Synergistic Effect Of Oxygen Vacancies Research Articles

Oxygen Vacancies and Lattice Distortion Synergistically Enhanced Piezocatalysis of CaZn2(BO3)2 for Nonantibiotic Pharmaceutical Degradation.

Piezocatalysis, an emerging green and advanced oxidation technology, has recently been widely researched in environmental treatment. However, the limited polarization efficiency of the piezocatalyst is a serious bottleneck for its practical application. The search for an excellent piezocatalyst with a high piezoelectric coefficient and abundant reactive sites remains an urgent task that needs to be developed. Herein, a piezocatalyst, CaZn2(BO3)2 (CZBO), obtained by quenching has an excellent piezocatalysis, which exhibited superior activity for ibuprofen (IBP) and carbamazepine (CBZ) removal with 100% and 83.8% efficiency under ultrasonic cavitation (120 W, 40 kHz) within 36 min, respectively. The outstanding piezocatalytic degradation was attributed to the strong polarization of the material under the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies (OVs) and lattice distortion, which effectively facilitated the generation of a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The lattice distortion induced by O-deficient [BO3] plane units can promote the e- and h+ pair separation and transportation, and the OVs with abundant electron-rich regions can significantly decrease O-O bond activation energy, thus collaboratively contributing to the high production of ROS for IBP and CBZ degradation. This work provides a simple avenue for enhancing piezoelectric polarization based on the OVs and lattice distortion and proposes insights into the reaction mechanisms for degrading nonantibiotic pharmaceuticals in wastewater.

Interface Engineering of Flower-like Co 2 P/WO 3-x /Carbon Cloth Catalysts with Oxygen Vacancies for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

The Constructing an efficient and low-cost oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst is critical for improving the performance of electrolysis in alkaline water. In this study, a self-supported electrocatalyst of flower-like cobalt phosphide and tungsten oxide (Co2P/WO3-x/CC) was prepared on carbon cloth (CC)surface by hydrothermal reaction with solution immersion etching and phosphorization annealing under H2/Ar atmosphere. This strategy can generate oxygen vacancies (OV), improving the speed of charge transfer between cobalt phosphide (Co2P) and tungsten oxide (WO3-x) components. The catalyst greatly increases the electrochemical active surface area, which is beneficial for efficient oxygen evolution. Electrochemical testing studies show that in 1.0 M KOH solution, Co2P-WO3-x/CC catalyst exhibits good OER activity, with a low overpotential of 254 mV at 10 mA cm-2, a small Tafel slope of 58.32 mV dec-1. The synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and Co2P with WO3-xcan regulate electronic structures, expose more active sites, and cooperatively enhancing the OER activity. This study provides a workable strategy for preparing efficient non-noble metal OER electrocatalysts on engineered interfaces and OV.

Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of highly dispersed cerium–zirconium solid solution on Ti3C2Tx nanosheets as an efficient decontamination towards sulfur mustard simulants

The microwave-assisted hydrothermal method has facilitated the straightforward and efficient production of nanoscale CexZr1-xO2/Ti3C2Tx composites. This technique has greatly shortened the synthesis time several hours required by conventional hydrothermal method to merely 10minutes. Due to the unique mechanism of microwave-hydrothermal synthesis, composites with excellent crystallinity, uniform particle size, and superior degradation capabilities can be obtained without calcination. Our investigation systematically explores the influence of various factors including mineralizer concentration, dispersant types, synthesis duration, cerium-to-zirconium ratio, as well as MXene content on the material properties. Optimal degradation of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, sulfur mustard simulants, is achieved using PEG1000 as the dispersant, a cerium-to-zirconium ratio of 1:2, along with 15mL of MXene, resulting in a remarkably short half-life of only 6.5min. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the incorporation of cerium atoms into ZrO2 lattice, forming a solid solution that is deposited onto the interlayer and surface of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, with the composite particles measuring approximately 5.01nm. The reduced size and increased specific surface area, coupled with the synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and acid-base sites, ultimately contribute to the hydrolysis and elimination reactions occurring on 2-CEES. This research offers fresh perspectives on the development of novel materials for the degradation of chemical warfare agents.

Explore synergistic catalytic ozonation by dual active sites of oxygen vacancies and defects in MgO/biochar for atrazine degradation

The design of highly efficient and sustainable catalytic materials is highly desirable for the development of advanced oxidation process (AOPs) used in water treatment. This study used waste litchi shells as precursors to prepare biochar (BC). The composite material (BC@MgO) was synthesized upon loading magnesium oxide (MgO) on BC and used for the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) of atrazine (ATZ). BC@MgO exhibited an ATZ degradation rate of 92.8 % over 30 min under the optimal degradation conditions and maintained its good catalytic performance over four cycles, exhibiting excellent catalytic activity and stability. Characterization and experimental results revealed the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies (OVs) and BC defects on the adsorption and decomposition of ozone molecules. The exposure of the surface magnesium ions was promoted in the presence of OVs on MgO, allowing water molecules to dissociate on the surface magnesium sites to form surface hydrated hydroxyl groups. Biochar defects accelerated the adsorption of ozone molecules by virtue of its higher surface energy. These active sites led to the substantial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which possessed strong oxidizing ability and thereby participated in the degradation of ATZ. In addition, the possible degradation pathways and toxicity of ATZ were evaluated. Overall, this design provided a novel approach to the comprehensive utilization of waste lychee shells, as well as an efficient, stable, and green catalyst for the development of AOPs used in water treatment.

MoS2/NiO heterocatalyst featuring stacking Structures, oxygen Vacancies, and hydrophilic Interfaces for hydrogen production via urea electrolysis

Two-dimensional nano-MoS2 holds remarkable potential for widespread use in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) applications owing to its high catalytic activity, abundant availability, and low cost. However, its electrocatalytic performance is significantly lower than that of Pt-based catalysts necessitating strategies to improve its catalytic activity. We developed an effective strategy for enhancing the HER performance of MoS2 based on the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies (Ov), heterostructures, and interfacial wettability. In particular, highly graphitized wood-based carbon (GWC) was used as a platform to prepare a hydrophilic/aerophobic MoS2@Ov-NiO-GWC heterocatalyst featuring nanosheet stacking and containing abundant Ov. Consequently, a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and an overpotential of only 77 mV were achieved in a 1 M KOH electrolyte using the prepared catalyst; notably, the overpotential increase was only 1.2 % after continuous operation for 90 h. Density functional theory calculations showed that coupling MoS2 with the Ov-NiO heterointerface increased the exposure of the MoS2 active sites on the heterointerface and accelerated the electron transfer between NiO and the MoS2 interface, considerably enhancing the HER performance. Moreover, an overall urea electrolysis cell assembled using this heterocatalyst demonstrated excellent hydrogen production activity and durability, with current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 at cell voltages of only 1.33 and 1.46 V, respectively. Even after continuous operation for 75 h at a current density of 100 mA cm−2, the cell exhibited a voltage retention rate of 92.8 %. These results demonstrate the potential of this nano-heterocatalyst to efficiently produce hydrogen via overall urea electrolysis.

Enhanced photodegradation performance of Zn-BiPO4 on RhB and TC under the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and built-in electric field

In this work, Zn2+ ions doped BiPO4 photocatalyst was successfully prepared by one-step hydrothermal method for the first time. The degradation rates of the optimal sample on RhB and TC solution reached 91.5 % and 81.25 % under simulated sunlight exposure for 3 and 5 hours, respectively, while pure BiPO4 only reached 59.22 % and 49.4 %. The improved photocatalytic performance was due to the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and built-in electric field. The EPR test demonstrated the generation of more oxygen vacancies in the optimal sample. Additionally, the electrochemical experiments showed that the photocurrent intensity of the optimal sample was about 3 times than that of pure BiPO4, indicating an enhanced carrier separation and transfer ability after doping Zn2+ ions. Through density functional theory (DFT), the incorporated Zn2+ ions caused the contraction of crystal structure and the redistribution of charges, leading to a built-in electric field. As few studies pay attention to the relationship between oxygen vacancies and the built-in electric field. This study has enlightening significance for the construction of photocatalysts with oxygen vacancies and built-in electric field through doping engineering.

Cerium-doped construction of oxygen vacancies in IrO2 to promote acidic OER reaction

Proton exchange membrane electrolysis of water is currently recognized in the world as an up-and-coming method for the preparation of green hydrogen energy. Due to its sustainability and low pollution, it has attracted much attention from practitioners recently. The most advanced iridium oxide (IrO2) is the most promising catalyst.However, developing a highly efficient and stable IrO2 catalyst that can adapt to industrial conditions remains a terrific challenge. One of the main problems to be solved is that the slow oxygen evolution reaction(OER) at the anode limits the production of hydrogen. We propose a straightforward method for synthesizing Ce metal-doped IrO2 with a high oxygen vacancy concentration while simultaneously improving the IrO2 catalytic activity and stability.The Ce-doped IrO2 (Ce-IrO2) exhibits a microscopic nanoparticle morphology and a high density of oxygen vacancies, enabling a rapid oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process with a low overpotential of 240 mV at 10 mA·cm-2 and a remarkable stability of over 50 h under acidic conditions.A growing body of research shows a synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and mental dopants on the adsorption and evolution of active intermediates in the active center so that the oxygen evolution reaction activity of the Ir-based catalyst can be improved. We hope that ourwork will provide a sample method for acquiring catalysts capable of adapting to a wide range of conditions via metal doping.

Synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and functionalized ligands selectively enhanced the photocatalytic oxidation of methane to carbon monoxide

The titanium-based metal–organic framework MIL-125(Ti) has been widely investigated in photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction and water splitting, but rarely studied in photocatalytic methane conversion by employing only water as an oxidant under mild conditions. Simultaneously controlling products with high yield and selectivity is highly challenging in methane conversion. Herein, we develop a series of functionalized titanium metal–organic frameworks via a facile organic ligand exchange process. The abundant Ti3+ active sites induced by oxygen vacancies and functionalized ligands synergistically facilitate the adsorption and activation of methane molecules. The carbon monoxide yield over NH2-MIL-125(Ti) increased to 198.6 μmol·gcat−1·h−1 with a high selectivity of 87.1 % under simulated solar illumination. Combined with in-situ characterizations and density functional theoretical calculations, the results confirmed that Ti3+ active sites induced by oxygen vacancies and amino functional groups synergistically enhanced the photocatalytic conversion of methane and elucidate CH4-to-CO conversion mechanism. This study does not only provide insights into the rational design of metal–organic frameworks with copious oxygen vacancies and functional groups, but also provides some significant cognition for photocatalytic methane conversion.

Synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and in-situ formed bismuth metal centers on BiVO4 as an enhanced bifunctional Li–O2 batteries electrocatalyst

Bismuth Vanadate (BiVO4) is a promising oxide-based photoanode for electrochemical applications, yet its practical use is constrained by poor charge transport properties, particularly under dark conditions. This study introduces a novel BiVO4 variant (Bi-BiVO4-10) that incorporates abundant oxygen vacancies and in-situ formed Bi metal, significantly enhancing its electrical conductivity and catalytic performance. Bi-BiVO4-10 demonstrates superior electrochemical performances compared to conventional BiVO4 (C-BiVO4), demonstrated by its most positive half-wave potential with the highest diffusion-limiting current in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and earliest onset potential in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Notably, Bi-BiVO4-10 is explored for the first time as an electrocatalyst for lithium-oxygen (Li–O2) cells, showing reduced overcharge (610 mV) in the first cycle and extended cycle life (1050 h), outperforming carbon (320 h) and C-BiVO4 (450 h) references. The enhancement is attributed to the synergy of oxygen vacancies, Bi metal formation, increased surface area, and improved electrical conductivity, which collectively facilitate Li2O2 growth, enhance charge transport kinetics, and ensure stable cycling. Theoretical calculations reveal enhanced chemical interactions between intermediate molecules and the defect-rich surfaces of Bi-BiVO4-10, promoting efficient discharge and charge processes in Li–O2 batteries. This research highlights the potential of unconventional BiVO4-based materials as durable electrocatalysts and for broader electrochemical applications.

Tuning oxygen vacancies via photoinduced defect engineering in plasma pre-treated TiO2 for efficient solar-light-driven oxidation of trace methane

Photocatalysis employing cost-effective commercial titanium dioxide offers an ideal solution for eliminating trace methane emissions from livestock and poultry farming. However, significant challenges such as the rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers, a limited light absorption spectrum, and weak adsorption capabilities considerably hinder the effectiveness of titanium dioxide in the photocatalytic treatment of trace methane. This study proposes a novel approach to activate plasma pre-treated N-doped commercial anatase TiO2 into dual-defect TiO2 (N-doped TiO2-x) featuring stable and controllable oxygen vacancies (OV) through photoinduced defect engineering. Characterizations of the photocatalyst confirm the successful creation of surface defects, further evaluated through solar-light-driven CH4 (ppm level) removal investigations. The yield of this N-doped TiO2-x in converting CH4 is 4.84 μmol h−1, 44 times greater than that of unmodified TiO2, significantly outperforming previous studies. UV–Vis diffuse reflection spectra, and photoluminescence indicate that the modified commercial anatase TiO2 possesses a narrower band gap, efficient photogenerated carrier separation, and enhanced charge transfer. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and N doping enhance the adsorption and activation of both O2 and CH4 in the rate-determining step of the reaction. This innovative strategy holds considerable promise for modifying various materials for more efficient photocatalytic applications.

Optimal Process Design for Wake-Up Free Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Ferroelectric Capacitors: Toward Low-Power Devices with Enhanced Ferroelectric Performance

Ferroelectric hafnium and zirconium oxides have recently garnered significant attention due to their potential applications in in-memory computing. In this study, we present an optimized process design for a wake-up free 15 nm thick Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) ferroelectric capacitor by fine-tuning the dual-oxygen process and incorporating oxygen annealing after post-metallization annealing (PMA). The optimized approach resulted in a competitive polarization of 28.6 μC/cm2, consistently exceeding 25 μC/cm2 at 3 V after 2 × 107 cycles, showcasing a current density of 3.2 mA/cm2 at 2 V after 105 cycles. The synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and grain properties (grain size, phase proportion) enables competitive ferroelectric polarization at lower voltages, while the generation of WOx near the top electrode and increased grain size further ensure the reliability of the HZO ferroelectric capacitor. This work presents innovative perspectives for the development of non-volatile devices characterized by low leakage current and low power consumption.

Synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and Pd single atoms on Pd@TiO2−x for efficient HER catalysis

Synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and Pd single atoms on Pd@TiO2−x for efficient HER catalysis

Synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and mesoporous structures in amorphous C@TiO2 for photocatalytic CO2 reduction

In this study, the theoretical calculations proves that the combination of oxygen vacancy and amorphous carbon films in TiO2 (VO-CT) can effectively reduce the energy bandgap and work function. The minimum Gibbs free energies required for the CO2RR reaction of VO-CT are 0.20 eV, which is lower than pure TiO2. The amorphous c@TiO2 nanomaterials with oxygen vacancy and mesoporous structures (VO-MCT) are prepared with the P123 surfactant as the template and oxalic acid as an inducer. The electron paramagnetic resonance indicates the presence of abundant oxygen vacancy defects in the samples. UV-vis spectra indicate that the mesoporous structure enhances light absorption capacity. The photocatalytic CO2 reduction tests show that the highest conversion rates for CH4 and CO of VO-MCT are 14μmol g-1 h-1 and 10.66μmol g-1 h-1, respectively. The electron consumption rate of VO-MCT is 12.43 times higher than that of commercial TiO2 (P200).

Enhanced Interface Charge Carrier Transport of SnO2/CeO2 via Oxygen Vacancy Synergized Heterojunction for Triethylamine Sensing Property.

Efficient charge carrier transport characteristics are critical to achieving the excellent performance of metal-oxide semiconductor gas sensors. Herein, SnO2/CeO2 heterojunction layered nanosheets with abundant oxygen vacancies were successfully synthesized through a simple solvothermal assisted high-temperature calcination method. The synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and heterojunctions promoting the charge carrier transport properties at the SnO2/CeO2 interface for the enhanced sensing properties of triethylamine (TEA) was highlighted. As a result, the optimized SnO2/CeO2 exhibits improved gas sensing performance at 173 °C to 50 ppm of TEA. These include high response (205), excellent selectivity, low detection limit, and good long-term stability. This enhanced gas sensing property of SnO2/CeO2 is mainly attributed to the fact that the heterojunction and oxygen vacancies act as dual active sites synergistically inducing electron transfer, thereby effectively modulating the transport properties of the interfacial charge carriers, and thus facilitate the surface reactions efficiently. In this work, the dual-engineering strategy of synergistic interaction of heterojunction and oxygen vacancies can provide new perspectives for the design of advanced gas sensing materials.

Insights into nitrogen-doped BiOBr with oxygen vacancy and carbon quantum dots photocatalysts for the degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics: Actions to promote exciton dissociation and carrier migration

The strong excitonic effect significantly influences the efficiency of electron-hole pair generation. Therefore, promoting the dissociation of excitons into free charge carriers has drawn much attention. In this study, nitrogen (N)-doped BiOBr photocatalyst (BOBNC) modified with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) was synthesized via a solvothermal method. We demonstrated through photoluminescence and photoelectrochemical techniques the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and CQDs, facilitating exciton dissociation and charge carrier migration, consequently significantly enhancing the electron density in the material. Compared to pure BiOBr, degradation experiments revealed that the optimized doping ratio of 0.5BOBNC with CQDs increased the rate constant for sulfamethoxazole (SIZ) by 19.89 times. Furthermore, based on quenching experiments, electron spin resonance (ESR) tests, and DFT calculations, h+, O2•− and 1O2 were identified as the primary reactive species for SIZ degradation, and a photocatalytic mechanism was proposed. Additionally, the influence of various environmental factors on the photocatalytic system was investigated. In conclusion, this work not only contributes to a profound understanding of BiOBr exciton dissociation but also presents a promising photocatalytic technique for the remediation of diverse water environments.

Modulation mechanism of Mn-O strength in α-MnO2 catalyst for high-efficiency catalytic combustion of propane

The cleavage of C-H with high energy impedes the catalytic combustion of propane. Herein, α-MnO2 with modulation of Mn-O strength by changing the calcination temperature was applied in propane catalytic combustion. α-MnO2 calcinated at 350 °C (α-MnO2-350) exhibited superior performance (T20=150 °C, T90= 220 °C) in propane oxidation due to the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies (OVs) and Lewis acidity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the lowest o-vacancy formation energy on α-MnO2-350 (Evo=0.74 eV) with its lowest Mn-O strength prompted the existence of abundant OVs and propane oxidation. Moreover, the highest Lewis acidity in α-MnO2-350 displayed the strongest propane adsorption, promoting the activation of C-H. The mineralization of propane on α-MnO2-350 dropped steeply after 68 h while could recover to 90 % in long-term water vapor stability test owing to the H2O adsorbed at OVs and the carbonaceous intermediates adsorbed at the Lewis acid sites.

Internal electric field and oxygen vacancies synergistically boost S-scheme VO/BiOCl-TiO2 heterojunction film for photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin

Sluggish interfacial dynamics and weak redox properties make the degradation of antibiotics by photocatalysts still a great challenge. Herein, constructing S-scheme heterojunction between BiOCl and TiO2 nanorod arrays (TNA) by hydrothermal method, and the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies (VO) and Internal Electric Field (IEF) on improving the performance of the photocatalysts was revealed by adjusting the VO. The VO modified BiOCl-TiO2 (VBiTNA) exhibited excellent photocatalytic activities for norfloxacin, achieving a degradation efficiency of up to 90.2 % in just 60 min, and the rate constant was as high as 3.67 × 10-2 min−1. In addition, it also showed great photocatalytic degradation performance of NOR in a wide pH range, complex ionized water environment and real water source. The degradation intermediates and degradation pathway of NOR were predicted with LC-MS technology and Fukui function. Combined with free radical capture, electron paramagnetic resonance, relevant electrochemical testing, and DFT calculations reveals the mechanism of the enhanced photocatalytic performance of VBiTNA. The performance enhancement can be attributed to the expansion of the light absorption range, enhanced adsorption of O2 and effective activation to generate ·O2–, while improving the separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs and maintaining a strong redox capacity. This research focusing on VO and IEF mechanisms will help to advance the rational design of high-performance defective photocatalysts.

Fabrication of (H2PO4−, Ni2+) – α-Fe2O3/Bi2S3 heterojunction photocatalysts with improved visible-light catalytic activity

In this work, the (H2PO4−, Ni2+) – α-Fe2O3(PNF) with abundant oxygen vacancies (OVs) was synthesized, and PNF/Bi2S3 heterojunction photocatalysts were then prepared by hydrothermal process. The obtained PNF showed higher photo-Fenton degradation activity. In comparison with PNF and Bi2S3, the prepared PNF/Bi2S3 composites significantly improved the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) under visible-light illumination. The production of active species was accelerated in the composite system through the synergistic effect of OVs, heterojunction, and photo-Fenton, resulting in high p-NP degradation efficiency. The PNF/B-2 composite exhibited the highest photocatalytic-Fenton degradation activity, which could be used as a high-performance visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the degradation of difficult-to-degrade pollutants.

ZIFs material-derived bimetallic oxide heterojunctions activate perodisulfate to degrade chlortetracycline rapidly: The synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and rapid electron transfer

The bimetallic oxides heterojunction structure from new 3D-ZIF was prepared to degrade the chlortetracycline by PDS activation. The system achieved more than 95 % degradation of chlortetracycline within 40 min. Theoretical calculations and physicochemical characterization of the NiZnCo-N-C proved that the material had better electron transfer properties and multi-site reactivity, and the presence of Zn provided an effective intermediate medium for the reaction of Co and Ni, while the non-metallic N-C component also constituted good electron reaction sites. Meanwhile, the existence of abundant oxygen vacancies established the good foundation for the formation of oxygen radicals in the material, and the rapid electron transfer processes speeded up non-radical processes such as electron transfer and 1O2.The combination of two degradation pathways reduced the impact of environmental factors, the PDS + NiZnCo-N-C system exhibited relatively stable or even better performance in the existence of inorganic anions. Furthermore, the structure of the NiZnCo-N-C had the smallest d-band center, which efficiently adsorbed PDS molecules and broke the O-O bond in PDS. DFT Conclusion and LC-MS of CTC suggested the various reaction processes in the system. Our study provided new solutions and insights for the organic pollutions in the aquatic environment.

Construction of MoS42− intercalated NiAl-layered double hydroxide by solvent-free method for promoting photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics: Synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and electron-rich groups

MoS42− intercalated NiAl-layered double hydroxides (LDH) were prepared by solvent-free techniques, which possessed oxygen vacancies and efficient electron transfer channels. Oxygen vacancies were increased with increasing of the MoS42− intercalation amount. Through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), and Density Functional Theory (DFT), the presence of oxygen vacancies and electron transfer channels were confirmed. In the meantime, the formation mechanisms of electron transfer channels and the synergistic mechanisms involving oxygen vacancies and electron transfer channels were illustrated. Electrochemical characterization revealed that compared with LDH, the electron lifetime of LDH-WM-0.5 increased from 1.70 ns to 2.88 ns, and the recombination efficiency of electron holes was reduced by about 6 times. Degradation experiments demonstrated that the degradation rate of tetracycline by LDH-WM-0.5 increased from 19.0 % to 90.0 % in 3 h, representing a 4.5-fold improvement compared to LDH photocatalysts. This study contributed novel insights into developing advanced photocatalysts by strategically manipulating the presence of oxygen vacancies and constructing the electron transfer channels.