Synchronization Rate Research Articles

Synchronous Multipoint Low-Frequency EMI Measurement and Applications

Increased implementation of power electronics devices as well as high penetration of micro grids and embedded generation with low-supply inertia is resulting in grid stability problems, especially in transient or startup situations. The electromagnetic compatibility of these systems with regards to transients can be difficult to diagnose due to the short time duration and often intermittent nature of events. This letter proposes a multichannel measurement system which is able to measure voltage and current waveforms in multiple locations with synchronization and sample rates in the megahertz range. The overall design, characteristics, as well as applications are showcased in this letter.

Revisiting the Cassini States of synchronous satellites with an angular momentum approach

AbstractLike our Moon, the large icy satellites of Jupiter are thought to be in a Cassini State, an equilibrium rotation state characterized by a synchronous rotation rate and a precession rate of the rotation axis equal to that of the normal to the orbit. In these equilibrium states (up to four Cassini States are possible for a solid and rigid satellite), the spin axis of the satellite, the normal to its orbit and the normal to the inertial plane remain coplanar with an obliquity that remains theoretically constant. However, as the gravitational torque exerted on the satellite shows small periodic variations, the orientation of the rotation axis will also vary with time and nutations in obliquity will appear.Here we present a dynamical model for the study of the Cassini States. This model includes the coupling between the polar motion and the spin axis precession/nutation which is neglected in the classical studies. We study the influence of the triaxiality of Ganymede on its four possible Cassini States, use a Toy model of the Moon to illustrate the nutations in obliquity obtained with the dynamical model, and investigate the influence of the presence of a subsurface ocean on the Cassini State I of Europa.

Accelerating the integration of China into the global development of innovative anticancer drugs.

The aim of this Policy Review was to compare China's overall and synchronous participation in clinical trials for innovative anticancer drugs with that of the USA, the EU, Japan, and South Korea, and to assess changes in the participation rate trends in these five regions. Relevant data from the top 20 international pharmaceutical companies from 2011 to 2021 were systematically collected from the Trialtrove and Pharmaprojects databases. Among the 8260 trials for 954 new anticancer drugs identified, China was involved in 8·8% of the trials and with 20·4% of the drugs being trialled. These participation rates are significantly lower than those for South Korea (14·5% of trials and 36·3% of drugs), Japan (16·1% of trials and 38·7% of drugs), the EU (40·6% of trials and 67·7% of drugs), and the USA (65·7% of trials and 91·2% of drugs; p<0·0001 for all). Similar results were found for the synchronous participation rate, defined as the proportion of drugs or trials at the highest development stage internationally, for the 803 tested drugs, which ranged from 9·0% in China to 87·7% in the USA. China's participation rate in early phase trials (4·4%) and in synchronous trials (5·4%) was even lower, in stark contrast to that of the USA (66·1% for early phase trials and 89·1% for synchronous trials). The fastest growing annual rate of participation in trials was observed in China (15·7%), followed by South Korea (8·2%) and Japan (6·8%); no change was detected in the USA or the EU. This Policy Review shows that Chinese participation in the clinical development of innovative cancer drugs by international pharmaceutical companies has increased over the past decade, but an obvious gap persists in comparison with the USA, the EU, Japan, and South Korea, especially in its synchronous participation and early participation rates.

Success of captive breeding and a hormonal trial to increase the reproductive efficacy of Arabian Tahr, Arabitrgus jayakari

This is the first study shows the results of breeding of Arabian Tahr, Arabitrgus jayakari, with a hormonal attempt to increase its reproductive efficacy in a captive breeding unite. Data of reproductive success of a small population of Arabian Tahr kept in a protected area of Wadi Wurayah, Fujairah, was summarized from 2018-2022. The pregnancy rate, which was around 90% in the first three breeding seasons, decreased to 66.7% in the last breeding season. Rate of late abortion and/or still birth in all breeding seasons was between 11-25%. No multiple births or abortion of fetuses were observed during the four recorded breeding seasons. A hormonal trial was performed in the last breeding season 2021-2022 to synchronize the estrus and increase the reproductive efficacy. Eighteen parous females and 9 adult males were randomly mixed and divided into three groups: two treatment groups and a control group (G3; n = 6). Females were treated with an intravaginal sponge impregnated with 30 mg of Flurogestone acetate (FGA) for either fourteen (G1; n = 6) or seven (G2; n = 6) days, respectively. At the sponge removal, females of G1 and G2 groups were received intramuscular injections of 200 IU of eCG and 75 µg of Cloprostenol. Pregnancy rate was higher in G2 compared to the other two groups and it was also higher in G1 than in G3. Lambing rate was 100% in the control group, and it was higher in G2 compared to G1. Rate of estrous synchronization was similar in both treated groups. In conclusion, Breeding of Arabian Tahr in captivity can be improved by estrous synchronization and induction of ovulation early in the breeding season by using short-term progestagen treatment followed by
 eCG injection. More research on other doses of eCG and on the nutritional requirements are required to increase the reproductive efficacy of Arabian Tahr in captive breeding.

Finite/fixed-time synchronization of memristive neural networks via event-triggered control

By applying event-triggered control schemes, this paper investigates the issues of finite/fixed-time synchronization for a class of memristive neural networks (MNNs). In order to reduce the transmission burden and realize a fast rate of synchronization, the appropriate controller and the measurement error function are designed. Then, by using Lyapunov stability theory and inequality techniques, some efficient criteria are proposed to guarantee the finite/fixed-time synchronization, respectively. Besides, the estimations of the synchronization time are derived, and the Zeno phenomenon can be excluded under the derived event-triggered schemes. Finally, simulations are provided to verify the obtained results.

On synchronization of the double sphere Kuramoto model with connected undirected graphs

M.A. Lohe first proposed the double sphere Kuramoto model (On the double sphere model of synchronization, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 412:132642, 2020), which is a more general model than the high-dimensional Kuramoto model defined on a sphere. For the double sphere Kuramoto model with a complete graph, some theoretic results on synchronization were obtained. But for the case of general graphs, there is no report yet. In this paper, for the double sphere Kuramoto model composed of identical oscillators interacting through a connected undirected graph with a symmetric nonnegative adjacency matrix, the synchronization is proved by using LaSalle’s invariance principle. Moreover, the exponential synchronization is achieved, and the supremum of exponential synchronization rates is exactly obtained.

A model for the collective synchronization of flashing in Photinus carolinus.

Recent empirical investigations have characterized the synchronized flashing behaviours of male Photinus carolinus fireflies in their natural habitat in Great Smoky Mountain National Park as well as in controlled environments. We develop a model for the flash dynamics of an individual firefly based on a canonical elliptic burster, a slow-fast dynamical system that produces a repeating pattern of multiple flashes followed by a quiescent period. We show that a small amount of noise renders that oscillation very irregular, but when multiple model fireflies interact through their flashes, the behaviour becomes much more periodic. We show that the aggregate behaviour is qualitatively similar to the experimental findings. We next distribute the fireflies in a two-dimensional spatial domain and vary the interaction range. In addition to synchronization, various spatio-temporal patterns involving propagation of activity emerge spontaneously. Finally, we allow a certain number of fireflies to move and demonstrate how their speed affects the rate and degree of synchronization.

Dynamic Synchronization Modeling and Simulation of Video Sensing Nodes Based on Internet of Things

In order to solve the dynamic synchronization problem of IoT video perception, the authors propose an abstract model DSAM based on IoT video perception. This method firstly establishes the abstract model DSAM of IoT video perception based on the π network and then analyzes the state evolution, model transition, and dynamic interaction of the model; finally, the model DSAM is used to analyze and simulate the example. The result shows that when the model DSAM is tested and verified and when the number of buffer media is 50, 100, and 200, the minimum number of underflows of the DSAM model is 2 and the minimum video data packet loss rate is 1.02; the results are better than those of the MTFSC and 3TFSC models; in addition, without synchronization control, the synchronization rate between video frames is lower than that with synchronization control. The test results show that the model proposed and established by the authors can correctly handle the dynamic synchronization of IoT video perception and has certain practical value.

Collaborative Analysis and Research on Marketing Risk and Enterprise Growth

To measure the level of synergy between marketing analysis and business growth, the existing literature is used to analyse the two perspectives of marketing risk and business growth and explore the possible links between the two based on synergy theory. A marketing management system and a business growth system are developed. The marketing system is based on seven indicators: cash ratio, asset turnover ratio, gearing ratio, current ratio, fixed asset turnover ratio, and higher technology share. The enterprise growth system is based on the growth rate of net asset income, the ratio of main earnings, the synchronization rate of main income and main profit growth, the capital preservation and appreciation rate, and the retention rate of profit retention. Corporate growth is inseparable from deep resource integration, of which marketing risk is a key part and the study of whether there is a link between the two systems of existence through the quantification of indicators and synergistic analysis of the linkage between the two.

Elastohydrodynamic Synchronization of Rotating Bacterial Flagella.

To rotate continuously without jamming, the flagellar filaments of bacteria need to be locked in phase. While several models have been proposed for eukaryotic flagella, the synchronization of bacterial flagella is less well understood. Starting from a reduced model of flexible and hydrodynamically coupled bacterial flagella, we rigorously coarse grain the equations of motion using the method of multiple scales, and hence show that bacterial flagella generically synchronize to zero phase difference via an elastohydrodynamic mechanism. Remarkably, the far-field rate of synchronization is maximized at an intermediate value of elastic compliance, with surprising implications for bacteria.

Detection of Physical Strain and Fatigue in Industrial Environments Using Visual and Non-Visual Low-Cost Sensors

The detection and prevention of workers’ body straining postures and other stressing conditions within the work environment, supports establishing occupational safety and promoting well being and sustainability at work. Developed methods towards this aim typically rely on combining highly ergonomic workplaces and expensive monitoring mechanisms including wearable devices. In this work, we demonstrate how the input from low-cost sensors, specifically, passive camera sensors installed in a real manufacturing workplace, and smartwatches used by the workers can provide useful feedback on the workers’ conditions and can yield key indicators for the prevention of work-related musculo-skeletal disorders (WMSD) and physical fatigue. To this end, we study the ability to assess the risk for physical strain of workers online during work activities based on the classification of ergonomically sub-optimal working postures using visual information, the correlation and fusion of these estimations with synchronous worker heart rate data, as well as the prediction of near-future heart rate using deep learning-based techniques. Moreover, a new multi-modal dataset of video and heart rate data captured in a real manufacturing workplace during car door assembly activities is introduced. The experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed approach that exceeds 70% of classification rate based on the F1 score measure using a set of over 300 annotated video clips of real line workers during work activities. In addition a time lagging correlation between the estimated ergonomic risks for physical strain and high heart rate was assessed using a larger dataset of synchronous visual and heart rate data sequences. The statistical analysis revealed that imposing increased strain to body parts will results in an increase to the heart rate after 100–120 s. This finding is used to improve the short term forecasting of worker’s cardiovascular activity for the next 10 to 30 s by fusing the heart rate data with the estimated ergonomic risks for physical strain and ultimately to train better predictive models for worker fatigue.

NIR Fluorescence lifetime macroscopic imaging with a time-gated SPAD camera.

The performance of SwissSPAD2 (SS2), a large scale, widefield time-gated CMOS SPAD imager developed for fluorescence lifetime imaging, has recently been described in the context of visible range and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of dyes with lifetimes in the 2.5 - 4 ns range. Here, we explore its capabilities in the NIR regime relevant for small animal imaging, where its sensitivity is lower and typical NIR fluorescent dye lifetimes are much shorter (1 ns or less). We carry out this study in a simple macroscopic imaging setup based on a compact NIR picosecond pulsed laser, an engineered diffuser-based illumination optics, and NIR optimized imaging lens suitable for well-plate or small animal imaging. Because laser repetition rates can vary between models, but the synchronization signal frequency accepted by SS2 is fixed to 20 MHz, we first checked that a simple frequency-division scheme enables data recording for different laser repetition rates. Next, we acquired data using different time gate widths, including gates with duration longer than the laser period, and analyzed the resulting data using both standard nonlinear least-square fit (NLSF) and phasor analysis. We show that the fixed synchronization rate and large gate widths characterizing SS2 (10 ns and over) are not an obstacle to accurately extracting lifetime in the 1 ns range and to distinguishing between close lifetimes. In summary, SS2 and similar very large gated SPAD imagers appear as a versatile alternative to other widefield time-resolved detectors for NIR fluorescence lifetime imaging, including preclinical molecular applications.

Temperature-optimized propagation of synchronous firing rate in a feed-forward multilayer neuronal network

The environmental temperature plays a critical role in the system functioning. In biological organisms, there often exists an optimal temperature for the most effective functions. In this work, we investigate the effect of temperature on the propagation of firing rate in a feed-forward multilayer neural network in which neurons in the first layer are stimulated by stochastic noises. We then show that the firing rate can be transmitted through the network within a temperature range. We also show that the propagation of the firing rate by synchronization is optimized at an appropriate temperature. Our findings provide new insights and improve our understanding of the optimal temperature observed in the experiments in the living biological systems.

PGF<sub>2α</sub> induced estrus synchronization of native buffaloes in Bangladesh

Buffaloes have low fertility due to silent estrus, seasonal anestrous, delayed puberty and long calving interval. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of single and double doses of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2a) on synchronization of estrus in buffaloes. A total of 66 buffaloes were selected and subjected to estrus synchronization experiments: single dose PGF2a, and double dose PGF2a. In single dose PGF2a experiment, buffaloes were injected with either 500 or 875 µg of cloprostenol (PGF2a) and all buffaloes were examined to identify corpus luteum through rectal palpation before administration of PGF2a. In double dose experiment, buffaloes were injected with either 500 or 875 µg of cloprostenol (PGF2a) on Day 0 and Day 12 without identifying corpus luteum. The buffaloes were examined for estrus by collecting cervical mucus using universal artificial insemination gun from the mid cervix and timed artificial inseminations (TAI) were done after 72 hrs of last dose of PGF2α injection. The results showed that there were no significant differences in estrus rate (75±3.96% and 85±0.79%) single dose of PGF2α with 500 and 875 µg of cloprostenol, respectively. However, 875 µg of cloprostenol significantly (P<0.05) increased estrus rate in buffaloes than double doses with 500 and 875 µg of cloprostenol (60 ± 12.72% and 63 ± 2.22%). The conception rate in buffaloes were 45±6.91% and 55±6.91% in 500 µg and 875 µg of cloprostenol in single dose of PGF2a and 30±14.69% and 37±8.81% in 500 µg and 875 µg of cloprostenol in double dose of PGF2a. The calving rate in buffaloes were 10±5.20% and 15±0.79% in 500 µg and 875 µg of cloprostenol in single dose of PGF2a and 10±8.33 and 12±6.18% in 500 µg and 875 µg of cloprostenol in double dose of PGF2a. However, there were no significant differences in conception and calving rates in buffaloes neither between single and double doses PGF2a nor different concentrations of PGF2a. In conclusion, single dose of PGF2a with 875 µg of cloprostenol injection efficiently increased estrus synchronization rate in buffaloes.
 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2021. 50 (2): 80-85

Accelerating neural network training with distributed asynchronous and selective optimization (DASO)

With increasing data and model complexities, the time required to train neural networks has become prohibitively large. To address the exponential rise in training time, users are turning to data parallel neural networks (DPNN) and large-scale distributed resources on computer clusters. Current DPNN approaches implement the network parameter updates by synchronizing and averaging gradients across all processes with blocking communication operations after each forward-backward pass. This synchronization is the central algorithmic bottleneck. We introduce the distributed asynchronous and selective optimization (DASO) method, which leverages multi-GPU compute node architectures to accelerate network training while maintaining accuracy. DASO uses a hierarchical and asynchronous communication scheme comprised of node-local and global networks while adjusting the global synchronization rate during the learning process. We show that DASO yields a reduction in training time of up to 34% on classical and state-of-the-art networks, as compared to current optimized data parallel training methods.

Predictive coding of natural images by V1 firing rates and rhythmic synchronization

SummaryPredictive coding is an important candidate theory of self-supervised learning in the brain. Its central idea is that sensory responses result from comparisons between bottom-up inputs and contextual predictions, a process in which rates and synchronization may play distinct roles. We recorded from awake macaque V1 and developed a technique to quantify stimulus predictability for natural images based on self-supervised, generative neural networks. We find that neuronal firing rates were mainly modulated by the contextual predictability of higher-order image features, which correlated strongly with human perceptual similarity judgments. By contrast, V1 gamma (γ)-synchronization increased monotonically with the contextual predictability of low-level image features and emerged exclusively for larger stimuli. Consequently, γ-synchronization was induced by natural images that are highly compressible and low-dimensional. Natural stimuli with low predictability induced prominent, late-onset beta (β)-synchronization, likely reflecting cortical feedback. Our findings reveal distinct roles of synchronization and firing rates in the predictive coding of natural images.

Estrus and fertility responses in acyclic ewes treated with short, medium or long-term GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH protocols supplemented with intra-vaginal progesterone therapy

The present study was conducted with the aim to compare the effectiveness of the short-term (5 days), moderateterm (8 days) and long-term (12 days) progesterone therapy in the form of intravaginal AVIKESIL-S® progesterone sponge developed by CSWRI, Avikanagar (Rajasthan), during modified GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH treatments during non-breeding season (May-July) in crossbred (Nali×Rambuillet) ewes. The seasonal anestrus ewes were enrolled into four groups. In Group 1 (n=50), ewes were treated with GnRH on day 0, PGF2α on day 5, and second GnRH on day 7 plus progesterone supplementation with intravaginal progesterone sponge from day 0 to day 5 while in Group-2 (n=50), ewes were treated with GnRH on day 0, PGF2α on day 8, and second GnRH on day 9 plusprogesterone supplementation with intravaginal progesterone sponge from day 0 to day 8. Further, in Group 3(n=50), ewes were treated with GnRH on day 0 and PGF2α on day 12 and second GnRH on day 13 plus progesteronesupplementation with intravaginal AVIKESIL-S® sponge from day 0 to day 12. Group 4 (n=50), comprised ofuntreated control animals. Results showed that estrus synchronization rate (%) was significantly higher in Group 2and Group 3 in comparison to Group 4 (control). There was significant difference in the duration of estrus, pregnancy rate, lambing rate in Group 2 as compared to Group 4 (control) but prolificacy and fecundity were not statistically significant (p>0.01) among the groups during out of breeding season. Thus, modified Ovsynch protocol with 8-day progesterone therapy is better for augmenting fertility in crossbred ewes during non-breeding season.

Optimization of Somatic Embryo Regeneration of <i>Larix olgensis</i> Through Multiple Media

To establish a stable and efficient  Larix olgensis  somatic embryo regeneration system. In this study, immature zygotic embryos of  Larix olgensis  were used as explant materials for embryogenic callus induction, and embryogenic callus with good growth were selected to induce somatic embryo formation by liquid medium A, semi-solid medium B, and solid medium C. The callus induction medium is S medium+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L + KT 0.3 mg/L, sucrose 20 g/L, agar 3 g/L; the subculture medium is S medium+2, 4-D 0.15 mg/L + 6-BA 0.05 mg/L + KT 0.05 mg/L, sucrose 30 g/L, agar 6 g/L. Mature medium A is S medium + PEG4000 100 g/L + ABA 15 mg/L + AgNO 3  10 mg/L, sucrose 45 g/L liquid medium. Mature medium B and C are mature medium A supplemented with 2 g/L and 10 g/L agar, respectively. The maturation time of this method is about 32 days, the synchronization rate is 78.0%, and the proportion of somatic embryos in normal morphology is 83.0%. Somatic embryo formation efficiency in normal morphology can reach 223.0 embryos/g embryogenic callus, somatic embryo germination rate can reach 47.2%. Compared with a single maturation medium, the maturation time is shortened, somatic embryo generation is more synchronized, and high somatic embryo yield and quality are improved. It provides a way for the commercialization of somatic embryo regeneration of  Larix olgensis , brings great convenience to large-scale breeding and reproduction, physiological and biochemical research, and genetic modification, and has great practical application value.

食品の潜在的価値に関する研究

The latent value of food has an impact on customers’ feeling to purchase and eat food. Our previous study revealed that the curry roux for home use induces an empathetic bond between people. A recent study investigated eating behaviors, and the author explains that a gathering movement may reduce uneasiness when eating together. We investigated an effect of stirring and gathering movements of curry through paired experiments (N=14) in two different eating styles: with and without the movements. Comfort was measured by electrocardiogram and Curve Drawing Method. Spoon synchronization was also measured as an indicator of empathy. The results showed that participants had a higher HF, a lower LF/HF ratio, larger surface areas of curve drawings, and a higher rate of spoon synchronization when eating with the movements compared to without the movements. These results indicate that the movements when eating curry together induce comfort and empathy.

Motor Unit Synchronization and Firing Rate Correlate with the Fractal Dimension of the Surface Emg: A Validation Study

Motor Unit Synchronization and Firing Rate Correlate with the Fractal Dimension of the Surface Emg: A Validation Study