Synchronous Interaction Research Articles

Dynamic modeling and vibration analysis of an RV reducer with defective needle roller bearings

The rotate vector (RV) reducer's needle roller bearings (NRBs) are vulnerable to wear and flaws such as fatigue spalling of the raceway material. Studying the vibration mechanism and the excitation laws of NRB failures is essential to enhancing the RV reducer's performance and comprehending its operating state. This paper presents a dynamic model of the RV reducer based on the theory of contact multibody dynamics. It integrates internal and external raceway defects and takes into account the synchronous contact interaction between NRB groups and the crankshaft and cycloidal gears, as well as the time-varying mesh stiffness in the planetary gear transmission and cycloidal pin transmission. The study demonstrates that the rolling of bearings and the meshing of internal transmission components are the primary causes of vibration in a healthy RV reducer through experimental verification and dynamic simulation analysis of the system with and without NRB failures. Both the crankshaft rotation frequency and the cycloidal gear rotation frequency affect the vibration excitation source's characteristic frequency. The vibration amplitude of the RV reducer is influenced by bearing flaws on a periodic basis. The impact of internal raceway defects is greater than that of external raceway faults, resulting in a notable rise in vibration amplitude.

The Construction of Online Interactive Teaching Mode of Cross-border E-commerce English in Colleges and Universities under the Background of Internet

Abstract In this paper, we first constructed an online interactive English teaching model through the interaction hierarchy tower model and adopted a data-driven social cognitive network analysis approach to explore the evolutionary dynamics of cross-border e-commerce English learning communities in higher education and their potential correlation with the development of participants’ interaction patterns. Then, the online synchronous and asynchronous interaction patterns of learners are compared and integrated by extracting the characteristics of online interactive teaching learners. Finally, an instructional design for an online English for Cross-border E-commerce course was used to explore the differences and associations between online interactive teaching modes. The results show that in the teaching experiment, students have 39 nodes in the synchronous interaction network (SMN) and 34 nodes in the asynchronous interaction network (UMN), and the degree centrality and eigenvector centrality Rank=4.07 and 3.15 of the SMN are also significantly higher than those of the three interaction networks. The SMN interaction model is found to be the most efficient in the online interaction teaching process. This study helps to improve the dynamic regulation and precise guidance of the online learning process for cross-border e-commerce English, which ultimately enhances the quality of online teaching.

Research on Distributed Virtual Reality Technology Based on VIRTOOLS in the Context of Big Data

Abstract In this paper, virtual reality development software Virtools is used as the main tool for scene rendering in distributed virtual reality systems. The nearest distance-based control strategy is designed to achieve synchronous interaction between nodes by utilizing consistency control and prediction algorithms for nodes in the same cluster. Optimize the virtual scene by using texture mapping, detail level, and dynamic loading techniques. Propose a distributed parallel drawing method based on image plane segmentation to accelerate image drawing. The analysis and testing of the multiuser virtual reality roaming system in this paper is completed from four aspects: offline training model evaluation amount roaming test, lock performance test, and operation sequence error correction test. Among the analyzed data, the average lock time overhead is 123us, which has no obvious connection with the number of nodes, the number of locking times, and the execution of operations. According to each lock overhead of 123us, the number of concurrencies allowed per second is 8563, which fully meets the requirements of the system at this stage.

Designing a virtual reality-support for the thesis supervision meetings: A case of a Sino-British international university in China

Thesis supervision is a crucial teaching activity in higher education that plays a vital role in assisting students in completing their studies. The outbreak of COVID-19 has necessitated the transitionto remote, synchronous interactions for supervising academic papers. However, existing tools for conducting these remote sessions often fall short of meeting the requirements of both teachers and students. This paper focuses on an investigation into the utilization of virtual reality (VR) technology for conducting remote thesis supervision meetings at Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), a Sino-British institution located in Suzhou, China. Through a year-long qualitative inquiry involving two teachers and five students who participated in the project both in Liverpool and Suzhou, this research examines how actual collaborative work is conducted during remote supervision via a research-developed tool. The results of this study emphasize the need for improvements in the current design to better align with the practical requirements of teachers and students during such meetings. Furthermore, this research provides insights into the design considerations for VR applications tailored to specific use cases and offers a set of implementation details to guide the development of VR-based remote collaboration tools for thesis supervision meetings.

Methodology of blended learning of future social workers’ professionally oriented communication in english

The article substantiates the methodology of blended learning of professionally oriented oral communication for future social workers in English. In the context of the study, blended learning is defined as a technology that provides a balanced combination of traditional classroom learning, online and offline self-study, as well as online synchronous interaction for students to master the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities in the shortest possible time for the purpose of effective intercultural communication in typical professional situations. Blended learning involves: practical training in the classroom, synchronous forms (virtual classes, instant messaging), asynchronous forms (joint creation of documents, e-mail, forums). The expediency of using two models of blended learning – the rotational model in the variant of changing stations and the model of flipped learning – is substantiated. The stages of blended learning are allocated: preparatory, aimed at developing lexical, grammatical, phonetic listening and speaking skills, familiarisation with learning and communication strategies, speech formulas inherent in monologue-message and monologue-explanation, as well as dialogue-agreement and dialogue-discussion; receptive-reproductive, aimed at analysing information, developing skills of introductory, selective and detailed listening, skills of prepared spoken production and spoken interaction, skills of using learning and communication strategies; productive, which involves improving communication skills in communication situations using selected communication strategies and tactics. A system of exercises correlating with the identified stages is proposed. The effectiveness of the author's methodology has been proved experimentally. The obtained results related to first-year students who are not autonomous enough. It is assumed that the results were different for students of senior years, who probably have a higher level of academic autonomy.

THE USAGE OF EDUCATIONAL WEBSITES AS A DIDACTIC TOOL IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

An educational website is a didactic tool that can be used by a teacher during the educational process. An attempt has also been made to present the most popular and sought-after educational websites. This article aims to focus on educational websites, determine their quality as a didactic tool for the educational process, present the digital educational websites of Kazakhstan, analyze the three most popular ones, and point out their features and shortcomings. An analysis of the three most popular websites was conducted: Bilimland, TopIQ, and Daryn online, whose positive aspects and disadvantages were identified. The observation method, literature review, and a review of existing educational websites in Kazakhstan were used to collect data. Virtual education platforms, websites, and digital games provide an unlimited number of additional tools that can be used anywhere, anytime, where there is an electronic device and an Internet connection. This allows for both synchronous and asynchronous interactions and constant communication between student-teacher and student-student. The result is effective classroom collaboration. Therefore, we define educational websites as an indispensable didactic tool for teaching. Keywords: digitalization of education, educational websites, technologies, online learning

Understanding needs and expectations to start effective communities of practice

BackgroundCommunities of practice (CoPs) are frequently used in health settings to enhance knowledge and support action around public health issues. Yet, most are ineffective and often at risk of not delivering on this promise. To prevent loss of time and resources by organisations, facilitators, and members, this paper argues for a reliable assessment of the needs of people who intend to join and to set realistic expectations to assure effective communities of practice. This research proposes a valid and reliable needs assessment and analysis tool for starting communities of practice, by presenting the results of using such a tool.MethodsInception needs assessments were developed, tested and administered to 246 respondents entering five communities of practice that focused on one of three public health issues: health literacy, mental health literacy and trauma-informed care. One community of practice had a global audience, four were based in Australia. Data from the needs assessments were analysed qualitatively and supplemented with descriptive statistics. Results were used to develop an analysis tool to support future communities of practice.ResultsThe short-term expectations of respondents included seeking to increase their knowledge and getting to know other members of the community of practice. Long-term expectations shifted towards undertaking action, collaborating and improving health outcomes. While respondents learning expectations included a wide range of topics, they articulated very specific knowledge they expected to share with others. There were high expectations of receiving practical support from the facilitator and a strong preference for meetings with synchronous interaction. Most respondents who planned to join focused initially on the direct and individual benefits and participation they expected from others, whereas they indicated limited intention to actively contribute to the learning needs of other community members. Respondents appeared to need to take time to build self-confidence and trust, and frequently applied a wait-and-see attitude.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that an inception needs assessment allows members to express their needs and expectations, which directly informs the direction and structure of a community of practice, gives voice to members, and supports facilitators in managing expectations.

Sedimentary architecture of submarine lobes affected by bottom currents: Insights from the Rovuma Basin offshore East Africa

AbstractThe influence of bottom currents on submarine channels has been widely recognized, for instance, by the formation of asymmetric channel‐levee systems and drifts. In contrast, it is often considered that submarine lobes can be only reworked by strong bottom currents and are not affected by bottom currents during their deposition. In this study, we analyse the potential effect of bottom currents on different hierarchical lobe architectures that formed during the lower Oligocene in the Rovuma Basin offshore East Africa. We characterize the stacking patterns, morphology and connectivity of different hierarchy lobes using well data and three‐dimensional seismic data. We found no direct influence of bottom currents on the lobe complexes and single lobes that show a unidirectional stacking pattern that is opposite to the direction of bottom currents. Lobe elements in single lobes display vertical accretion with no obvious relationship with bottom currents. Additionally, the first deposited single lobe morphology presents an asymmetric shape, with a thicker lobe margin on the downstream side of the bottom currents, but this is due to an initial low topography on the downstream side rather than bottom currents. The architectural distribution reflects that the topography present before the depositions of the submarine lobes was controlled by previous asymmetrical channel‐levee systems formed by the synchronous interaction of bottom currents and gravity flows. This asymmetric topography controls the subsequent deposition of lobes and results in the migration of single lobes in the upstream direction of bottom currents. Although weak to moderate bottom currents may not be able to substantially rework submarine lobes, our results demonstrate that they may control the geometry and evolution of submarine channels and thus indirectly affect the thickness and migration of lobes in more environments than previously thought.

The Benefits of The Asynchronous Online Learning Model at Post-Pandemic Covid-19: Students’ Perception

In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, asynchronous online learning has emerged as a significant model, offering students the flexibility to access materials and lectures at their convenience. This research aimed to delve deeper into students' perceptions of the benefits of the asynchronous online learning model at Institut Parahikma Indonesia, a prominent educational institution. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach complemented by a phenomenological design, the study sought to capture the lived experiences and nuanced views of students regarding this learning model. Data were meticulously gathered through semi-structured interviews, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of students' perspectives. A total of seven respondents participated, comprising three males and four females from Institut Parahikma Indonesia. These participants were selected using a convenience sampling method, providing a diverse range of insights. The findings of this study were illuminating. Students predominantly perceived the asynchronous learning model as beneficial, highlighting aspects such as motivated learning, insightful experiences, flexibility in managing their time, and the advantage of accessing easier-to-understand material. They appreciated the ability to learn at their own pace, revisit lectures, and balance their studies with other commitments. However, it's noteworthy that not all feedback was overwhelmingly positive. A segment of students expressed a longing for direct, synchronous interactions, indicating a preference for traditional learning dynamics. The present study offers a fresh perspective on the asynchronous online learning model, emphasizing its benefits while also shedding light on areas of potential improvement. The insights garnered hold significant implications for educational institutions, policymakers, and educators, urging them to consider a more blended approach that caters to the diverse needs of students.

Land, property, and territory: Mutual embeddedness as understood by thetongbianphilosophy

AbstractThe dominant tone of the literature on land's territorial politics misses conceptual complexities by neglecting historical constructions of land practices. An alternative understanding intertwines social and political elements emphasised in the non‐dualistic, beyond dialectics,tongbianphilosophy. This views everything as consisting of two mutually embedded, opposite poles—different yet without alienation; set in a ceaseless interaction as processes of becoming, continuity and change. The concept of focus–field relationship via a spatial story deciphers complexities between viewing land as territory (LaT) and land as property (LaP). Mobilising this formulation in sites of intensive real estate change (Hong Kong's Sham Shui Po and Mumbai's Malad) reveals subtleties of historical antecedents shaping contemporary forces. Here, complex institutional entanglements reveal both diachronic and synchronic interactions wherein the dynamics of control, shifts in power, growth or decline in time and space co‐join LaT and LaP. Such political complexities question views of land's transformation being contingent on archaic ideas of the Westphalian state and uni‐polar framings of capital moving from the North to the South. Thetongbianphilosophy allows the exploring of ideas of difference without alienation, embracing epistemic and ontological equivalence in theory and fieldwork, and between the North and South—themes seldom taken up in the geographical literature. Finally, the paper proposes a study of land dynamics using the concept of land occupancy via the spatial story approach.

A virtual peer tutoring project to improve communication skills

This article exposes an educational proposal of virtual reciprocal peer tutoring that has been devised to improve communication skills between primary school students from Catalonia and Scotland by each developing the role of tutor in their language, and that of tutee in the foreign language based on a virtual exchange. The results of this experience show that offering communication tools and strategies to students during initial training in their role as a tutor can be beneficial to satisfactorily fulfil their role, as well as anticipate future synchronous interaction in the foreign language. For later implementations, it is determined that the degree of participation and involvement of the student tutors in the preparation of the materials for their respective tutoring could increase the learning opportunities of both sides. This experience is easily applicable to different languages and countries.

The Synchrony-Prosociality Link Cannot Be Explained Away as Expectancy Effect: Response to Atwood et al. ().

Moving in time to others, as is often observed in dance, music, sports and much of children's play cross-culturally, is thought to make people feel and act more prosocially towards each other. In a recent paper, Atwood et al. (2022) argued that the inferential validity of this link found between synchronous behaviour and prosociality might be mainly due to "expectancy effects generated by a combination of (1) experimenter expectancy, leading to experimenter bias; and (2) participant expectancy (i.e., placebo effects)". Here, we counter these arguments with (1) examples of studies devoid of experimenter expectancy effects that nevertheless demonstrate a positive link between synchrony and prosociality, and (2) insights from the developmental literature that address participant expectancy by showing how expectations formed through lived experiences of synchronous interactions do not necessarily threaten inferential validity. In conclusion, there is already sufficient good-quality evidence showing the positive effects of synchronous behaviours on prosociality beyond what can be explained by experimenter or participant expectation effects.

Mother-infant interaction and infant development in women at risk of postpartum psychosis with and without a postpartum relapse.

This study aimed to investigate mother-infant interaction and infant development in women at-risk of postpartum psychosis (PP), with and without a postpartum relapse. 103 women (and their offspring) were included, 43 at-risk-of-PP because of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder or previous PP, and 60 with no current/previous mental illness or family history of PP. Of the at-risk women, 18 developed a psychiatric relapse within 4 weeks after delivery (AR-unwell), while 25 remained symptom-free (AR-well). Mother-infant interaction was assessed using the CARE-Index at 8 weeks' and 12 months' postpartum and infant development using the Bayley-III at 12 months' postpartum. Women at-risk-of-PP as a group, regardless of whether they developed a psychiatric relapse within 4 weeks after delivery, had less synchronous mother-infant interactions and had infants with less optimal cognitive, language, motor and socio-emotional development than healthy controls. In particular, boys of at-risk women had the lowest scores in cognitive, language and motor development and in mother-infant interaction, while girls of the at-risk women had the lowest scores in socio-emotional development. The synchrony in the dyad predicted infant cognitive and language development. There was no evidence for a difference in mother-infant interaction nor in infant development between the AR-unwell and AR-well groups. These results suggest that, while there is a lack of evidence that an early postpartum relapse in women at-risk-of-PP could represent a risk for the infant per se, maternal risk for PP may be associated with less optimal mother-infant interaction and infant development.

Contrasting response of microeukaryotic and bacterial communities to the interplay of seasonality and local stressors in shallow soda lakes.

Seasonal environmental variation is a leading driver of microbial planktonic community assembly and interactions. However, departures from usual seasonal trends are often reported. To understand the role of local stressors in modifying seasonal succession, we sampled fortnightly, throughout three seasons, five nearby shallow soda lakes exposed to identical seasonal and meteorological changes. We characterised their microeukaryotic and bacterial communities by amplicon sequencing of the 16S and 18S rRNA gene, respectively. Biological interactions were inferred by analyses of synchronous and time-shifted interaction networks, and the keystone taxa of the communities were topologically identified. The lakes showed similar succession patterns during the study period with spring being characterised by the relevance of trophic interactions and a certain level of community stability followed by a more dynamic and variable summer-autumn period. Adaptation to general seasonal changes happened through shared core microbiome of the lakes. Stochastic events such as desiccation disrupted common network attributes and introduced shifts from the prevalent seasonal trajectory. Our results demonstrated that, despite being extreme and highly variable habitats, shallow soda lakes exhibit certain similarities in the seasonality of their planktonic communities, yet local stressors such as droughts instigate deviations from prevalent trends to a greater extent for microeukaryotic than for bacterial communities.

Master-Slave Control System for Virtual-Physical Interactions Using Hands.

Among the existing technologies for hand protection, master-slave control technology has been extensively researched and applied within the field of safety engineering to mitigate the occurrence of safety incidents. However, it has been identified through research that traditional master-slave control technologies no longer meet current production and lifestyle needs, and they have even begun to pose new safety risks. To resolve the safety risks exposed by traditional master-slave control, this research fuses master-slave control technology for hands with virtual reality technology, and the design of a master-slave control system for hands based on virtual reality technology is investigated. This study aims to realize the design of a master-slave control system for virtual-physical interactions using hands that captures the position, orientation, and finger joint angles of the user's hand in real time and synchronizes the motion of the slave interactive device with that of a virtual hand. With amplitude limiting, jitter elimination, and a complementary filtering algorithm, the original motion data collected by the designed glove are turned into a Kalman-filtering-algorithm-based driving database, which drives the synchronous interaction of the virtual hand and a mechanical hand. As for the experimental results, the output data for the roll, pitch, and yaw were in the stable ranges of -0.1° to 0.1°, -0.15° to 0.15°, and -0.15° to 0.15°, respectively, which met the accuracy requirements for the system's operation under different conditions. More importantly, these data prove that, in terms of accuracy and denoising, the data-processing algorithm was relatively compatible with the hardware platform of the system. Based on the algorithm for the virtual-physical interaction model, the authors introduced the concept of an auxiliary hand into the research, put forward an algorithmic process and a judgement condition for the stable grasp of the virtual hand's, and solved a model-penetrating problem while enhancing the immersive experience during virtual-physical interactions. In an interactive experiment, a dynamic accuracy test was run on the system. As shown by the experimental data and the interactive effect, the system was satisfactorily stable and interactive.

Revealing the acoustic effects on heat transfer and material flow in ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding of dissimilar Al/Mg alloys

Development of a reasonable constitutive equation is critical to realize accurate numerical prediction of ultrasonic vibration-assisted friction stir welding (UVaFSW) of dissimilar Al/Mg alloys and deepen the understanding of the synchronous interaction between the ultrasonic vibration exerted on the tool and the tool induced thermo-mechanical behavior. Considering the thermal activation and dislocation evolution mechanisms, the calculation method of acoustic stress work based on the change of dislocation strain energy is redefined, and a modified acoustic-plastic constitutive equation is developed. The modified constitutive equation was applied to the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model combined with the volume of fluid (VOF) method and quantitative analysis was conducted on the acoustic effects on heat generation, material flow and intermixing in UVaFSW of Al/Mg alloys. The results indicate that the exerted ultrasonic vibration has a little effect on the total heat due to the multiple effects of acoustic softening, acoustic antifriction and additional acoustic heat, but can promote the material flow around the tool and expand the material intermixed region. The experimental research validates the calculated results, and it is indicated that the flow stress and temperature field calculated by the improved constitutive equation have higher accuracy in UVaFSW of Al/Mg alloys.

WAYS TO PERSONALISE EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS WHILE TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ONLINE

The paper analyses the ways educational materials, including those presented in e-textbooks, can be personalised for online classes of Russian as a foreign language. Considering e-learning as an educational process based on application of interactive informational technologies of storing and processing teaching materials, the authors outline an algorithm of teaching on the basis of existing textbooks of Russian as a foreign language in the format relevant for effective digital teaching. The authors share their experience of synchronous e-teaching and highlight the necessity of modifying educational materials of a concrete textbook that emerges due to the personalised approach to teaching foreign languages, especially Russian as a foreign language online. Synchronous e-teaching means regular distant interaction between a teacher and a group of learners / individual learners in the form of communication via personal computers. In this environment printed means of teaching, textbooks, which have proved their efficiency during traditional offline classes, and primarily tasks for independent study of those learning Russian as a foreign language can be modified or designed through relevant web technologies and tools of e-learning...

The Impact of Patient Preference on Attendance and Completion Rates at Centre-Based and mHealth Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A Non-Inferiority Pragmatic Clinical Trial.

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is vital in the management of chronic respiratory disorders (CRDs) although uptake, attendance and completion are poor. Differing models of delivering PR are emerging in an attempt to increase the uptake and completion of this intervention. This study aimed to evaluate participant rate of attendance and completion of PR when given a preference regarding model of delivery (centre-based and mPR). Secondary aims were to evaluate the factors affecting patient preference for model of delivery and determine whether mPR is non-inferior to centre-based PR in health outcomes. A multi-centre non-inferiority preference based clinical trial in Auckland, New Zealand. Participants with a CRD referred for PR were offered the choice of centre-based or mHealth PR (mPR). The primary outcome was completion rate of chosen intervention. A total of 105 participants were recruited to the study with 67 (64%) preferring centre-based and 38 (36%) mPR. The odds of completing the PR programme were higher in the centre-based group compared to mPR (odds ratio 1.90 95% CI [0.83-4.35]). Participants opting for mPR were significantly younger (p = 0.002) and significantly more likely to be working (p = 0.0001). Results showed that mPR was not inferior to centre-based regarding changes in symptom scores (CAT) or time spent in sedentary behaviour (SBQ). When services were forced to transition to telehealth services during COVID-19 restrictions, the attendance and completion rates were higher with telephone calls and video conferencing compared to mPR - suggesting that synchronous interpersonal interactions with clinicians may facilitate the best attendance and completion rates. When offered the choice of PR delivery method, the majority of participants preferred centre-based PR and this facilitated the best completion rates. mPR was the preferred choice for younger, working participants suggesting that mPR may offer a viable alternative to centre-based PR for some participants, especially younger, employed participants.

P-533 Comparison of Endometrial Receptivity Array (ERA) with Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) versus ERA alone in improving outcomes in Recurrent implantation failure.

Abstract Study question Whether addition of Preimplantation Genetic Testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) to Endometrial Receptivity Array (ERA) helps in improving success rates in Recurrent Implantation Failure (RIF) patients. Summary answer Addition of PGT-A intervention to ERA in RIF patients did not improve outcomes. What is known already RIF causes great emotional stress and financial burden for the infertile couple. Successful implantation requires a synchronous interaction between a competent blastocyst and a receptive endometrium. Though ERA, as a measure to assess window of implantation (WOI), is around a decade old, its role in improving success rates in patients with RIF is still controversial. PGT-A, as a tool for selecting euploid embryos, though has shown to be beneficial in women with advanced maternal age, its role in improving success rates in RIF needs further evaluation. Study design, size, duration This is a multicenter retrospective cohort study carried out from September 2015 till September 2022. 285 patients with RIF with previous failed transfers with ≥ 3 good quality embryos were included. Participants/materials, setting, methods 285 patients with RIF were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 underwent PGT-A and Personalised Embryo Transfer (pET) guided by ERA and Group 2 underwent only ERA followed by pET. In Group 1 patients, embryo biopsy was done on day 5 and day 6 blastocyst before cryopreservation and NGS platform was used to detect euploid embryos. Both groups then underwent ERA followed by pET in the next cycle. Main results and the role of chance In total of 285 RIF patients studied, 59.2% patients showed displaced WOI. 91.7% ERA reports were pre-receptive. Group 1 included 137 patients and Group 2 had 148 patients & baseline characteristics were similar in both the groups. Group 1 had more self transfer cycles, i.e. 76.7% self and 17.2% donor oocytes, as compared to Group 2 with 40.2% self and 30.7% donor oocyte cycles. The implantation rate (IR), live birth rate (LBR), miscarriage rate and cumulative LBR were similar in both the groups. Higher Pregnancy rate (PR) in Group 2 (70.9% vs 57.83%) could be attributed to higher donor cycles in this group. Multiple gestation rate was also higher in Group 2 (31.49% vs 11.21%) as 2 blastocysts were transferred in most cycles in group 2 compared to Single embryo transfer(SET) in most cycles in Group 1. As PR was higher in ERA group, subgroup analysis of self gamete transfers and donor oocyte transfers was also done, which showed similar PR, IR and LBR in both the groups. Hence, PGT failed to show any value in improving pregnancy outcomes in RIF. Limitations, reasons for caution Retrospective study design. Wider implications of the findings The role of PGT in improving clinical outcomes in RIF patients needs to be studied in larger prospective studies. In our study, ERA as an intervention improved outcomes in RIF. Trial registration number not applicable

Peculiarities of master’s teacher training in distance education in Turkey

The reform of higher education assumes a transition to the preparation of masters in education by introducing modern approaches to mastering innovative technologies of mass education, taking into account world experience and meeting the needs for self-learning and self-improvement throughout life. In turn, distance education every year more and more actively influences the classical forms of education, enriching traditional education with innovative content and organizational components.
 Comparative studies testify that distance learning can be as effective as classroom learning, if the methods and technologies meet the tasks, there is interaction between students, and there is timely feedback between the teacher and the student. Successful distance learning programs are based on consistent and comprehensive efforts of students, teachers, coordinators, support staff and administration.
 As a result of the analysis of foreign experience, it was revealed that the introduction of mass open distance courses as a form of education requires further improvement of their organization and curriculum. It is outlined that for the implementation of such courses in the process of master's teacher training, the content of educational and scientific programs and educational and professional characteristics of the future specialist should be observed; mass open distance courses must be included in the curriculum, where the number of hours and credits for studying the relevant discipline is clearly indicated; curricula must be improved by introducing a new form of education.
 Distance education offers prospective and practicing teachers both skills training and the opportunity to complete teacher training programs or obtain a degree. The distribution of distance teacher training programs is not limited to developed or developing countries, nor to specific delivery methods. This proliferation is the result of the rapid development of telecommunications technologies combined with a growing awareness of ways to use technology for teacher training.
 Thus the content analysis of the professional literature on the problem of scientific research made it possible to identify and summarize the pecularities of masters teacher training in distance education in Turkey: the use of active and mass learning methods; methods for assessing the progress of applicants for higher education, methods of mass self-education, introspection and self-correction of knowledge; conducting courses through videoconferencing, virtual classes and forums with synchronous interaction between students and teachers; communication through forums, online conversations and online interviews; use of various printed, visual, classroom and electronic materials. The predictive potential of scientific research is due to the potential possibility of further scientific research on the problem of the curriculum developing of master’s teacher training in distance education in Turkey.