communication, all the links of the syntax that make up the structure of the language must be in place. The syntactic system of the language is made up of word combinations, sentences and text. Syntactic units in the language are connected with each other by meaning and grammatical relations and form the structural regularity of syntactic units, its regulator. As in every world language, the syntactic structure of the modern Oghuz Turkic languages consists of an ordered system of syntactic units. In this ordered system, the determinants have their own place and position along with word combinations, sentence parts, sentences and text. Key words: determiner, sentence, syntax, adverb, verb

ƏVƏZLİK NİTQ HİSSƏSİ KİMİ AZƏRBAYCAN VƏ İNGİLİS DİLLƏRİ İLƏ MÜQAYİSƏLİ MÜSTƏVİDƏ

Pronoun as a Part of Speech in Azerbaijani and English on a Comparative Level Summary The article deals with the study of the reflexive voice in the English language. Considering the problem of the voice from the point of view of morphology, the author makes out if the combination “the verb+reflexive pronoun” is the from of the reflexive voice; from syntactical point of view if the mentioned combination is a single syntactical unit or a reflexive pronoun has an independent syntactical function in the sentence. Key Word: English language, personal, relative, relative, interrogative, reflexive pronouns

Семантико-синтаксические свойства отглагольного релятива «исходя из»

The aim of the study is to determine the degree of grammaticalization of the deverbal relative ‘исходя из’ (‘based on’). The paper examines the lexical meaning of the relative and the presence of the functional meaning in dictionaries and works dedicated to prepositional units. The paper explores the meaning of the construction with ‘исходя из’, the semantics of the right (dependent) and left (main) components of the construction and outlines features indicative of the transition of this unit into a prepositional one. The study is novel in that it is the first to describe the semantic and syntactic functioning and to determine the degree of grammaticalization of the deverbal relative ‘исходя из’, which is a language unit that does not belong to the core of the preposition category. As a result, the study finds that the semantics of the deverbal relative, the meaning of the construction that expresses cause-effect relationships of phenomena reflecting various aspects of intellectual activities (denoted by verbs) and phenomena subject to interpretation (denoted by nouns), as well as the broadening of usage contexts are indicative of the grammaticalization of the examined unit.

Intelligent extraction of medical entity relationship based on graph neural network and optimization strategy

Machine Learning technologies have obtained breakthrough in various fields, and medical information extraction has also successfully made great progress through deep learning methods. However, entity relationship overlap is a key issue and challenge in the field of medical entity relationship extraction. Hence, we propose an intelligent extraction method for Chinese medicine entity relationship through improving graph neural network and structure optimization strategy. We optimize model structure and introduce global pointer network. The sentence feature information is captured by attention mechanism and Bi-Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). Grammatical relations between entities are parsed using Graph Convolution Network (GCN) layer. Finally, multiple decoders are used for joint extraction of entity relations through the global pointer network. The model learns the graph structure data by GCN, while the challenge of entity relationship overlap is solved through using the pointer network. The experiments demonstrate that the model achieves 83.77% in terms of F1 value, which is better than other baseline models.

Kategori dan Peran Sintaksis Kata Galak dalam Bahasa Melayu Palembang

This research aims to analyze categories and the role of syntax of galak in Palembang language. The theory used is syntactic theory by Chaer (2009). Data source from the YouTube channel Pal TV Entertainment. The research method is descriptive cualitative. Data collection uses the observation method with close-knit techniques. Data analysis was carried out using the matching method. Data is presented informally and accompanied by translation in Indonesian. In Kamus Palembang-Indonesia, galak as verb means mau and sering. The results of the research show that (1) the meaning of galak in Palembang language are mau, sering, and suka; (2) syntactic categories of galak are adverb and verb; (3) galak as adverb that accompanies the verb has the role of action and quantity, galak as adverb that accompanies the adjective has the role of condition, and galak as verb has the role of action. Keywords: Palembang Malay, Syntactic Function, Syntactic Role

FROM THE HISTORY OF STUDYING THE MORPHEME STRUCTURE OF THE WORD IN UZBEK LINGUISTICS

Uzbek linguistics, at first, morphemics was not separated as a separate department, and later the issues studied in morphemics were included in the research of morphology at that time. Consequently, the issues within the scope of morphemics have been studied in our linguistics in the same narrow scope as the concepts of word structure and morphological structure of the word. Morphemics in traditional linguistics considered only the parts of the word consisting of the stem and the affix, and the grammatical function and meaning-carrying parts were considered. Due to the serious and large-scale research carried out later, our linguistics has passed the path of development from the description of the morpheme as an element in the morphological structure of the word to the morpheme-to-word principle. This article talks about the history of the study of the morpheme composition of words in Uzbek linguistics, research conducted by scientists and their results, research methodology.

Comparative analysis of the structure of japanese and russian idioms with the keywords “hand” and “head”

This article is devoted to a comparison of Japanese and Russian idioms with the keywords “hand” and “head” on their structure and formation. The research pays great attention to the study of the idioms in the compared languages in terms of their composition, semantics, syntactic function and particular use.

The lexeme "normal" in Russian speech: a case study

The subject of the study is the lexeme "normal", a multidimensional analysis of which is carried out on the basis of data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRR), which includes more than 2 billion words, which makes it quite representative. The purpose of the work is to determine the composition of the homocomplex "normal" in modern Russian, to compare homonyms in semantic, syntagmatic, functional aspects. The relevance of the research undertaken is due to the fact that the lexicographic literature does not provide a complete description of all homonyms "normal". Thus, the predicative "normally" has remained outside the attention of lexicographers, although it is in this category that the pragmatic potential of the studied word is realized; in addition, cases of using the word in a discursive function have not been noted. This study was conducted on the basis of a concordance of 4055 texts with this lexeme, a large amount of material allowed us to draw conclusions about the quantitative and qualitative features of the functioning of this homocomplex. In accordance with this goal, descriptive, quantitative, statistical methods, as well as corpus analysis methods were used in the work. The methodological basis of the research was the works devoted to the problem of functional homonymy (V. V. Vinogradov, O. S. Akhmanova, V. V. Babaytseva, P. A. Lekant, etc.) and methods of corpus linguistics (O. N. Lyashevskaya, N. V. Pertsov, V. A. Plungyan, E. V. Rakhilina, D. V. Sichinava, etc.). The results The following provisions became the basis of the work: based on the data selected from the corpus, it is argued that the homocomplex "normally" unites a group of functional homonyms (adjective in short form; adverb; predicative (category of state); interjection), which differ in a set of morphological features, syntactic function, syntagmatic features, semantics expressed in speech. It is concluded that all these homonyms are active in modern Russian speech; they have pragmatic and stylistic features in different speech spheres. The first texts with the predicative "normally", as well as with the homonymous adverb, recorded in the NCRR, belong to the end of the XIX century; the use of "normally" as an interjection in a discursive function appears much later, in the 1980s. Statistical methods allowed us to determine the most frequent collocations with the lexeme "normally".

Contrastive Study of Tone and Intonation in Koro Ashe and English

This paper undertakes a contrastive study of tone and intonation in Koro Ashe and English; an implication for Koro Ashe L2 learners of English with the hope of helping the study populace to improve in their spoken aspect of English. The sample consisted of 20 randomly selected Koro Ashe ESL learners of English in Karu Local Government, Nasarawa State. The instrument used in collecting data for this investigation is Oral Production Test (OPT), a pronunciation test that assessed the participants’ pronunciations of Koro Ashe words. The theoretical framework used in the paper was Contrastive Analysis (CA). The results showed that Koro Ashe is a tonal language and that tone in Koro Ashe is capable of performing lexical functions as it is demonstrated in words like [ìnȧk] L-L ‘cow’ and [inak] L-H ‘sp tree’, [iwei] L-L ‘toad’ and [iwei] L- H ‘fear’. Tone in Koro Ashe can perform grammatical function, that is, changing singular nouns to the plural as it is seen in words; [inak] (L-L) ‘cow’ and [inak] (H-H) ‘cows’, [inor] ‘wound’ (L-L) and [inor] ‘wounds’ (H-H), [imai] ‘generation’ (L-L) and [imai] ‘generations’ (H-H), [iguk] ‘pocket’ (L-L) and [iguk] (H-H) ‘pockets’, [iʤu] ‘fly’ (L-L) and [iʤu] ‘flies’ (H-H). However in English, intonation (pitch) in English conveys information of a broadly meaningful nature, it can be used to express attitudes, interest, doubt, emphasis, certainty, politeness, mark boundaries of syntactic units, signals division of utterances into intonation phrases, signals end of statement, signals “old” information and “new” information etc.

Konfiks Ke-an dalam Bahasa Indonesia

This research aims to describe the circumfix "ke-an" in the Indonesian language, focusing on its phonological changes, grammatical functions, and meanings. The data were taken from excerpts from the novel "Negeri Para Bedebah" by Tere Liye and sentences created by the researcher as a native speaker of the Indonesian language. The researcher used distribution and paraphrasing methods to address the research questions. Based on the research results, three phonological change rules were found in forming the circumfix "ke-an" from its base form to a polymorphemic word. The allomorphs are "ke-yan," "ke-wan," and "ke-Ɂan." In terms of its grammatical function, the circumfix "ke-an" was examined both derivationally and inflectionally. Based on its grammatical meaning, the circumfix "ke-an" can express at least four things, namely, expressing abstract concepts, indicating a place, indicating suffering, and indicating quality.

Grenzüberschreitungen an der Peripherie: Aspektuelle Funktionen von Aktivpartizipien und Verbalsubstantiven im Tschechischen

Summary Non-finite verb forms are located at the boundary of the verbal paradigm. On the one hand, they are formed paradigmatically and – if they are not lexicalized – correspond semantically to the underlying verb; on the other hand, they behave syntactically like nominal forms. Their interpretation and thus their treatment in grammars and in corpus annotation differ in individual national philological traditions. In the present text, the behavior of Czech participles and verbal nouns is investigated with respect to the category of verbal aspect. On the basis of excerpts from electronic corpora (Czech National Corpus), it is shown that both participles and verbal nouns express aspectual functions. Even more, they are capable of overstepping boundaries of codification and formal description and actualizing these aspectual functions in concrete contexts. However, participles and verbal nouns do not behave in the same way, but follow certain lines, which are given by differences in codification, formal morphology and syntactic functions.