Synchronous Motor For Electric Vehicle Research Articles

Multi-objective optimization design of electric vehicle in-wheel motor based on Taguchi method

In order to solve the problem of motor performance degradation caused by torque ripple and large cogging torque of in-wheel permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles, Taguchi is used to optimize the magnetic pole of built-in Permanent magnet synchronous motor, and the orthogonal optimization matrix of magnetic pole parameters is established. Through the parameter optimization matrix, the workload of pole optimization is reduced and the optimization speed is improved. The optimization results show that the orthogonal matrix optimization can not only improve the output torque of permanent magnet synchronous motor, but also further control its torque ripple and cogging. The orthogonal matrix optimization method used in this paper for V-I type built-in permanent magnet synchronous motor has a certain positive significance, and provides a certain reference value for the subsequent motor performance optimization.

Heat transfer comparison investigation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles based on the BEM and the FEM

In the field of heat transfer in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) for electric vehicles, the boundary element method (BEM) has been applied for the first time to calculate the steady-state temperature of the PMSM with a spiral water-cooled system. In this investigation, the boundary-integration equation for the steady-state heat transfer problem of a water-cooled PMSM is first derived on the basis of thermodynamic theory, and the system of constant coefficient differential equations is obtained by discretizing its boundaries, while the temperature results obtained from the BEM are compared with the finite element method (FEM) results. Furthermore, the temperature distribution and heat transfer characteristics obtained from the FEM and BEM were verified twice using the PMSM prototype and test platform. The results show that the maximum relative error between the temperature calculation results of FEM and BEM is 1.97%, and the maximum relative error between the results of BEM and the test does not exceed 3%, which finally verifies the validity and accuracy of BEM in solving the heat transfer problems of water-cooled PMSM.

Modal research of permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles

Modal research of permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles

Speed Stability and Anti-Disturbance Performance Improvement of an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles

To enhance the speed stability and anti-interference performance of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) in electric vehicles, a composite control strategy, incorporating sliding mode control (SMC) and extended state observer (ESO), was implemented to regulate the IPMSM’s speed. Firstly, three simulation analysis models of the IPMSM were established based on its electrical parameters. The current-loop regulator was a PI regulator, while the speed-loop regulators consisted of a basic SMC regulator, a linear SMC–ESO regulator, and a nonlinear SMC–ESO regulator. The simulation analysis results demonstrated that all three speed-loop regulators effectively ensured the speed stability of the IPMSM. However, the nonlinear SMC–ESO regulator exhibited superior performance in terms of enhancing the IPMSM’s resistance to disturbances. Secondly, a hardware testing platform was constructed to validate the simulation analysis findings. The hardware testing results, when compared to the simulation analysis results, revealed the need for optimization of the PI regulator’s control parameters to maintain the speed stability of the IPMSM. Moreover, contrary to the simulation analysis results, the hardware testing results indicated minimal difference in the anti-disturbance performance of the IPMSM between the linear SMC–ESO regulator and the nonlinear SMC–ESO regulator. Finally, the differences between the simulation analysis results and the hardware testing results are thoroughly discussed and analyzed, providing valuable insights for the practical implementation of IPMSM in electric vehicle drive systems.

Novel revolving heat pipe cooling structure of permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicle

The high temperature rises and uneven axial temperature distribution of permanent magnet synchronous motors applied in electric vehicles can lead to demagnetization of permanent magnets and turn-to-turn short circuit failures in the windings. Thus, a cooling structure based on revolving and fixed annular heat pipes is proposed. That is the revolving heat pipes are installed in the rotor, which are further increasing the rotor's heat transfer efficiency under the centrifugal force of rotor rotation. The fixed annular heat pipes are installed in the stator to cool the windings, especially the end of the windings. The experiments are designed to derive the equivalent thermal conductivity of the proposed revolving and fixed annular heat pipes on this basis. The effectiveness of the proposed cooling structure is verified by computational fluid dynamics simulations which are conducted in three typical operating conditions of the motor used in electric vehicles. The results show that the temperature rise of the rotor, permanent magnet and winding are decreased by up to 70.39%, 69.4%, and 46.18% respectively by the proposed cooling structure. It indicated that the axial temperature rises distribution of heat generating parts can be effectively equalized, and the operating time under maximum torque condition can be effectively extended, that from 30 s to 100 s.

Research on the dq-Axis Current Reaction Time of an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle

An interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) is a kind of drive motor with high power density that is suitable for electric vehicles. In this paper, the dq-axis current reaction time of IPMSM was investigated in order to improve the reaction time of the electric vehicle. Firstly, the mathematical model of the current-loop decoupling of IPMSM was presented. Secondly, the controller design of dq-axis current-loop decoupling of IPMSM was investigated by the methods of proportional integral (PI) and internal model control PI (IMC-PI). Thirdly, based on the methods of PI and IMC-PI, the influence of the inverter switching frequency on the dq-axis current reaction time of IPMSM was analyzed and simulated, and it was found that the inverter switching frequency only had a significant influence on the parameters set of the PI controller. Lastly, compared with the PI method, the results of the simulation and hardware experiment demonstrate that the dq-axis current reaction time of IPMSM was improved by the IMC-PI method, and the IMC-PI method had the advantage of simple parameters setting and was not influenced by the inverter switching frequency.

Optimizing the Design of an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles with a Hybrid ABC-SVM Algorithm

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the optimal design of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for electric vehicles (EVs), utilizing the hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm–support vector machine (HAS) algorithm. The performance of the drive motor is a crucial determinant of the overall vehicle performance, particularly in EVs that rely solely on a motor for propulsion. In this context, interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) offer a compelling choice due to their high torque density, wide speed range, superior efficiency, and robustness. However, accurate analysis of the nonlinear characteristics of IPMSMs necessitates finite element analysis, which can be time-consuming. Therefore, research into methods for deriving an optimal model with minimal computation is of significant importance. The HAS is a powerful multimodal optimization technique that is capable of exploring several optimal solutions. It enhances the navigation capability by combining the artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) with the kernel support vector machine (KSVM). Specifically, the algorithm improves the search ability by optimizing the movement of bees in each region generated by the KSVM. Furthermore, hybridization with the Nelder–Mead method ensures accurate and quick convergence at pointers discovered in the ABC. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, this study compared its performance with a conventional algorithm in two mathematical test functions, verifying its remarkable performance. Finally, the HAS algorithm was applied to the optimal design of the IPMSM for EVs. Overall, this paper provides a thorough investigation of the application of the HAS algorithm to the design of IPMSMs for electric vehicles, and its application is expected to benefit from the combination of machine-learning techniques with various other optimization algorithms.

Temperature Field Calculation of the Hybrid Heat Pipe Cooled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles Based on Equivalent Thermal Network Method

A hybrid heat-pipe cooling structure for the permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles was analyzed in this paper to effectively equalize the axial temperature rise and reduce the average temperature of each heat-generating component in the motor. A temperature field calculation method for the hybrid heat-pipe cooling permanent magnet synchronous motor based on an equivalent thermal network method was proposed in this paper to save computing resources in temperature field analyses for hybrid heat-pipe cooling motors. The results were verified against the simulation results of the computational fluid dynamics method under three common operating conditions for electric vehicles. The error was proven to be within 5%. The calculation time of the proposed method was compared with the computational fluid dynamics method, which demonstrated that the calculation time of the proposed method was within 194 s.

Modelling and analysis of electromagnetic force, vibration, and noise in permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles under different working conditions considering current harmonics

AbstractThe vibration and noise of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is mainly caused by its electromagnetic force. Harmonic currents affect the vibration, and noise performance of PMSM by influencing its electromagnetic force. The regularity of electromagnetic force, vibration, and noise characteristics of PMSM for electric vehicles (EVs) under different working conditions influenced by the harmonic currents is studied. Firstly, the analytical model of electromagnetic force under the action of a harmonic current is derived, and the influence of harmonic currents on the electromagnetic force of PMSM is summarised. Secondly, a multi‐physical field coupled vibration, and noise calculation model considering harmonic currents is established using the finite element method, and the vibration, and noise characteristics of PMSM under different operating conditions are analysed. The results show that the harmonic currents have different patterns of influence on the vibration, and noise of the PMSM due to the different advance angles and the saturation degree of the magnetic material under different working conditions. Finally, the validity of the theoretical analysis is verified by experiments, which has academic significance for vibration, and noise reduction of PMSMs for EVs.

Interturn Short-Circuit Fault Diagnosis of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle Based on Search Coil

This article proposes an interturn short-circuit fault diagnosis method for permanent magnet synchronous machines for electric vehicles based on search coils (SC) with a unique structure. In this proposed structure, the SCs are uniformly wound in the main flux direction of each phase, and the number of SCs is twice the number of phases, resulting in significant cost savings. Based on this structure, a novel fault feature based on the negative-sequence components of the second carrier frequency sideband harmonics in the voltage signal of the SC is proposed. As a result, this fault characteristic frequency component is not only more obvious than the fundamental component used in the traditional SCs method but also can be transformed to a dc indicator by two coordinate transformations, which is conducive to online implementation in both stationary and nonstationary conditions. Finally, experiments are presented to verify the proposed diagnosis strategy.

Research on Torque Ripple Optimization of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle Based on Modular Poles

AbstractAbstract in order to study the torque ripple of permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicle, the method of modular poles instead of single pole is adopted to reduce the torque ripple. The modular poles consist of three kinds of permanent magnets with different remanence and are arranged in a sinusoidal distribution. The pole arc length and position of each magnetic pole are calculated according to the cutting area of sinusoidal air gap flux density wave. By changing the cutting area of sinusoidal air gap flux density wave, the optimal pole arc coefficient of each permanent magnet was determined, and the magnet pole combination with the smallest torque ripple value is obtained. The results show that the sine degree of back electromotive force is improved obviously, the cogging torque is decreased greatly, and the motor with modular poles has obvious effect on torque ripple suppression. The torque of the motor with different kinds of magnetic pole combination is more stable than that of the motor with the same kind of magnetic pole combination. In this paper, the method of using modular poles instead of single pole to reduce torque ripple is of positive significance, which provides a reference for the subsequent performance optimization of electric vehicle motor. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Analysis of magnetic field regulation characteristics of novel rare earth variable flux permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles

Analysis of magnetic field regulation characteristics of novel rare earth variable flux permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles

Design of a 35 kW Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle Equipped With Non-Uniform Air Gap Rotor

This article presents a successful design of a 35kW U-shaped interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) developed for electric vehicles. An improved rotor with non-uniform periphery based on the eccentricity principle is adopted to make the minimum air gap length appear on the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</i> -axis and the maximum on the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i> -axis, thereby improving electromagnetic performance characteristics. Starting from the influence coefficient of this non-uniform air gap, a no-load air gap magnetic field analysis method based on magnetic potential permeance method is established. Afterwards, a two-segment Taguchi optimization model coupled with variable interaction analysis is innovatively proposed. This model optimizes non-uniform rotor periphery and other crucial dimensions for further performance improvement. The effectiveness of this no-load magnetic field analysis method is validated by a series of prototype tests and simulation results. Many simulation analyses of finite element method (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics highlight advantages of the designed IPMSM by comparing its performance indexes with those of the IPMSM with conventional rotor. Simultaneously, the advanced nature and rationality of improved optimization model is also well proven. In addition, operational reliability evaluation including demagnetization and mechanical strength is also implemented to verify the rationality of this design.

Sideband Vibro-Acoustic Responses and Improvements With Different Pulsewidth Modulation Strategies in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle

This article presents a comprehensive investigation into the sideband vibro-acoustics with continuous and discontinuous pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategies in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The primary motivation for the evaluation reveals the frequency distributions of the sideband components and the magnitudes suppression with the space-vector PWM (SVPWM) and the discontinuous PWM (DPWM). The principle and implementation of the conventional SVPWM and six basic DPWM modes are firstly presented. The sideband harmonic components are provided by the analytical derivations, in which the frequency distributions are established by coupling the temporal features between the current harmonics and radial electromagnetic force. To evaluate and compare the sideband current harmonics and vibro-acoustic responses among the PWM schemes, the experimental tests are presented in a study case of 12/10 PMSM. Significant deterioration is observed in each of the basic DPWMs compared with that in SVPWM. Developed with periodic dithering modulation, notable sideband harmonics suppression and vibro-acoustic improvements in DPWM schemes are observed. This work is expected to provide a guidance for a hybrid modulation strategy in electric vehicles (EVs).

Heat dissipation design of end winding of permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicle

With the continuous improvement of the requirements for motor accuracy, power and weight the heat of the motor is greatly increased while the heat dissipation space is becoming smaller and smaller. In this paper, using potting materials and heat pipes to build an efficient heat path from the coolant jackets to the winding head is to improve the cooling efficiency of the motor. Three motors are manufactured and installed the same casing outside the stator. The end windings of the motor A are directly exposed to air. The end windings of the motor B are filled with potting materials. The end windings of the motor C are installed with heat pipes and filled potting materials in gaps. Under the same heat source and cooling conditions, the final temperature rises of motor A, motor B and motor C are 114 °C, 98.4 °C and 91.6 °C respectively. The experimental results show that the design of improving the heat transfer at the ends of the coil reduces the motor temperature rising by 13.7%–19.6%.

Surrogate Assisted Contour Algorithm for Optimal Design of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles

Surrogate Assisted Contour Algorithm for Optimal Design of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles

Parameterization and Performance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Vehicle Based on Motor-CAD and OptiSLang

With the popularity of electric vehicles, electric vehicles have become a hot research topic, and the performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor has become increasingly prominent in recent years. Therefore, the application of permanent magnet synchronous motor in electric vehicles has become a possibility. Based on the analysis of the existing permanent magnet synchronous motor technology for electric vehicles, this paper will start from the motor body design. In this paper, the performance parameters of permanent magnet synchronous motor meeting the requirements of vehicle operation are estimated by analyzing the parameters of electric vehicle, and the motor is modeled based on the motor design software Motor-CAD. In this paper, the parametric analysis module in the software is used to optimize the parameters of motor permanent magnet, stator slot width, air gap magnetic density, and air gap length. Finally, this paper uses OptiSLang software to simulate and analyze the permanent magnet synchronous motor. It improves the driving performance of automobile motor and reduces energy consumption, so that the permanent magnet synchronous motor can better meet the requirements of electric vehicles. The experimental results show that the optimal range of motor split ratio is large, in the range of 0.85~0.9.

Model-based Fault Detection of Rotor Position Sensor Fault in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle

Abstract Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in drive system of electric vehicles (EVs) because of their high efficiency, wild torque range, high power density, etc. However, rotor position, as a very critical parameter for its control strategy, often faces inaccuracies in operation. In this paper, the problem of position sensor fault detection in drive system of EV was studied. The mathematical model of EV with a specific drive system was introduced in discrete form and built in Matlab/Simulink. Based on the field oriented control strategy model, a novel fault detection scheme based on the parity space for the drive system was proposed. The proposed method considered the influence of the closed-loop control to the fault detection result. A residual generator and a residual evaluator were included. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.

Tornado Optimization With Pattern Search Method for Optimal Design of IPMSM

In this article, a novel global search algorithm tornado optimization (TO) and its hybridization with pattern search method (PSM) are proposed to solve the multimodal optimization problem. The TO enhances the capability of global searching with two strategies: intensification strategy and diversification strategy. The hybridization with PSM supports the exact and fast convergence on adjacent optima from the points that are discovered in global search using TO. The outstanding performance of the proposed algorithm is verified by comparison with niching genetic algorithm at the two test functions, and the algorithm is applied to the optimal design of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles.

Efficiency Optimization Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Balance

This paper presents an efficiency optimization controller for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) of an electric vehicle. A new loss model is obtained based on the permanent magnet synchronous motor’s energy balance equation utilizing the theory of the port-controlled Hamiltonian system. Since the energy balance equation is just the power loss of the PMSM, which provides great convenience for us to use the energy method for efficiency optimization. Then, a new loss minimization algorithm (LMA) is designed based on the new loss model by adjusting the ratio of the excitation current in the d–q axis. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is achieved by the principle of the energy shape method of the Hamiltonian system. Simulations are finally presented to verify effectiveness. The main results of these simulations indicate that the dynamic performance of the drive is maintained and the efficiency increase is up to about 7% compared with the id=0 control algorithm, and about 4.5% compared with the conventional LMA at a steady operation of a PMSM.