Synchronous Transfer Research Articles

Achieving Pull-in Avoiding Cycle Slip Using Second-order PLLs

Synchronization is an essential process and one of the first tasks of the receiver in case of coherent communications as well synchronous digital data transfer. The phase lock loop (PLL), which employs the error tracking technique, has been a very popular way to implement this synchronizer since the early 1930s. A phenomenon called cycle slip occurs when the number of cycles present in the transmitted carrier (clock) differs from that of the recovered carrier (clock) at the receiver. The cycle slip can be very detrimental to some applications such as frequency modulated communications systems (FSK, multi-carrier etc.), burst digital data transfer, training pulse retrieval, and so on. This paper presents a remedy to avoid the cycle slip by using properly designed second-order Type II PLL . DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v4i2.5048

Spreadsheet-based computations for the flowshop problem with synchronous transfers

Even when the research literature makes available to us the latest, most sophisticated solution algorithms, it may be possible to satisfy our needs with a generic solution approach. Faced with the need to find a solution to a challenging sequencing problem, we might be well served by relying on off-the-shelf optimisation software, implemented in Excel. To illustrate this point as it applies to sequencing problems, we revisit some results from the recent literature and compare the outcomes we can obtain with a specialised algorithm to those from a general-purpose, spreadsheet-based approach.

Structural, energetic and tautomeric properties of the T·T∗/T∗·T DNA mismatch involving mutagenic tautomer of thymine: A QM and QTAIM insight

It was revealed by thorough study of the T·T∗ (C1)↔T∗·T (C1) tautomerisation via the synchronous concerted double proton transfer (DPT) through the TS (C2v) that the T·T∗/T∗·T H-bonded mismatch is dynamically stable non-planar complex with a lifetime 1.6×10−10s. The 5 key points were firstly detected and completely investigated along the intrinsic reaction coordinate of the DPT tautomerisation. The reported data allow us to suggest that the T∗ mutagenic tautomer of the thymine (T) is shared with approximately equal probability between two DNA strands during the dissociation of the mispair by DNA polymerase.

Theoretical study on excited-state intermolecular proton transfer reactions of 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]quinoline with water and methanol

The dynamics of the ultrafast excited-state multiple intermolecular proton transfer (PT) reactions in gas-phase complexes of 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]quinoline with water and methanol (PQ(H2O) n and PQ(MeOH) n , where n = 1, 2) is modeled using quantum-chemical simulations. The minimum energy ground-state structures of the complexes are determined. Molecular dynamics simulations in the first excited state are employed to determine reaction mechanisms and the time evolution of the PT processes. Excited-state dynamics results for all complexes reveal synchronous excited-state multiple proton transfer via solvent-assisted mechanisms along an intermolecular hydrogen-bonded network. In particular, excited-state double proton transfer is the most effective, occurring with the highest probability in the PQ(MeOH) cluster. The PT character of the reactions is suggested by nonexistence of crossings between ππ* and πσ* states.

Late expanding euploid embryos that are cryopreserved (CRYO) with subsequent synchronous transfer have high sustained implantation rates (SIR) similar to fresh normally blastulating euploid embryos

Recent studies have shown that embryos that do not blastulate until day 6 (D6) have lower SIRs in fresh transfers. This diminution might be due to impaired embryo quality or to a loss of embryonic-endometrial synchrony. This study controls for embryo ploidy status to enhance the ability to evaluate the impact of dyssynchrony.

Oxidation of Np(IV) with hydrogen peroxide in carbonate solutions

Oxidation of Np(IV) with hydrogen peroxide in NaHCO3-Na2CO3 solutions was studied by spectrophotometry. In NaHCO3 solution, Np(IV) is oxidized to Np(V) and partially to Np(VI). It follows from the electronic absorption spectra that Np(IV) in 1 M Na2CO3 forms with H2O2 a mixed peroxide-carbonate complex. Its stability constant β is estimated at 25–30. The Np(IV) bound in the mixed complex disappears in a first-order reaction with respect to [Np(IV)]. The first-order rate constant k’ is proportional to [H2O2] in the H2O2 concentration range 2.5–11 mM, but further increase in [H2O2] leads to a decrease in k′. The bimolecular rate constant k = k′/[H2O2] in solutions containing up to 11 mM H2O2 increases in going from 1 M NaHCO3 to 1 M Na2CO3 and significantly decreases with a further increase in the carbonate content. The activated complex is formed from Np(IV) peroxide-carbonate and carbonate complexes. Synchronous or successive electron transfer leads to the oxidation of Np(IV) to Np(V). Large excess of H2O2 oxidizes Np(V) to Np(VI), which is then slowly reduced. As a result, Np(V) is formed in carbonate solutions at any Np(IV) and H2O2 concentrations.

Quantum chemical study of the mechanism of the catalytic oxyethylation of ethylene glycol on phosphorus-doped titanium dioxide: The role of the surface phosphoryl and hydroxyl groups of the catalyst

DFT calculations of the oxyethylation pathways of monoethylene glycol (MEG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) were performed on a model fragment of phosphorus-doped titanium dioxide (anatase). It was shown that the surface hydroxyl group of titanium dioxide, whose proton initiates C-O bond cleavage in the ethylene oxide molecule, plays the key role in the activation of the molecule. At the same time, the phosphoryl group -P(OH)2O activates the reactant molecule R (MEG, DEG, etc.) and carries out the synchronous proton transfer from R to the hydroxyl oxygen atom of titanium dioxide, thus restoring the catalyst structure and closing the catalytic cycle. This restructuring occurs synchronously in one step. The substitution of the catalyst hydroxyl groups by alkoxyl groups can influence oxyethylation occurring via the bimolecular nucleophilic substitution mechanism and can poison the catalyst in some cases.

Synchronous Versus Asynchronous CMC and Transfer to Japanese Oral Performance

This study investigated the effects of synchronous and asynchronous CMC on the development of linguistic features of learners' speech in Japanese. Using learners from fourth-semester Japanese classes, the following research questions were examined: (a) Does CMC have positive effects on the development of oral proficiency among learners of Japanese? and (b) Are there any relationships between language use in CMC and the development of oral skills? The participants were divided into three groups: two CMC groups (synchronous and asynchronous) and one face-to-face group. They engaged in weekly discussions over the course of a semester, and the gain scores in terms of language output, linguistic complexity, accuracy, and cohesive devices between the pre-test and the post-test were compared. In addition, the relationship between language use in both types of CMC and the gain scores on the oral tests was examined, using Pearson correlation coefficients. The present study did not find any significant differences among gains in the linguistic indices. However, it found that CMC language use was correlated positively with the gain scores in several indices, and a relationship between CMC language use and the development of oral proficiency was observed.

Four Synchronous Transfer Mode of USB in Mechanical Engineering

The basic knowledge of USB in mechanical engineering is mainly introduced. The data acquisition is convenient and fast. The problem the synchronicity of the data collection is solved. USB transfer has the Characteristics of high speed, high precision, the multiple synchronous collection and real-time processing. Four feasible transfer software schemes are proposed

Production rate of synchronous transfer lines using Monte Carlo simulation

In this paper, we consider unpaced synchronous transfer lines producing a single product. The transfer line stations are arranged in a series configuration, have no buffers, and are subject to operation-dependent failures. Throughput is an important performance measure for transfer lines, and we have adopted that measure. Analytical methods for determining capacity of such transfer lines are available only for the simplest systems, but we show Monte Carlo simulation to be a fast, flexible, easy, and accurate method of estimating throughput in lines of any length and having a wide range of operating characteristics.

Synchronous Transfer Model of Bus Timetabling for Regional Public Transit

This study is an attempt to optimize the timetable synchronously for regional public transit. Based on the re-interpretation of transfer time in public transportation, a transfer model of bus timetabling is established, which has the objective to minimize the total waiting time of transfer passengers at the transfer station, and it is found as a linear integer model through analysing the established model. Thus, to solve the model, the LINGO software is applied and the corresponding program is designed. Finally, the model is tested against the field data, taking some bus lines in one city as example, using the solution software. The results indicate that the proposed model is reasonable, the timetable is improved, and the solution software program is effective as well.

Telemedicine for wound management

The escalating physiological, psychological, social and financial burdens of wounds and wound care on patients, families and society demand the immediate attention of the health care sector. Many forces are affecting the changes in health care provision for patients with chronic wounds, including managed care, the limited number of wound care therapists, an increasingly ageing and disabled population, regulatory and malpractice issues, and compromised care. The physician is also faced with a number of difficult issues when caring for chronic wound patients because their conditions are time consuming and high risk, represent an unprofitable part of care practice and raise issues of liability. Telemedicine enhances communication with the surgical wound care specialist. Digital image for skin lesions is a safe, accurate and cost-effective referral pathway. The two basic modes of telemedicine applications, store and forward (asynchronous transfer) and real-time transmission (synchronous transfer, e.g. video conference), are utilized in the wound care setting. Telemedicine technology in the hands of an experienced physician can streamline management of a problem wound. Although there is always an element of anxiety related to technical change, the evolution of wound care telemedicine technology has demonstrated a predictable maturation process.

Effect of asynchronous transfer on bovine embryonic development and relationship with early cycle uterine proteome profiles

The uterus provides the nurturing environment that supports the growth of the early preimplantation bovine conceptus. To determine critical time points of uterine influence, in vitro-produced Day 7 blastocysts were transferred into synchronous (Day 7) uteri and asynchronous uteri (Days 5 or 9). Embryo growth was evaluated 7 and 15 days after transfer and compared with that of embryos generated by AI. Conceptuses recovered from asynchronous Day 9 transfers were fourfold larger than synchronous transfer or gestational Day 14 AI conceptuses; by 15 days after transfer, differences were less marked. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to compare the histotroph protein composition of uterine luminal flushings (ULF) on Days 5 and 9 after oestrous to determine any protein differences that would promote embryo growth. The ULF were collected by serially flushing the uteri of the same heifers and mature cows at different times of the cycle. Ten proteins that differed in abundance between Day 5 and 9 were identified by mass spectrometry. Three, namely phosphoserine aminotransferase 1, purine nucleoside phosphorylase and aldose reductase, were verified by western blot analysis as more abundant on Day 9 (P<0.002). Myostatin was present in only in Day 9 ULF, whereas tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) and legumain were only detected in Day 14 ULF. Although mature cows had lower progesterone concentrations on Days 5 and 14 (P<0.05) and tended to have less TIMP2 than heifer groups, no other protein differences were detected. Thus, the embryo growth-enhancing environment on Day 9 was associated with temporal changes in the expression of several proteins of the histotroph.

Evaluation of High Speed Network like a Synchronous Transfer Mode

Evaluation of High Speed Network like a Synchronous Transfer Mode

Inclusion of bovine lipoproteins and the vitamin E analogue, Trolox, during in vitro culture of bovine embryos changes both embryo and fetal development

This experiment investigated effects of lipoproteins and Trolox (vitamin E analogue) on bovine embryo and fetal development. The treatments were: in vitro culture (IVC) in synthetic oviducal fluid alone (SOF); with bovine lipoproteins (2% v/v; SOFLP); with Trolox (100μM; SOFT); and with lipoproteins and Trolox (SOFLPT). In vitro culture with lipoproteins increased fatty acid content of blastocysts (P<0.001) whereas inclusion of Trolox had no effect (P>0.05). Whereas lipoproteins reduced zygote development to blastocysts (P=0.03), Trolox facilitated increased development (P<0.001) and counteracted the reduction observed with lipoproteins (interaction, P=0.009). Lipoproteins also compromised (P<0.001) but presence of Trolox (P>0.05) had no effect on blastocyst morphological grade. Pregnancy rates resulting from synchronous transfer of IVP embryos were not affected by IVC treatment. At Day 70 of pregnancy, compared with SOF, fetal weight was lower in SOFLP but not SOFLPT (interaction, P<0.001). Liver weight (g kg(-1) fetal weight) was greater (P=0.03) in treatments containing Trolox. Placentome numbers were greater in SOF and SOFLPT compared with SOFLP and SOFT (interaction, P=0.002); superior embryo grades were also associated with increased numbers of placentomes (P=0.024). In conclusion, the interactive effects of lipoprotein and Trolox inclusion on in vitro embryo development were also evident in fetal development at Day 70.

Mass spectra of new heterocycles: X. Fragmentation of the molecular ions of 1-alkyl(cycloalkyl, aryl)-3-alkoxy(aryl)-2-methylsulfanyl-1H-pyrroles

The mass spectra of previously unknown 1-alkyl(cycloalkyl, aryl)-3-alkoxy(aryl)-2-methylsulfanyl-1H-pyrroles were studied. Fragmentation of all 3-alkoxy-substituted pyrroles under electron impact (70 eV) follow both ether and sulfide decomposition paths; In particular, 1-R-substituted 3-methoxy-2-methylsulfanyl-1H-pyrroles (R = Me, Et, i-Pr, s-Bu, cyclo-C5H9, cyclo-C6H11, Ph) lose methyl radical group from both methoxy and methylsulfanyl groups. The mass spectra of 1-sec-butyl- and 1-cycloalkylpyrroles also contained a strong peak (10–49%) from odd-electron [M — C n H2n ]+· ion formed via cleavage of the N-R bond with synchronous hydrogen transfer. Cleavage of the O-Alk bond in the fragmentation of 3-alkoxy-1-isopropyl-2-methylsulfanyl-1H-pyrroles (Alk = Et, i-Pr, t-Bu) was accompanied by rearrangement process leading to the corresponding alkene and odd-electron 1-isopropyl-2-methylsulfanyl-1H-pyrrol-3-ol ion. The main fragmentation path of 1-alkyl-2-methylsulfanyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrroles (Alk = Me, i-Pr) under electron impact involves dissociation of the S-Me bond with formation of rearrangement 1H-[1]benzothieno[2,3-b]pyrrol-8-ium ion.

MOST 네트워크의 동기영역 채널 할당 모듈 설계 및 구현

MOST는 동기식 데이터, 비동기식 데이터, 제어 데이터를 동시에 전송할 수 있는 차량용 멀티미디어 네트워크이며, 동영상이나 오디오를 버퍼링없이 전송할 수 있는 고 대역폭의 동기식 데이터 영역을 제공한다. 이러한 동기식영역을 통해 실시간 데이터를 전송하기 위해서는 소스 노드와 싱크 노드와의 커넥션 및 해당하는 채널의 할당이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 동기식 데이터 영역을 사용하기 위한 채널 할당 모듈을 설계 및 구현한 후 실제 MOST 네트워크를 구축하여 노드 간 동기식 데이터 전송을 위한 절차와 채널 할당 방안을 제시하였다. While MOST is an in-vehicle network which transfers concurrently synchronous data, asynchronous data and control data, it provides high bandwidth synchronous section which can transfer video and audio without buffering. To transfer real time data using synchronous section, connections between source node and sink node, and channel allocation for connections are required. In this paper, we proposed synchronous data transfer method and channel allocation method by constructing MOST network after designing and implementing channel allocation module for using synchronous data section.

ChemInform Abstract: Radical Pairs in Redox Reactions Involving Sterically Hindered Quinones and Phenols

The review summarises the results of studies on the redox reactions involving sterically hindered quinones and pyrocatechols (phenols) occurring in glassy and single-crystal matrices. Exposure of these systems to light results in the transfer of a hydrogen atom or an electron from the phenol to the quinone accompanied by the formation of radical pairs, viz., two paramagnetic species existing in the triplet state. Studies of the transformations in single- crystal matrices enabled separation of the mechanisms of electron and hydrogen atom transfer. Synchronous transfer of two hydrogen atoms from two sterically hindered phenol molecules to o-benzoquinone is also possible. The bibliography includes 39 references.

Embryo Transfer in Rabbits: Figure 1.

INTRODUCTIONBecause there is a particularly narrow time window for implantation in rabbits, embryo transfer in this species requires a high degree of synchrony between the physiological status of the recipient doe and the developmental stage of the embryo at the time of transfer. In some cases, however, especially after in vitro culture of reconstructed embryos or after an extended culture period (e.g. overnight), the pregnancy rate obtained after embryo transfer into asynchronous recipients can be increased relative to synchronous transfers. In addition to the surgical methods required, this protocol describes two scenarios for the preparation of recipient does: an asynchronous scenario for embryos produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and a synchronous scenario for the transfer of thawed morulae.

Mechanical action of infrared light on atoms and molecules through a rectification of the electric force

We report the mechanical action of infrared light on atoms and molecules based on the rectification of the electric force. This mechanism is qualitatively different from the conventional ways of controlling photochemistry. The rectification of the electric force originates from the synchronous charge transfer induced by the laser field. This brings about an opportunity to produce a site selective light-induced action, controlled by the tailored intense laser field, on atoms in molecules and clusters. The concept is illustrated by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the water hexamer.