Depressive Syndrome Research Articles

Порушення соціального функціонування у хворих з депресиівними розладами в умовах стресу війни

Abstract The psychotraumatic factors that occurred during the war of 2022-2023 significantly affect the exacerbation / onset and manifestations of depressive syndrome (DS) in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and neurotic depressive disorders (NDD), as well as worsen the level of social functioning (SF) of patients. Objective. To study the SF impairment in patients with DS in patients with SSD and NDD, and the relationship between the stress factors and the exacerbation of psychopathological symptoms and their severity in these patients. Methods and materials. There was conducted psychopathological examination of 92 patients with SSD (schizophrenia, Sch and schizoaffective disorder, SchAD) and neurotic DR (recurrent depression, RD and depressive reaction as adjustment disorders, AD) who experienced severe stress during the war. Results. In the research the largest number of patients were women (60.9% of cases). Among patients aged 18 - 25 years, majority of cases was the patients with AD (46.2%), in the group of 26 - 35 years - with SSD (50,0% with Sch and with SchAD). The vast majority of RD cases were presented among patients aged 36-50 years. Depressive syndrome significantly prevailed in patients with RD, and depressive-phobic syndrome in patients with AD. Whereas, depressive-delusional syndrome was most often diagnosed in patients with SSD. Among all examined patient’s reactive exacerbation of the main disease (in case of SSD and RD), as well as the development of RA occurred as a result of a significant impact of stress factors of different content, but related to the war in all cases.The most frequent of these were the feeling of "war fatigue", uncertainty and/or hopelessness about the future (in general 82% of patients with RD and RA); difficulties during evacuation, caused a strong increase in family conflicts, especially in patients with SSD (57.9% of cases in general) and RA; significant reduction of money for life. The impairment of SF in patients with various mental disorders and DS as a result of war-related stressors was mainly manifested in significant difficulty in daily professional and household duties (91.3% of all patients); the feeling of social support lacks and loneliness; frequent and/or prolonged interpersonal conflicts; as well as a strong financial problem. Other psychopathological features associated with DS that develop under the war stress influence and worsened the level of patients' SF were sleep disturbances (97.8% of cases) with a significant direct correlation with a significant difficulty in daily activities; self-disbelief and hopelessness, as well as the emergence or strong increasing of suicidal thoughts were noted by more than 80% of the examined patients (36.0% of patients with NDDs had suicide attempts or self-injurirs - most often in AD); constant fatigue (80.0% of patients with NDDs). Conclusion. Understanding the impact of war-related stressors on the manifestations of DS, and the features and level of SF impairment need the use of treatment and rehabilitation complex for patients with DS (with SSD and NDD) who have experienced a severe psychotraumatic situation. It will allow timely and effective treatment of reactive states (relapses of psychotic episodes), take to account into the severity and characteristics of DS, and the content and severity of stressful effects in order to achieve remission, restore social adaptation of patients, and reduce the risk of self-destructive or aggressive behavior of them.

Syndrome of liver depression and spleen deficiency is a primary TCM syndrome of response to entecavir + FuZheng HuaYu in patients with HBV-related liver fibrosis

ObjectiveAlthough clinical studies have found that Chinese patent medicine FuZheng HuaYu tablet/capsule can promote the reversal of HBV-related liver fibrosis, not all sufferers have histopathological responses. This study aims to explore the correlation between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes and response to entecavir + FuZheng HuaYu (ETV + FZHY) in patients with HBV-related liver fibrosis. MethodsThis a multi-center cross-sectional study. According to the different treatment strategies that sufferers have ever received, a total of 437 cases were included and divided into ETV + FZHY group and ETV + placebo group. And based on the relevant efficacy determination criteria, the two groups were subdivided into efficacy responders and non-responders. Then, TCM clinical questionnaire information of these patients were collected for subsequent analysis to acquire relevant syndrome elements and TCM syndromes. ResultsNo matter what group was, the first three frequency of TCM pathological position in efficacy responders were as follows: Liver > Spleen > Stomach (TCM concepts). As for the ETV + FZHY group, the first three frequency of pathological nature was ranked as Qi deficiency > Dampness > Heat. Compared with the non-responders, the frequency of Spleen, Stomach, Qi deficiency, Heat, and Qi movement stagnation was significantly increased in the efficacy responders (P < 0.05). In terms of TCM syndromes, the frequency increase of Syndrome of liver depression and spleen deficiency (LDSD), in the efficacy responders, changed more obviously than the non-responders (Chi2 = 6.32, P = 0.0006). ConclusionsTCM syndrome elements of Spleen, Stomach, Qi deficiency, Heat, and Qi movement stagnation were closely associated with efficacy responders with HBV-related liver fibrosis in the ETV + FZHY group. Moreover, LDSD was a primary TCM syndrome in these responders.

Factors associated with the presence of fear of contagion and burnout syndrome in nursing personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing personnel presented a higher prevalence of fear of contagion, anxiety symptoms, depression, and burnout syndrome. However, the variables associated with these conditions in Mexico are unknown. To determine the clinical, sociodemographic, and psychological variables associated with fear of contracting COVID-19 and burnout syndrome in nursing personnel. The study was a cross-sectional correlational study. It included 423 Mexican nursing professionals, working in public and private institutions, of different specialties aged 18-61 years (M = 36 years), the sampling was non-probabilistic by convenience. The instruments used were: COVID-19 fear scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to analyse the results. The factors associated with fear of contagion were anxiety symptoms (Odds Ratio [OR]: 7.806, p < 0.05), caring for patients with COVID-19 (OR: 5.460, p < 0.05, 0.001) and mild emotional exhaustion (OR: 5.181, p < 0.05). The syndrome dimensions were: depressive symptoms (OR: 12.062; 7.667, p < 0.05), fear of contagion (OR: 4.978; 4.913; 4.921; 4.921, p < 0.01), marital status (OR: 3.404; 3.219, p < 0.05) and young age (OR: 1.064; 1.084, p < 0.05). The factors associated with fear of contagion and burnout syndrome found were having clinical psychological symptoms, as well as being young, being single, being married and being in the health system caring for patients with COVID-19.

Depression in Parkinson’s Disease – Profile and Assessment

Summary Depression and anxiety are the most common nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson‘s disease-NMSPD in the department of the neuropsychiatric disorders. Depression is present in all stages of PD - early and advanced even in premorbid stage of PD. The incidence of depression in PD varies in large limits according of used methods and criterions. Some somatic symptoms are part of the depression syndrome. At the presence no consensus exists about the etiology of depression in PD. The concomitant occurrence of depression and PD and the overlapping symptomatology of PD and depression usually lead to the terminological discussion and discrepancy. To explain the high prevalence of depression in PD some hypotheses have been proposed. Many scales were used for assessment of depression in PD. The properties and critique of nine scales was discussed.

Nano-curcumin effects on nicotine dependence, depression, anxiety and metabolic parameters in smokers: A randomized double-blind clinical study

BackgroundSmoking is clearly associated with metabolic profiles/abnormalities, psychological dysfunction, and symptoms of nicotine dependence. Nano-Curcumin (Nano-CUR) is a medicinal herb with antianxiety, antioxidant antidepressant‐like effects, and anti-inflammatory properties. This RCT aimed to determine the therapeutic effects of Nano-CUR in smokers on clinical symptoms and metabolic parameters. MethodsThis trial was conducted on 70 participants with cigarette smoking. Smokers in two arms received soft gel capsules Nano-CUR 80 mg/daily for 3 months (n = 35) and placebo (n = 35), respectively. Primary outcomes (Nicotine dependence syndrome scale, depression, and anxiety beck score), and secondary outcomes (glycemic, lipid, stress oxidative, and inflammation profiles) were analyzed before and 3-months after the intervention in smokers. ResultsNano-CUR supplementation significantly decreased nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and C-reactive protein levels (P < 0.05), compared to the control. Furthermore, no significant effect change was shown in nicotine dependence syndrome, depression, anxiety, and other metabolic parameters (p > 0.05). ConclusionNano-CUR intake may have favorable effects on C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide in subjects with cigarette smoking. More RCT are required to evaluate the effectiveness of Nano-CUR supplementations in smokers in order to reject or support these conclude.

Metabolic Syndrome and Adipokines Profile in Bipolar Depression.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a growing social, economic, and health problem. MS coexists with nearly half of all patients with affective disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the neurobiological parameters (clinical, anthropometric, biochemical, adipokines levels, and ultrasound of carotid arteries) and their relationship with the development of MS in patients with bipolar disorder. The study group consisted of 70 patients (50 women and 20 men) hospitalized due to episodes of depression in the course of bipolar disorders. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to assess the severity of the depression symptoms in an acute state of illness and after six weeks of treatment. The serum concentration of adipokines was determined using an ELISA method. The main finding of this study is that the following adipokines correlated with MS in the bipolar depression women group: visfatin, S100B, and leptin had a positive correlation, whereas adiponectin, leptin-receptor, and adiponectin/leptin ratio showed a negative correlation. Moreover, the adiponectin/leptin ratio showed moderate to strong negative correlation with insulin level, BMI, waist circumference, triglyceride level, treatment with metformin, and a positive moderate correlation with HDL. The adiponectin/leptin ratio may be an effective tool to assess MS in depressed female bipolar patients.

Indicators of quality of life, anxiety-depressive symptoms and severity of dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls with peritoneal endometriosis during conservative therapy for a year

Introduction. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis lead to impaired quality of life and pain chronification in young female patients.Aim. To study indicators of quality of life, anxiety, depression and pain syndrome in adolescents with peritoneal endometriosis (PE) over a one-year period of conservative therapy.Materials and methods. A total of 45 girls aged 13 to 17 years with a confirmed diagnosis of PE were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study. Pain syndrome (VAS, McGill Pain Questionnaire), anxiety-depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)), quality of life indicators (SF-36) were assessed before and after one year of treatment in female patients (dienogest administered continuously, NSAIDs and drotaverine for immediate pain relief only).Results. One year of therapy resulted in a significant decrease in the severity of dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain, gastrointestinal symptoms and dysuria, daily activity and productivity impairment (p &lt; 0.001) in girls with PE. In addition, the study demonstrated decreased indicators of anxiety and depressive disorders (BDI depression, HADS anxiety and depression, STAI reactive and personal anxiety (p &lt; 0.001)) and an improvement in quality-of-life indicators (physical and psychological component, average index (p &lt; 0.001)). There was a declining trend in blood hormone and inflammation test results within the reference range during treatment. The estradiol level has been shown to be a risk factor for high levels of affective disorder symptoms in adolescents with PE: STAI reactive anxiety (p = 0.046), HADS anxiety and depression (p = 0.044 and 0.033, respectively).Conclusion. The one-year therapy of PE in adolescents (dienogest administered continuously, a combination of NSAIDs and drotaverine in pain syndrome only) was associated with significantly improved quality of life, decreased severity of anxietydepressive disorders and pain, which confirms the need to start therapy when symptoms of the disease begin to show them-selves in adolescence.

Rational treatment of depressive syndromes in brain tumor patients

Brain tumors represent adisease that causes both physical and psychological distress for those affected. The pharmacological treatment of depressive symptoms in particular has not been sufficiently researched in these patients. Depression can severely affect the quality of life and has an impact on the course of the disease. The aim of this work is to describe the diagnosis and treatment of depressive symptoms in brain tumor patients. For this work acomprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies addressing the topic of depressive symptoms in brain tumors. The included studies were critically appraised to ensure their quality and relevance. The review of the literature revealed that depressive symptoms are acommon complication in brain tumor patients. It was found that there are no studies to date on the efficacy of antidepressant medications in brain tumor patients. The results of this work highlight the need to pay increased attention to mental health in brain tumor patients. It is important that healthcare professionals identify depression in these patients at an early stage and provide appropriate interventions to improve their quality of life. Future research should focus on further exploring the mechanisms behind the association between brain tumors and depression in order to develop targeted and effective intervention options.

Trajectories of depressive symptoms in young and middle-aged men who have sex with men with new HIV-diagnosis: a 1-year prospective cohort study in Beijing, China.

Due to the sexual orientation and HIV diagnosis, young and middle-aged men who have sex with men (MSM) with new HIV-diagnosis may experience more depressive syndromes and face greater psychological stress. The study explored trajectories of depressive symptoms of young and middle-aged MSM within 1 year after new HIV-diagnosis and analyze the related factors. From January 2021 to March 2021, 372 young and middle-aged MSM who were newly diagnosed as HIV-infection were recruited in two hospitals in Beijing. Self-rating Depression Scale was used to measure the participants' depressive symptom in 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month, 9th month and 12th month after HIV diagnosis. The latent class growth model was used to identify trajectories of the participants' depressive symptoms. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse factors related with the trajectories. Three hundred and twenty-eight young and middle-aged MSM with new HIV-diagnosis completed the research. Depressive symptom in 328 young and middle-aged MSM was divided into three latent categories: non-depression group (56.4%), chronic-mild depression group (28.1%), and persistent moderate-severe depression group (15.5%). The participants assessed as non-depression (non-depression group) or mild depression (chronic-mild depression group) at the baseline were in a non-depression state or had a downward trend within one-year, and the participants assessed as moderate and severe depression (persistent moderate-severe depression group) at the time of diagnosis were in a depression state continuously within 1-year. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with the non-depression group, monthly income of 5,000 ~ 10,000 RMB (equal to 690 ~ 1,380 USD) was the risk factor for the chronic-mild depression group, and self-rating status being fair/good and self-disclosure of HIV infection were protective factors for the persistent moderate-severe depression group while HIV-related symptoms was the risk factor. Depressive symptoms in young and middle-aged MSM is divided into three latent categories. Extra care must be given to young and middle-aged MSM assessed as moderate or severe depression at the time of HIV-diagnosis, especially to those who had poor self-rating health status, did not tell others about their HIV-infection and experienced HIV-related symptoms.

Neuropsychiatric Disorders Revealing Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 3: Case Report

Multiple autoimmune syndrome is a rare pathological condition because it associates at least three different autoimmune diseases in the same patient. We discuss through this case and with a review of the literature MAS type 3 and its association with neuroanemic syndrome which remains exceptional. This is a 47-year-old patient, followed for vitiligo and a depressive syndrome, admitted for an ataxic gait lasting a month, in whom the neurological examination revealed a combined sclerosis syndrome of the spinal cord associated with a static cerebellar syndrome. Dermatological examination revealed diffuse acrofacial vitiligo. The biological assessment revealed Biermer's anemia and autoimmune thyroiditis. The clinical evolution was favorable under treatment. The discovery of Biermer's disease in a woman should prompt the search for arguments for one or other associated autoimmune diseases.

Syndrome differentiation and treatment of coronary heart disease combined with anxiety and depression from stages of phlegm, blood stasis, and toxic pathogen based on theory of "coexistence of diseases and depression syndromes"

Depression syndromes(anxiety and depression), as typical psychological disorders, often coexist with and mutually influence coronary heart disease(CHD). They constitute a psycho-cardiology disease involving both the blood vessels of the heart and the spirit of the heart. Based on the theory of &quot;coexistence of diseases and depression syndromes&quot;, it was proposed that CHD and depression syndromes coexisted independently and were causally related. The factors of depression syndromes go through the entire course of CHD and have different causal relationships at different stages, leading to a pathogenic process of &quot;depression causing disease&quot; or &quot;disease causing depression&quot;. In the chronic latent period, phlegm predominates, with depression leading to the production of phlegm. Phlegm accumulation and Qi stagnation initiate a mutual damage process of psycho-cardiology, marking the onset of the disease. In the pathological development period, blood stasis becomes predominant. Depression leads to blood stasis, which further obstructs Qi circulation, accelerating disease progression. In the acute attack period, toxicity becomes crucial. Depression transforms into toxicity, damaging Qi and blood, disturbing the balance of the mind, and inducing a sudden and severe exacerbation of the disease. Based on this, the approach of treating phlegm and depression together, treating blood stasis and depression together, and treating toxicity and depression together by stages was established. Research has found that this approach can simultaneously improve organic damage and emotional disorders, and also has a regulating effect on micro-level syndrome indicators, achieving harmonization of psycho-cardiology in the treatment.

Peran Perawat Dengan Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Keluarga Pasien Kritis Di ICU

Introduction: The presence of critical patients being treated in intensive care can hurt on the physical and psychological condition of their families, including lack of attention to personal hygiene, insomnia, decreased appetite, anxiety, depression and post-traumatic syndrome disorder (PTSD). This negative impact can be minimized through the role of nurses by meeting the family's needs while the patient is being treated in the intensive care room. Objective: This research aims to determine the description of meeting the needs of families of critical patients by nurses in the ICU at Ario Wirawan Lung Hospital, Salatiga. Method: The design of this research is descriptive with a survey approach using a questionnaire developed from the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI). The sampling technique used was total sampling with a total of 30 nurses as respondents. The data analysis used is univariate and bivariate. Results: Research shows that the majority of respondents, 60% or 18 nurses, have a good role. On average, the categories for fulfilling the needs of the patient's family carried out by nurses were the same, namely the good and bad categories for 15 respondents or 50%. Bivariate analysis results p value = 0.000 (&lt; 0.05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between the role of nurses and meeting the needs of the families of patients treated in the ICU.

Depression and anxiety mediate the relationship between illness representations and perceived distress in patients with chronic pain

Illness representations explain the individual’s perception and processing of health-related information. In a chronic condition such as persistent pain, illness representations might influence treatment adherence and outcome. This study aims to exploratively identify illness representations of patients with chronic pain and their association to mental disorders and subjective distress. 95 participants admitted to an inpatient university clinic were included. Validated instruments were used to assess illness representations (IPQ-R), mental health disorders (PHQ-D), and subjective distress (PSQ). Sociodemographic data and scores for the instruments were first inspected descriptively. Correlation, regression, and mediator analyses were conducted. Analyses indicated that the distributions of the IPQ-R range toward higher values. In regard to mental disorders (PHQ-D) and subjective distress (PSQ), we found several significant correlations with subscales of the IPQ-R. A regression analysis showed the IPQ-R subscales personal control, emotional representation and sex (males) to be significant predictors of subjective distress measured with the PSQ (F(11,86) = 11.55, p < .001, adjusted R2 = 0.545). Depression, anxiety, and stress syndromes (PHQ-D) significantly mediated the positive association between emotional representations (IPQ-R, predictor) and subjective distress (PSQ, outcome) with a total effect of c = .005, 95% CI [.005; .129]. Illness representations play a significant role in evaluating patients’ subjective distress and mental health. It is advised to incorporate illness representations into standard protocols for psychological interventions to comprehend their influence on targeted therapeutic strategies, particularly those tailored for pain management.

Ghrelin as a Biomarker of "Immunometabolic Depression" and Its Connection with Dysbiosis.

Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal peptide, is an endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), which is mainly produced by X/A-like cells in the intestinal mucosa. Beyond its initial description as a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue stimulator of appetite, ghrelin has been revealed to have a wide range of physiological effects, for example, the modulation of inflammation; the improvement of cardiac performance; the modulation of stress, anxiety, taste sensation, and reward-seeking behavior; and the regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis. Ghrelin secretion is altered in depressive disorders and metabolic syndrome, which frequently co-occur, but it is still unknown how these modifications relate to the physiopathology of these disorders. This review highlights the increasing amount of research establishing the close relationship between ghrelin, nutrition, microbiota, and disorders such as depression and metabolic syndrome, and it evaluates the ghrelinergic system as a potential target for the development of effective pharmacotherapies.

HDAC3 inhibition protects against peripheral and central alterations in an animal model of obesity.

Obesity is a multifactorial disease with epigenetic manifestations that increases the prevalence of associated comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular dysfunction, and major depression disorder. Given the aforementioned, a search for new pharmacological alternatives for the treatment of this disease is necessary. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of histone deacetylase-3 (HDAC3) inhibition caused by RGFP966 (a benzamide-type HDAC inhibitor selective for HDAC3) administration, in an animal model of obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD). Adult male mice C57BJ/6 were fed with a normal pellet diet (NPD) or HFD for 120days. The HDAC3 inhibitor (RGFP966; 10mg/kg; sc) was administered on the 91st to 120th day of the experiment (per 30days). After the last inhibitor administration, animals were euthanized, blood was collected, and the hippocampus was removed for biochemical determinations. In an overall manner, the administration of RGFP966 protected against changes in body weight gain, glucose, insulin, lipid profile, adipokines, and increase of hippocampal proinflammatory cytokines levels caused by HFD. Therefore, HDAC3 inhibition can represent a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of obesity.

Polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua prevent post-traumatic stress disorder behaviors in mice: Mechanisms from the perspective of synaptic injury, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAccording to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a kind of depression syndrome, and its occurrence is related to deficiencies of the heart and kidney. Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua replenishes Qi and blood and tonifies the five zang organs, so it is widely used in TCM as a prescription for the treatment of depression syndrome. The polysaccharides in P. cyrtonema Hua (PSP) are the main active components of the herb, but the effects of PSP on PTSD and the mechanisms remain unclear. Aim of the studyTo investigate the preventive effect of PSP on PTSD-like behaviors and to determine the mechanisms. MethodsWe used behavioral tests to evaluate PTSD-like behaviors in mice. Synaptic changes were assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to assess pathological changes to the hippocampus, and immunofluorescence staining was used to observe changes in astrocytes. Serum corticosterone (CORT), cytokine, and hippocampal oxidation-related indicator levels were evaluated by ELISA. We detected the expression levels of synaptic, oxidative, and inflammation-related proteins in the hippocampus by western blotting. ResultsSingle prolonged stress (SPS)-modeled mice exhibited significant PTSD-like phenotypes, including increased fear memory acquisition and anxiety-like behaviors. These behavioral changes were prevented by PSP administration. Compared to controls, SPS modeling increased serum CORT, cytokine, and hippocampal malondialdehyde levels; decreased superoxide dismutase activity; and caused losses in pyramidal neurons, astrocytes, and synapses in the CA1 region. At the molecular level, the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, postsynaptic density protein 95, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), phospho-tyrosine kinase receptor B, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and GluA1 decreased in SPS mice compared with the control group, while the expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), GluN2B, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein increased in SPS mice. Treatment with PSP counteracted these abnormal changes. Importantly, ML385, an Nrf2 inhibitor, blocked PSP's ability to ameliorate PTSD behaviors and abnormal protein expression. The NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 reduced the PTSD-like behaviors and normalized protein expression in SPS mice. ConclusionPSP prevents SPS-induced PTSD-like behaviors and synaptic damage by regulating oxidative stress and NLRP3-mediated inflammation, probably in an Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway-dependent manner.

Clinical symptoms and distribution characteristics traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of pulmonary nodules

A cross-sectional study method combined with two types of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndrome differentiation methods was adopted to investigate the clinical symptoms and distribution characteristics of TCM syndromes in patients with pulmonary nodules from the perspectives of number, size, nature, and stability of pulmonary nodules by using the χ~2 test, systematic clustering and Apriori algorithm correlation analysis. The common clinical symptoms of pulmonary nodules were fatigue(77.35%) and irritability(75.40%), and 40 symptoms were clustered into 3 groups(digestive system symptoms, respiratory system symptoms, and emotional and systemic symptoms) and 8 major symptom categories. The proportion of cold and heat in complexity syndrome(63.43%) was higher based on cold-heat syndrome differentiation. The top two syndromes were Qi deficiency syndrome(88.03%) and Qi depression syndrome(83.17%) based on disease syndrome differentiation. Yang deficiency syndrome(60.52%) was more than Yin deficiency syndrome(50.16%). There were higher proportions of phlegm syndrome(78.67%) and Yang deficiency syndrome(69.33%) of so-litary pulmonary nodules in terms of the number of pulmonary nodules. In terms of size, the proportion of phlegm syndrome decreased as the mean diameter of pulmonary nodules increased, while the proportions of Yang deficiency syndrome and blood stasis syndrome increased. The distribution of Qi depression syndrome was more in those with mean diameter&lt;10 mm(85.02%, P=0.044) and cold syndrome was more in those with mean diameter ≥10 mm(16.67%, P=0.024). In terms of the nature of pulmonary nodules, the proportions of Qi depression syndrome and heat syndrome decreased with the increase in solid components of pulmonary nodules, while the proportions of Yin deficiency syndrome and cold and heat in complexity syndrome increased. The blood stasis syndrome accounted for a higher proportion of pulmonary nodules with solid components. In terms of the stability of pulmonary nodules, dampness syndrome(72.97%), blood stasis syndrome(37.84%), and cold and heat in complexity syndrome(70.27%) accounted for higher proportions. In addition, patients with new nodules presented higher proportions in Qi inversion syndrome(52.00%, P=0.007) and cold and heat in complexity syndrome(66.00%, P=0.008). Meanwhile, 11 syndromes were associated and 4 common compound syndromes were obtained(Qi deficiency and depression syndrome, Qi depression and phlegm coagulation syndrome, Qi deficiency and phlegm coagulation syndrome, and Qi deficiency and dampness obstruction syndrome). Qi deficiency syndrome and Qi depression syndrome could be associated with other syndromes. The results show that the main clinical symptoms of pulmonary nodules are fatigue and irritability. The main TCM syndromes of pulmonary nodules are Qi deficiency syndrome, Qi depression syndrome, Yang deficiency syndrome, and cold and heat in complexity syndrome. The distribution of TCM syndromes is significantly correlated with the size of pulmonary nodules and the presence or absence of new nodules. The common compound syndromes are Qi deficiency and depression syndrome, Qi depression and phlegm coagulation syndrome, Qi deficiency and phlegm coagulation syndrome, and Qi deficiency and dampness obstruction syndrome.

Traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment based on systematics

BackgroundTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a well-established medical system with a long history. However, the overall concept and systematic thinking in TCM are not comprehensively understood and applied in its inheritance and development. ObjectiveThis study aims to provide a basic theory for TCM diagnosis using systematics as the guiding principle. Using modern scientific and technological achievements, we aim to explore a new TCM diagnosis method. MethodsWe analyzed previous studies on TCM diagnosis and treatment, and reviewed clinical research on TCM diagnosis and treatment from the viewpoint of systematics. We propose a new process model based on systematics for TCM diagnosis and treatment. This is a generalized model that summarizes the process of “establishing an image to express meaning”. ResultsThe proposed model was implemented in the clinical practice of TCM. We monitored the detailed treatment process of patients in the Department of Liver Diseases at Beijing Hospital. One patient underwent a treatment program that lasted 1 year and 45 days, consisting of 12 iterative cycles, each guided by the proposed diagnostic model and tailored to the patient's evolving condition. This case study validates the effectiveness of the proposed model in the diagnosis and treatment of liver disease in TCM. The therapeutic efficacy has been validated through the examination of both TCM indicators and Western medical auxiliary parameters. Among these, the TCM indicators consist of 2 components: tongue diagnosis and pulse diagnosis. Meanwhile, the Western medical auxiliary indicators encompass a range of assessments, including whole blood cell analysis, professional liver function examination, a series of liver function assessments, a high-sensitivity hepatitis B pentathlete test, as well as color Doppler ultrasound evaluations of the liver, bile duct, pancreas, spleen, and assessments of liver elasticity, among other related examination parameters. In conclusion, it is evident that the syndrome of liver depression and spleen deficiency has significantly diminished, and the viral load has decreased to levels below the detectable threshold, thereby confirming the restoration of normal liver function. These findings indicate that the disease is now under control. ConclusionsIn this study, we applied the guiding principle of systematics to the study of TCM diagnosis and treatment, and combined it with modern medical technology. We proposed a TCM diagnosis and treatment process model, and a TCM model to establish an image, which can effectively support the diagnosis and treatment of TCM diseases. We illustrated the effectiveness of these models by applying them to TCM liver disease.

How to Measure Depression: Looking Back on the Making of Psychiatric Assessment

Abstract: This article discusses the way how change in depressed patients included in clinical trials was both conceptualized and measured in the 1970s to decide on the efficacy of the first candidate drugs for the treatment of depression. Understanding how this issue was resolved is of major interest as the protocol designed to distinguish the diagnosis of the depressive syndrome from the measurement of its evolution over time built the contours of the methodological device to which the whole of standardized evaluation in psychiatry has since referred. This paper draws on the debates in nascent psychopharmacology in both the United States and Europe and examines the protocols and findings of the research programs on depression the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has developed in the United States at the same time, as well as on the writings of the main authors of the standardized evaluation. This investigation suggests that measurement of patients’ improvement could not be characterized on the basis of psychiatric inventories that were not well-suited to quantification, nor on the basis of psychometric tests which were intended for the evaluation of psychological invariants. This is why the answer given to the characterization of change in depression under therapy rather reveals a syncretism both conceptual and technical, mixing classificatory and psychometric traditions, a syncretism that the distinction endorsed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 3rd edition,between syndromes and personality disorders no longer allows us to perceive.

Baby Blues Syndrome in Postpartum Mothers and Islamic Perspective: A Qualitative Study in Gowa, Indonesia

Baby blues syndrome or mild depression tends to be experienced by mothers in the first week after giving birth and can have an effect on the physiological condition of the mother and the child's development. This study aims to describe in more depth the experience of baby blues syndrome in postpartum mothers in the work area of the Samata Health Center, Gowa Regency, so that they know what are the causal factors and what symptoms are experienced by postpartum mothers with baby blues syndrome. Using qualitative research methods with a phenomenological approach. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling techniques and data analysis techniques according to Colaizzi. There are three informants and the results of this study have been arranged into several themes, namely; feelings, behavior and thoughts of mothers who experience baby blues syndrome, causes of baby blues syndrome in postpartum mothers, and psychosocial needs and spirituality of postpartum mothers in the letting go phase. The conclusion from this study is that social support is one of the dominant factors that trigger postpartum mothers to experience baby blues syndrome. The results of this study prove the view of the Qur'an that women are creatures that are not strong enough physiologically so that it is necessary to pay attention during pregnancy because this period is considered to cause increased weakness.&#x0D;