English Synonyms Research Articles

Formation and Analysis of Synonyms in English

This article discusses the formation and analysis of synonyms in English. For the implementation of the communicative and expressive functions of language, accuracy, expressiveness, a large semantic variety of vocabulary, the ability to strictly differentiate concepts, convey more and more subtle shades of thought and feeling are necessary. The need to differentiate the concept, to express the shades of thoughts and feelings, brings synonyms to life.

Standardized terminology and visual atlas of the external morphology and terminalia for the genus Scaptomyza (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

ABSTRACT The genus Scaptomyza is one of the two Drosophilidae genera with Hawaiian endemic species. This genus is an excellent model for biogeographic studies since it is distributed throughout the majority of continents, including continental islands, the Hawaiian Islands, and many other remote oceanic islands. This genus currently comprises 273 described species, 148 of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. However, most descriptions were published before efforts to standardizing the morphological terminology across the Diptera were made in the 1980’s. Since research groups developed their own set of terminologies independently, without considering homologies, multiple terms have been used to refer to the same characters. This is especially true for the male terminalia, which have remarkable modifications within the family Drosophilidae. We reviewed the Scaptomyza literature, in addition to other studies across the Drosophilidae and Diptera, compiled the English synonyms, and provided a visual atlas of each body part, indicating how to recognize the morphological characters. The goal of the present study is to facilitate species identification and propose preferred terms to be adopted for future Scaptomyza descriptions.

The Concepts Of "Goodness" And "Evil" In The Linguistic Image Of The World And Their National-Cultural Characteristics

This article discusses the linguistic image of the world and the views of various scholars and researchers on it, the concept term as one of the controversial problems of cognitive linguistics and linguocultural studies, the role of the concepts of "goodness" and "evil" in the linguistic image of the world. The national-cultural features of the concepts of "goodness" and "evil" are also illustrated by the use of English idioms and synonyms of goodness and evil.

Appropriate Use of Synonyms in English and Uzbek

This article sets a number of tasks for linguists and teachers in the theoretical and practical study of synonyms in modern English.This requires some measures to facilitate the process of teaching English and establishing conversational communication. To develop students’ understanding of the use of synonyms in English.

Sources of synonymy in linguistics and some aspects of English verbal synonyms

Sources of synonymy in linguistics and some aspects of English verbal synonyms

基于语料库的英语同义词搭配行为和语义韵对比研究——以Assessment和Evaluation为例

基于语料库的英语同义词搭配行为和语义韵对比研究——以Assessment和Evaluation为例

САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНЫЙ ТУРИЗМ: ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ И СИНОНИМОВ

The article gives and argues the author’s definition of independent tourism, which has become a mass phenomenon due to the development of information technologies. The synonymy of the term in the Russian and English languages is discussed. English synonyms of the term have been classified. The terms’ popularity in the Yandex query system has been studied. The concept definition technique can be used in scientific and educational work with students.

A Corpus-Based Study of English Synonyms: Chance and Opportunity

The study aims to investigate differences and similarities of two synonymous nouns, chance and opportunity. The sources of data were from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and online dictionaries. The study applied both quantitative and qualitative methodology. Throughout the five text types of COCA (i.e. spoken, fiction, popular magazines, newspapers, and academic journals), opportunity was used most frequently in academic texts and was found least often in fiction. On the other hand, chance occurred least in the genre of academic texts and most often in the spoken genre. The claim that opportunity tends to be used more often in formal style than its near synonym was supported by a number of academic words in the list of its collocates. Although a wider range of meanings of chance reflects its polysemous status, chance and its collocates have fewer semantic preferences than those of opportunity. The findings also suggest that near-synonyms may behave differently in terms of collocation and semantic prosody although they share similar meanings.

İNGİLİS VƏ AZƏRBAYCAN DİLİNDƏ FRAZEOLOJİ SİNONİMLƏRİN TƏSNİFATI

The presented article deals with the classification of English synonyms. The notion of phraseology is wide.Here concepts of some distinguished scientists are presented in the given article. Phraseology (from Greek φράσις phrasis, "way of speaking" and -λογία -logia, "study of") is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally's notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969) within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973), and Lipka. In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. European scholarship in phraseology is more active than in North America. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990) and specially collected in Cowie & Howarth (1996) whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field. Key words: phraseology,synonym,language,linguistics,scientist

Effects of spacing on contextual vocabulary learning: Spacing facilitates the acquisition of explicit, but not tacit, vocabulary knowledge

Studies examining decontextualized associative vocabulary learning have shown that long spacing between encounters with an item facilitates learning more than short or no spacing, a phenomenon known as distributed practice effect. However, the effect of spacing on learning words in context is less researched and the results, so far, are inconsistent. In this study, we compared the effect of massed and spaced distributions on second language vocabulary learning from reading. Japanese speakers of English encountered 48 novel vocabulary items embedded in informative English sentences, inferred their meanings from contexts, and received feedback in the form of English synonyms and Japanese translation equivalents. To test the hypothesis that the effects of spacing might differentially affect the development of explicit or tacit word knowledge, spacing effects were measured using semantic priming as well as a meaning recall and a meaning–form matching posttest. Results showed an advantage of spaced over massed learning on the meaning recall and meaning–form matching posttests. However, a similar semantic priming effect was observed irrespective of whether an item was encountered in the massed or spaced distribution. These results suggest that the spacing effect holds in contextual word learning for the development of explicit vocabulary knowledge, but massing appears to be as effective as spacing for the acquisition of tacit semantic knowledge.

British-American English Synonyms in Tourism Language and their Effect on Listener’s Understanding

This study deals with the differences between British and American English synonyms in tourism language (i.e. hotel, travel, transportation, and so on.). And if these differences affect on the listener's understanding, or not. The problem lies in the differences between British – American English, in the language variations in (lexical synonyms ) in the regional dialect, geographical dialect, social dialect that may affect on meaning of the intended word in tourism field, because of the differences between two communities, and how these communities used these synonyms. These variations of the Source Language British and American English (BrE and AmE) spoken by native speakers or non- native speakers may affect on the listener’s understanding (receiver’s understanding) and lose the intended meaning of the tourism synonyms. The aim of the study is to identify the language variation of BrE and AmE and the varieties of English dialects, and how are these varieties affect on the understanding of the listener and recipient in the British and American societies. Know the extent of the effect these varieties on the understanding of the listener and recipient in British and American societies.

Исследование семантики слов с позиций языковых категорий (на примере английских синонимов с общим значением хитрый)

The article considers the role of linguistic categorization when studying the semantic structure of synonymous adjectives. Originality of the paper lies in the fact that for the first time the author identifies differential features and linguistic categories characterizing the semantics of the analysed synonyms. The analysis of lexicographical definitions of the English synonyms with the common meaning cunning and the corpus-based analysis of their usage show that variant/invariant and evaluative categories determine the meaning of the synonyms under study.

KOMPONENCIJALNA ANALIZA GRUPE SINONIMA GLAGOLA „ZURITI“ I NjIHOVI ENGLESKI PREVODNI EKVIVALENTI

In this paper, the componential analysis of the English and Serbian groups of synonyms of the verb stare has been conducted. The main aims of the research are the representation of the groups of synonyms of the verb stare, as well as the emphasis of the diagnostic characteristics on which the examined verbs differ. Eventually, the suggested translations of the verbs have been studied. The main conclusion is that the Serbian language contains fewer verbs belonging to this semantic field. For that reason, most of the synonyms have been defined by a semantically neutral verb (e.g. look) modified by an appropriate adverb or a compound adjective. What is more, the results show that the consulted dictionaries and corpora provide detailed and complete information on this subject.

Mikrostāsta jēdziens mūsdienu literatūrā

The glorious, overwrought, and ambitious modernism of the early 20th century has gradually been replaced by minimalism in art, architecture and other cultural expressions. In such a changing environment, minimalism trends also appear in the literature. Turning to the analysis of literary fiction over the last hundred years, critics of Romanic and Anglo-Saxon literature have come to the conclusion of the emergence of a new literary genre. In Anglo-Saxon literature, among many other names of this genre, the most recognizable name is flash fiction, while in Spanish, the term microrrelato has been established in the last decade. However, in Latvian literature, the characteristics of the genre correspond to minimas written by Aivars Eipurs. The paper aims to provide insight into the development and textual characteristics of flash fiction and to seek its equivalents in the literature of different Western nations. The study looks at the concept of flash fiction and its synonyms in English, Spanish, French, Russian, and Polish languages, includes definitions of flash fiction as an independent literary genre of a variety of authors and sets out the key features and examples. In addition to the concept of flash fiction, it includes concepts of intertextuality and ellipsis, which, along with humor and metafiction, are essential linguistic elements of flash fiction. Flash fiction merges different genres and their patterns into a new literary form consisting of certain linguistic, syntactical, and pragmatic texting techniques. In building the theoretical base of the study, the emphasis was placed on the critics of contemporary Spanish literature less known in Latvia, such as professor Irene Andrés-Suárez (b. 1948) of the University of Neuchatel (Switzerland), Argentinian writer and literary critic David Lagmanovich (1927–2010) and Mexican literary critic Lauro Zavala (b. 1954). Examples of the genre are mostly referred to by Hispanic authors.

Developing a mobile-based disease ontology for traditional Persian medicine

Abstract Introduction The use of traditional medicine has increased in many countries over the past decades. However, computer applications have been rarely developed and used in this field. This study aimed to develop a mobile-based disease ontology for traditional Persian medicine. Methods This research was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the Methontology method was used for ontology development, and the ontology was evaluated in terms of accuracy and domain coverage. In the second phase, a mobile-based application was developed, and its usability was evaluated by traditional Persian medicine specialists. Results Initially, diseases were divided into 24 groups. The results showed that the developed ontology covered the concepts of traditional Persian medicine (90%) and their synonyms in English (83%) successfully. In terms of accuracy, the values for the concepts and their synonyms in English were (14%) and (46%), respectively. Eventually, users implemented the mobile-based application and evaluated its usability at a satisfactory level. Conclusion The disease ontology developed in the current study can provide traditional Persian medicine specialists and researchers with consistent, reusable, and sustainable descriptions of disease terms. In order to complete the ontology and use it in clinical decision support systems, expanding the ontology and adding more details to each disease are recommended.

Near Synonymy Analysis of the Descriptive Adjective Pale in English and Bled, -a, -o in Serbian

Within the extensive scientific research on descriptive adjectives and their near synonyms, we noticed the prevailing idiomatic meaning of the adjectives analyzed here. In this paper, we will apply contrastive analysis of the descriptive adjective bled, -a, -o in Serbian and descriptive adjective pale as well as their near synonyms in English and Serbian in order to prove the presence of the aforementioned descriptive adjectives’ prevailing idiomatic meaning in both languages. The results of the analysis indicate that the semantic (and grammatical) aspects of words are reflected onto and within their collocational framework. Furthermore, it is expected that the collocational framework of the adjective bled, -a, -o in Serbian will change depending upon the grammatical gender implied (masculine, feminine, neuter), as well as on the sequence of its near synonyms. The same changes are not expected to occur in English due to its lack of grammatical gender. The methodology of the research comprises the frequency of the primary and idiomatic meaning analyses of the descriptive adjective bled, -a, -o, and its near synonyms based on the framework of the Contemporary Serbian language electronic corpus (Faculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade), and the descriptive adjective pale and its near synonyms analyzed on the British National Corpus data (BNC) and the Words Bank: English database.

SLENG AS A SOURCE OF ENGLISH COLLOQUIAL ENRICHMENT

Objective. The objective of the article is to conduct a contextual linguostylistic analysis of the mono- and syno-slangisms of the British English language range and slang borrowings from the American area in comparison with literary English via the examples of a modern English «working» novel. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special methods of research, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific and educational-methodical literature on the problems of the use, formation and translation of slangisms; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; holistic and integral approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical. Results. Conducted contextual linguostylistic analysis of mono- and syno-slangisms testifies to the presence of a large number of slang words in the works of modern English «working» novelists, as well as to the slang level of Americanism and the tendency of democratization of English colloquial language due to non-literary stylistic expression. The authors note that many slang words, as a result of their frequent use in live spoken language, have become classified and entrenched in literary vocabulary; One of the reasons that prepared the ground for the transition of some slangisms to literary language was the fact that they did not have synonyms in literary English (monolingualisms, of course). The analysis reveals that the greatest number of synonyms are those objects and phe- nomena that play an important role for native speakers; borrowed American slangism, because of its popularity, is being supplanted by the use of purely British slang words. The authors consider various ways of forming slangisms and find out that the greatest difficulties in reading the works of contemporary English «working» novelists is the widespread use by authors of deviations from the literary norm, both phonetic and grammatical.

Anglo-Saxon and Latinate Synonyms: The Case of Speed vs. Velocity

The aim of this paper is to provide an initial analysis of the semantic relations holding between Anglo-Saxon and Latinate synonyms in present-day English. It is an acknowledged fact that the lexicon of English consists of a basic indigenous vocabulary of Germanic origin with many foreign borrowings especially from French, Latin and Greek. This has produced an etymologically diverse word-stock characterized by distinct features. Near-synonymous words with a different etymology can be a source of confusion and dictionaries often fail to clearly distinguish between them. Pairs of Anglo-Saxon vs. Latinate words, such as speed/velocity, sweat/perspire, lunatic/insane, etc., are often said to be equivalent in meaning, with differences only in terms of style and register. The scenario, however, is more subtle, complex and interesting than this. A finer-grained analysis of speed and velocity, for instance, shows, on the one hand, that there is a high degree of interchangeability between the two words. On the other hand, though, the semantics of speed is more generic, neutral and broader in scope, while velocity expresses specific and restricted meanings. In addition to this generic-specific relation between the two words, velocity appears to undergo metaphoric extension.

A Corpus-Based Analysis of Eight English Synonymous Adjectives of Fear

This corpus-based study aims at investigating the similarities and differences that exist between afraid, scared, frightened, terrified, startled, fearful, horrified and petrified. Specifically, it compared and contrasted them in terms of dialectal differences, frequency of occurrence, distribution in different genres and core meanings. The data were collected from the British National Corpus (BNC), the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), the online Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) and the online Merriam Webster’s Dictionary (MWD). The results of both corpora have revealed that the most frequent adjectives of fear are “afraid”, “scared” and “frightened”. Moreover, the findings of both corpora have shown that nearly all adjectives appear to be mostly used in fiction and spoken genres. Furthermore, the results also unveiled that both the Americans and the British tend to avoid using such adjectives of fear in academic contexts. As for the core meanings, the findings have uncovered that the core meanings of these adjectives in dictionaries have shown that LDOCE gives more emphasis on idiomatic meanings of words under investigation. Unlike MWD, LDOCE offers more senses for the words “afraid”, “scared” and “frightened”. Further, the meanings of these adjectives in COCA have revealed that this corpus gives more space for idiomatic expressions related to the adjectives under investigation if compared to the results of MWD. Therefore, it can be concluded that the data of the two corpora give extra meanings that are not found in these dictionaries. Also, the study concluded with some pedagogical implications.

A Corpus-based Contrastive Study on Semantic Prosody of English near Synonyms: A Case Study of Motive and MotivationA Corpus-based Contrastive Study on Semantic Prosody of English near Synonyms: A Case Study of Motive and Motivation

Corpus-based studies on semantic prosody of synonyms provide a new lens to teaching and learning synonyms in English. However, using corpus-based approach to facilitate teaching and learning English synonyms is still in its infancy in China. This study, based on Chinese Learner English Corpus (CLEC) and Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), conducts a contrastive analysis of English near synonyms “motive” and “motivation” in terms of frequency, collocation features and semantic prosody between Chinese English Foreign Language learners and native English speakers. Findings suggest that the node word is underused by English learners. Furthermore, motive tends to co-occur with collocates related to illegal activities while motivation is apt to appear with collocates involved with normal or beneficial activities. In addition, Chinese language Learners overuse negative semantic prosody of motivation and positive semantic prosody of motive. Reasons for underuse and misuse are explored and research implications are discussed as well.